Strategic Culture: Perceptions and Strategies in Inter-Organizational Policy

This report delves into the concept of strategic culture and its influence on a state's strategic thinking. It focuses on the case study of the Bank of Ghana, evaluating the current perceptions of inter-organizational policies and strategies. It also examines the impact of political structures, culture, language, religion, and other factors on inter-organizational strategy. Additionally, it explores the potential outcomes if these factors were to change. The report further discusses the roles of religion, political structures, cultural norms, ethnicity, ethos, the concept of 'the State,' business and economic models, and globalization in the development of inter-organizational policy and strategy.

strategic culture

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Evaluate the conceptual grounds on which perceptions of inter organizational policy and
strategy.........................................................................................................................................3
1.2 impact of political structures, culture, language, religion, social custom and belief,
ethnicity, ethos and geographical location of current perceptions on inter-organizational
strategy.........................................................................................................................................5
1.3 exploit the potential outcomes if these factors changed........................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
2.1 roles of religion, political structures, cultural norms, ethnicity, ethos, the concept of “the
State”, business and economic models and globalization in the development of inter-
organizational policy and strategy...............................................................................................7
2.2 factors affect the process of and participation in decision-making to arrive at a consensus
view of inter organizational policy and strategy..........................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Ways to compare and contrast the current stakeholder structure themselves and develop
power and status........................................................................................................................10
Lower interest and high power.................................................................................................12
3.2 Ways to develop logical , powerful and coherent arguments for discussion influence of
stakeholders...............................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCESS............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Strategic Culture can leave enduring legacies in a state's strategic thinking for decades.
Strategic culture is essentially an attempt to integrate cultural considerations, cumulative
historical memory and their influences in the analysis of states' security policies and international
relations.
This report will cover the case study of bank of Ghana which is central bank of the
Ghana Accra and this bank was founded in 1957. This report will identify and evaluate the
consequences of which current perceptions of the inter organizational polices and the
strategies based. It will also identify impact of political structure, language, religion, social
customers and belie, ethnicity , ethos and geographical location and it will include potential
outcomes from company if this factors change. This report will also assess the roles of the
religion, political structure , norms culture etc the concept of the state. Business and economic
models and the globalization development. It has been also evaluated how this all factors will
affect the process if the participation in the decision-making to arrive at the consensus view
of the company strategy. In the last task of the report compare and contract how the current
stakeholder of the bank of Ghana envelope their status and the power both and also develop
the researched logical , powerful and coherent arguments for the discussion with the
companies stakeholders and companies influences which challenges the status quo in term of
structure and the thinking both.
TASK 1
Evaluate the conceptual grounds on which perceptions of inter organizational policy and
strategy
According to the situation of factors assessing globalization as the trends in the market
keeps on changing it is becoming more understandable that in order for the companies to survive
and compete with their competition they need to work on their strategies and make it comply
with the factors such as political, socioeconomic. Basically business must be concerned about the
impact that micro and macro environment can do it. They need to work on the organizational
strategy and add more value to the complexities that are evolving with time and inter
organizational relationship. If the company is able to develop and maintain the partnership then
the strategy can be turn out as a profitable venture. In order to succeed Bank of Ghana needs to

work strategically on their own vision and the goals of the company they have partnered with. So
that they can work according to the expectations of the stakeholders of the company. According
to companies partnership will help them to think more strategically as with the help of this they
will be able to keep sharing necessary and important information, resources will be utilized in an
optimized manner and this will help in taking the decisions which will be more effective for the
company (Rice, 2019). Interactions in between the organizations is based on the approach that
models of partnership must be parallel in either private or public sector. The functions of the
models can be analyzed by interpretation of information, its clarity in the whole process and
steps of collaboration between firms. The process undertaken has the steps which includes the
criteria such as models which can be either structure or mixed, process, content. Inter
organizational relations can be revealed with the help of process model. It is used in order to
determine the whole aspects of partnership. Many theoreticians have worked together on this
aspect and together they have analyzed the approach that helped to assess the disadvantages of
process model and that is getting isolated from the external and channels of communication and
decision making are not clear. This aspect helps the organizations to understand the dynamics of
relationship and impact it reflects on the structure of the company while affecting the external
environment of the company. It is the model of context that is used so that impact on the micro
and macro environment can be taken out that is in relation with the partnership and expansion of
inter organizational aspects. The factors which are taken out in the macro environment influence
other factors that are the advantages of model of context for the interaction of inter
organizational activities. The model which is used for strategy between inter organization
development and used to form policies helps the Bank of Ghana to assess and identify the
principles that are systematic and which helps them to join their activities. In order to be
effective the model must have the attribute to link the factors that are organizational,
environmental and collaborated. This is done with the instructions in personal interaction.
Policies which are newly formed for inter organizational activities is based on the three
fundamental aspects such as Resource dependence theory, organizational economics theory and
strategic management theory (Miklóssy and Smith, 2019).
The theory of resource dependency states that relations between organizations is done on
a level which ensures that resources needed are secure and at the same time enhance the position
that is required to bargain and take the control over the supply of resources. Companies enter

