Strategic Financial Management: Sources of Finance, Ratio Analysis, Investment Decisions, and Global Environment Strategies

This report discusses the different sources of finance which company could use to manage its financial requirement in business, performance of the business will be discussed with the use of ratio analysis technique, potential investment decision will be discussed in respect to the organization, global environment and its impact over the company will also discuss in this project. Furthermore, this report will discuss nature and type of cost company is utilizing in the business, various costing technique will also be a part of discussion, all different budgetary technique will be discussed under this project, and investment evaluation technique will also be a part of discussion in this report.

STRATEGIC FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
1. Sources of finance available to Syngenta and associated risks...............................................3
2. Using ratios to analyse the performance of Syngenta.............................................................4
Recommendations on how new investment will improve the current financial performance of
Syngenta......................................................................................................................................6
3. Analysis of potential investment decisions and strategies......................................................6
4. Global environment decisions and strategies affecting Syngenta...........................................8
PART B..........................................................................................................................................10
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................10
Nature and type of costs Syngenta and its impact on the company's financial position...........10
Appropriate costing techniques.................................................................................................11
Role of accounting to support decision making........................................................................11
Risk involve in financial decision making................................................................................13
Budgetary techniques................................................................................................................14
Investment evaluation techniques.............................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Financial management is defined as managing the financial resources associated with the
business venture and also to channelise the use of the respective financial resources in process to
maximise the business objectives. This report will talk about the different sources of finance
which company could use to mange its financial requirement in business. Performance of the
business will be discussed with the use of ratio analysis technique. Potential investment decision
will be discussed in respect to the organisation. Global environment and its impact over the
company will also discuss in this project. Furthermore, this report will discuss nature and type of
cost company is utilising in the business. Various costing technique will also be a part of
discussion. All different budgetary technique will be discussed under this project. Investment
evaluation technique will also be a part of discussion in this report.
MAIN BODY
PART 1
1. Sources of finance available to Syngenta and associated risks
Sources of finance for a concern are many but majorly company chooses to use debt, equity,
retained earnings, debentures and term loans for financing its expansion and growth purpose.
Syngenta has a need of long term sources to finance its Grangemouth expansion project. The
need of funds for the investment is identified as £150 million. The various sources of finance that
Syngenta could have used and their associated risks are explained as follows:
Retained earnings: This source of finance is available with the business internally which has
been generated through earning profit from year to year by selling their products and services.
The source is considered as a primary source of funding investment proposals (Tretyak and et.al.,
2020). There are no costs to the company for utilizing this source for financing their investments.
It gets created out of the profit remains after distributing dividends to the shareholders. Risk
involved in using retained earnings as a source of finance is that it deprived the existing
shareholders of the company from enjoying the benefits resulting from the actual earnings which
creates dissatisfaction among them and accordingly, the market value of the company's share
gets adversely affected.
Debt capital: Debt financing can be availed through external sources which can be for both short
term and long term. Generally, banks, financial institutions and individual who subscribes for the

company's debentures to provide debt capital (Mazouni, 2018). Debt capital can be availed at any
stage of the business through issuing debt securities such as debentures, promissory notes and
corporate bonds. Companies issuing debt instruments are called as borrowers as they are getting
funds in the form of cash for accomplishing their respective objectives. By using this source for
funding, companies need to pay back the principal amount along with the interest amount paid
regularly. In this way, there is cost to the company in choosing this source of finance in terms of
fixed rate of interest that is needed to be paid regularly (Kumar, 2017). Risk involved in sourcing
funds through debt securities is that company is under obligation to make payments of interest
and principal on time failing which leads to the bankruptcy and operation seizure for the
company. Therefore, a financial risk is present in this source of finance.
Equity capital: With the issue of equity shares and preference shares huge amount of funds can
be obtained and in return ownership stake has been provided to those subscribing for shares.
There is no requirement of making regular payments to the shareholders in the form of interest as
they got dividend payments when the company desires or make profits (Levchaev and Khezazna,
2020). Also, the principal amount of capital obtained is not necessary to be repaid in the
condition where the company's assets are not sufficient for making payments and thus they are
paid in last. The bad side