into this form of agreement when relationships are formed in the same sector or to control the
effect of line of supply. Company needs to keep it in mind that the resources that are required
needs cannot be available sometimes as some of it are under the possession of competitors,
taking the help of this strategy creates differences among power distribution, access to resources
and authority. Strategies need to be made in such a way which can be flexible according to the
happenings in the market and the uncertainties involved in it. This helps to distribute the control
over resources and the level of dependency an organization have on the control of it. When the
uncertain factors in the market increases at more than a usual level then it is necessary that they
need to form a partnership with other organizations. This will create new alliances but in the
beginning the diversified line of product will see low level of profits.
1.2 impact of political structures, culture, language, religion, social custom and belief,
ethnicity, ethos and geographical location of current perceptions on inter-organizational
strategy
Politics-
This is a method which is based in the socio cultural aspects so that governments and
their operations can be managed. There are three types of state governance and that is
democracy, authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The perception of it is based on the political
factors may force companies to form synergies or to work with the strategies so that advantage
can be taken from the policies made by the government (Zhao, 2016).
Culture-
This aspect is concerned with the beliefs, language, religion, social values. Many people
believe that these factors must be excluded from the culture as they have the right to live their
life according to their own beliefs and state of mind. Values and beliefs are considered the most
important of this aspect which is also necessary to implement in the culture of the company.
Countries such as Ghana has different beliefs and values and they follow it according to their
own culture (Adamsky, 2018).
Ethos-
It stands for the spirit that is possessed by the culture. Structure of interrelated companies
can be highly affected by ethos. Culture of the companies are based on ethos and it is not easy to

break them up when they are formed up for a long period of time. In Africa companies work on
different beliefs which makes them successful. On the other hand ethnicity refers to gaining the
feeling of belongingness through social activities. This is considered as a strategy as it forms the
relation with the stakeholders of the company. Ghana implements the multi party democracy and
Bank of Ghana has to follow all the measures implemented by them (Ghiselli, 2018).
Culture, ethos and ethnicity needs to be keep in mind so that dynamics of the
collaboration can be understood with the companies maintaining their operations in Ghana. The
decision of inter organizations is totally dependent on the communities of Ghana because these
factors cannot be ignored (Poore, 2018).
1.3 exploit the potential outcomes if these factors changed.
It is necessary to assess the strategy that is formed against the practices of the
environment and the impact it leaves on the business of the company. Factors such as ethics,
culture and politics determine the environment that the company will deal in. organizations needs
to exploit the outcome and the potential of it so that company can match with the factors if there
is any change. The external analysis is what implements the drivers to change.
Bank of Ghana needs to match up with the technological aspects because any major
changes will give the advantage to their competitors and affect the outcome. The reason behind
this is that it will create more diversity in operations and provide their consumers with more
quality service. In last this change will relate with legal reforms and politics. Bank of Ghana
keeps on changing their structure to match with their pace and maintain the relationship with
their stakeholders in the market. On the other hand the changes in political factors arises when
there are changes in geopolitics and when it affects the market on a global level. The economic
crisis happening in the country and in other countries creates difficulties for banks to form an
effective organizational strategy. These aspects are considered the key to the strategy to form up
an effective channel of marketing and communication so that more consumers can be served by
the bank. The change in environment and the medical state of people directly hits or affects the
strategy of the company (Frizzelle, 2017). The current change with which the whole world is
dealing is a deadly virus which goes by COVID 19 and its outbreak has affected the economy of
the world. It has derailed the strategies implemented by the company, shortage of resources is

affecting and creating difficulties for the bank to maintain their operations and shortage in skills.
It is necessary for the company to work on these situations and come out with a strategy to
increase their base of operations as banks are allowed to serve in this outbreak. They need to
keep their manpower prepared in order to handle the level of operations after this outbreak
settles. The environment of Ghana and many companies in it has changed their line of business
to manufacture sanitizers or PPE kits, Bank of Ghana can use this opportunity and provide
finance to these startups so that they can increase their income and avail the benefit of this
opportunity (Longhurst, 2018).
TASK 2
2.1 roles of religion, political structures, cultural norms, ethnicity, ethos, the concept of
“the State”, business and economic models and globalization in the development of inter-
organizational policy and strategy
The role that beliefs and religion plays it affects the development stages of business and it
is increasing since the past few years. This is increasing because of the bodies that follows
religious work and beliefs and they are working on their own venture to set it up as business
entities through a mainstream network. It is because of the religious beliefs that other companies
has seen such a rise in movement of level of trade, business who works for social values and
social enterprises. This motivates the investors who are institutional and the funds set up for
pension on a global level in order to consider the problems that enables on social beliefs as
important and consider them under the strategies made for investments. This will help the
company to achieve their goals (Glenn, 2018).
Strategies or policies formed refers to the scope that the company has and the direction
they want to pursue in order to attain the long term goals. This will help Bank of Ghana to gain
advantage over their competitors and the uncertainties of the environment. This will help to
satisfy the stakeholders. This aspect states that decisions taken by the organization is done in
order to match their pace with the competition in the market and use the resources efficiently.
The political structure has three aspects such as
Totalitarianism states that system of politics tries to take control over the citizen. Then there is a
level of control on media implemented to release information that does not harm their interests.
On the other hand the factor of Authoritarianism has less control as compared to Totalitarianism.

Power in this aspect is only available with the one who is the dictator and dictator does not allow
the permit to people to engage in political and governing factors. Democracy is the last aspect of
the political structure and it is considered as most desired as it allows the people to have their
own equal rights and they have the permission to take a stand in political factors and decisions
such as voting for the leaders in the election etc. Globalization is concerned with all of the
factors which includes norms based on culture, religion, ethos, models for the economy. It has
roles in the strategy for inter organizational aspects and it is developed on the basis of specific
set of objectives.
 Bank of Ghana needs to reduce the cost that is incurred as operational cost as it will be
combined with other organization and they need to save on cost of labor and make as
many attempts which helps them to attain the benefit of economies of scale (Skak, 2016).
 They need to enter into other markets as well in order to increase their overall shares of
market.
 Maintain, learn and perform their operations on a global level.
 Build the name of the company and serve as a brand so that more consumers can be
targeted.
 Operations needs to be diversified in national as well as international boundaries after the
evaluation of risk so that possibility of success increases and stakeholders of the
organizations remains satisfied. Inter organizations combined has the chance to increase
their share of profits.
The current implemented religious and norms that are based on the culture disrupts the model
of economy in which the company operates. Strategies must be developed on inter
organizational level and decisions are needed to be taken which will help the business to tap
foreign markets and leave the competitors behind. This is the focus of every business dealing
in the sector. On the other hand Globalization plays a different role in this aspect as it forces
the companies to expand their scale of operations in different countries which will help the
development of value chain on a global level with various organizations to work
interdependence. It is because of the aspect of the globalization that the religious beliefs and
values and cultural norms are shifted to other states which are making them change their
style of leadership from traditional and old methods to the use of transformational style.

Government is working on reducing the barriers for trading on international basis as many of
the countries have already implemented it and they have adapted the change. It is because of
the forces of globalization that there is no tariff to international companies serving in Ghana.
There are some countries who has still banned this such as Nigeria as they wanted to protect
their sector of agriculture. The strategies that were made for the inter organizational aspects
were clearly affected.
2.2 factors affect the process of and participation in decision-making to arrive at a
consensus view of inter organizational policy and strategy.
In order for the company to be successful they need to ensure that performance of the
company is efficient and decision making is done and implementation is done effectively. If
it is done in a proper manner then they can make sure that process will maintain its order
smoothly. Manager needs to select and maintain the course of action with a proper schedule.
This will help the managers to meet the targeted objectives in the process of making
decisions. Overall for the efficient performance of the company it is up to the managers to
take effective and quality decisions for them and build the momentum which can implement
and impact in a positive manner (Paranjpe, 2020).
Decision making is considered as assessing the information on the basis of a situation so
that a judgment can be procured. The judgment is based on the extraction of information so
that it can be presented according to the suitability of the condition and match with the
criteria. Managers of the company needs to assess the process of decision making on the
basis of all the factors such as religious beliefs, structure formed on the political aspects,
norms related to culture, ethos and globalization. Decisions that are taken for inter
organizational aspects are similar to political derivatives, the reason behind it is that they are
complex in nature, events and activities can be uncertain and measures are significant.
Decisions taken for this measure consist of issues in political aspects of reforming the
interests that are divergent because they lead to problems that are technical and there have
been many attempts by the company in order to figure out and evaluate the decisions that are
best for the condition. Decisions which influences or shifts the legal aspects against the
competitive measures in the market are bound to political factors. For instance power was
used on the basis of hierarchy in order to move on the decision that was strategically
misguided. It concerns the sector of banking as it was the clean by the central Bank of Ghana

which led many banks out of business and some of them had to face consolidation. This
decision was taken under the direction of Minister of Finance Mr. Offori Attah and the
Governor of Bank of Ghana who was Dr. Stephen Addison, even after the prior warnings on
the level of employment they took the decision. Other than this there was another case of
Volta River authority in that case Ministry of power has to take the position of obtaining
badges of power so that voltage of energy can be shored. This was done to move out of the
crisis of energy in the year 2015. It states that this was done by the misconduct and wrong
use of hierarchy which affected the whole decision. The whole case was identified by
Bachrach and Baratz in order to prevent it. There were no investments being made for the
reduction of plants. After this a same kind of step was taken to lay emphasis on the order
which was concerned with the issues that were considered as initial decisions but they ruled
some important and necessary options out which they had to considered in the beginning of
the process. The decisions they have taken formerly in the process for Volta River Authority
was to invest in the repairing of generation plants that were not working effectively and
creating issues. Other than this they have to keep a check on the levels of water and its
improvement from previous stages in the dam of Bui and Akosombo (Longhurst, 2018).
TASK 3
3.1 Ways to compare and contrast the current stakeholder structure themselves and
develop power and status
Stockholder of the bank of Ghana plays important role to make their business
successful and they are able to achieve their goals and objectives (Balakrishnan, Malhotra and
Falkenberg., 2017). There are different different stakeholders who achieve different work in the
organization which affect the profitability of the bank. They all are having different role and
different status in the company. Stakeholders helps to achieve the goals and objectives of the
company and also show their interest in the companies' day to day activities.
There are two types of stakeholders which are internal and external
Internal stakeholders – internal stakeholders are the employees, management, Staff and very
person who are working under the company. Management team of the bank of Ghana are
superior stakeholders of the company in which leaders managers, HRM all every management
team come who manage the activities of the employees and motivate them to achieve the higher

goals and objectives for the company. Employees and staff member of the company who are
different from the superior management stakeholders (Nartey, Henisz and Dorobantu., 2018).
Companies employees help to run the day to day activities and also help bank of Ghana to
archive their set goals to get the success in their business.
External stakeholders – External stakeholders like Government, customers, investors etc are also
n essential resources of the bank of Ghana. Government make the polices and provide many
benefits like loan on the less interest make the company to increase their financial resources
and company can spend money on their operational function which create opportunities to take
competitive advantages, and they are having the highest power in the company as compare to
there stockholders. Investors are also played important role in the bank of Ghana because they
provide financial resources to the company and Stakeholders such as Governments,
communities, shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers and Trade unions make direct
claims on the organizations and these unambiguous in their claims. Customers in Ghana until
recently are not heard but the formation of chamber consumers has given the customer the voice
and teeth in the organisational mix. The power derived through the establishment of the chamber
gives the organisation the authority to demand a change in the impact the organizations’
activities have on their lives. Customers help the company to achieve the success in their
business because they buy product and services from the Bank of Ghana.
Mendelow's matrix ( Influence = Power x Interest)
This model may have some short comings but it provides some basis for the evaluation of
how much influence a stakeholder could have on the organizations objectives (Saito and
Ruhanen., 2017).
High power , Higher Interest people ( mange closely )
In this category management stakeholders come because they manage the companies of
the company and employees activities as well. They can be considers as the key player of the
bank of Ghana business because they are actively engage with the group. This group has the
highest influence they may be the drive behind the change or the strategy.
High Interest and Low Power

this group have an interest in what is happening, however they are unlikely to have the
power to influence change. This group should be kept informed. Whilst they have little power
themselves they could attempt to join forces with a group with power. Employees can come
under this because they are working for the company, but they are having very less power in
the company but their interest in the company is very much high. This stakeholders are
employees and other staff of the company.
Lower interest and high power
This group of the stakeholder has potential to move into the companies the highest
interest and their highest power as well so The bank of Ghana have to ensure that they should
be satisfy by satisfy them company can be less likely to gain the interest and exercise their
power to influence. Stakeholders like government are come under that because they hare
having power to change the polices of thee bank of Ghana but their interest is very low in their
activities but they are having power to increase and decease their power and their influence.
Lower interest and the lower power
This group of the stakeholders is unlikely have very less interest and low power and
companies direct and their strategies , this is often because of their lack of power to influence
in the situation and they are more likely to accept position and slow little if any resistances
(Späth and Scolobig., 2017). Investors are come under this stakeholders list because they are just
interested In the companies performance and their revenue, and they are not having power in
the company they just invest their money in the bank of Ghana and take their revenue.
3.2 Ways to develop logical , powerful and coherent arguments for discussion
influence of stakeholders
There are many theories and the researches which show the influence of the
stakeholders in the company and their business success. This researches have been provided
that the influence and interest of the stakeholder is important for the bank of Ghana to get the
success in their business.
As per the 60's one of the top working party or the institution was assembled by the
Stanford research institution (SRI) In the research they have analysed the nature of the team
working and also analyse the companies structure of the decision-making process. From al this
work there were many concepts novel arose and one interesting one was the stakeholders.

The SRI institution has shown their viewpoint which was a corporation is beholding to more
then just their shareholder and define stakeholders as :
According to the Bill Royce, the first printed use of the stakeholders in the business
sense appeared in LRPS Report No. 168 titled “The Strategic Plan” dated April 1963. The
Doscher defined them a stakeholders to her an old Scottish term meaning those with the
legitimate claim on something which is valuable. Actually This semantic go something such
as stakeholders is the holders of the wages but the stake of the holders is also short for the
grubstake , an early US western term meaning an advance given to the prospectors in the
expectations of the share in this field (van Niekerk and Getz., 2019).
Type of stakeholders
Customers
customers of the bank of Ghana are also stallholders of their business because they are
interested in the services and product of the this bank and also provide profitability to the bank
of Ghana. For example - customers open their account in the bank of Ghana, so they can access
their account and run their financial transaction. They earn profit by giving the loans to them.
Bank earn interest on their loan.
Employees

employees of the bank of Ghana have direct stake in their business because they earn
income to support their family or themselves and they also get the other benefits from the bank
like their insurance and retirement scams . Employees of the company also have the interest
satisfy their health.
Investors
Investors of the bank of Ghana include the both shareholders and the companies debt
holders (Walker And et.al., 2018). They invest in the company, and they expect get the return
on their investment. The investors of the bank of Ghana work with the one basis concept of the
shareholders value Lumped in with this group are all other providers of capital, such as leaders
and potential acquirers. All shareholders are inherently stakeholders, but stakeholders are not
inherently shareholders.
Suppliers
Suppliers and the vendors of the bank of Ghana provide the good and services to the
their business and also relay it for the revenue generations and the ongoing income. In the
banking industry also suppliers have the health and safety. This shows that they are directly
involved with the bank of Ghana.
Communities
The communities are the major stakeholders in the bank of Ghana, and they impact on
their wide range of things such as economic development , satisfy and health and job creation
etc. and has huge impact on the employees income and their spending areas to satisfy their
needs.
Government
Government is also come under the stakeholders list because they make the polices for
the industry where bank of Ghana is operating their business, and they also help to develop
their interest in their business (Wamsler., 2017). They also collect the taxes from the bank of
Ghana and other business which is used to develop the nation.
Stakeholders approaches

There are three major approaches for the stakeholders which helps to build the interest
on the business of the bank of Ghana. It is important for the bank to create interest among the
stakeholders s o they can create trust among them and this will make their business success.
Descriptive
In this approach bank of Ghana care about their stakeholders and give the importance to
the stakeholders which create interest. A management of the company give focus to provide
and describe the other's that how the business relay works and provide profitability.
Instrumental
This approach leads to increased efficiency, better business performance and ultimately
higher profits. With instrumental approaches, management should be interested in stakeholder
theory because it will make more rakes in more revenue for the organization.
Normative
This approach will help the stakeholders of the bank of Ghana to bother more moral
and the ethical issues as well (Saito and Ruhanen., 2017). This fashioned on the idea that each
stakeholder group has intrinsic value, and that all stakeholders’ interest are equally important.
With normative approaches, you care about stakeholder theory because it is just and because it is
fair.
CONCLUSION
This report will identify and evaluate the consequences of which current perceptions
of the inter organizational polices and the strategies based. It will also identify impact6 of
political structure, language, religion, social customers and belie, ethnicity , ethos and
geographical location and it will include potential outcomes from company if this factors
change. This report will also assess the roles of the religion, political structure , norms culture
etc the concept of the state. Business and economic models and the globalization
development. It has been also evaluated how this all factors will affect the process if the
participation in the decision-making to arrive at the consensus view of the company strategy.
In the last task of the report compare and contract how the current stakeholder of the bank of
Ghana envelop their status and the power both and also develop the researched logical ,

powerful and coherent arguments for the discussion with the companies stakeholders and
companies influences which challenges the status quo in term of structure and the thinking
both.

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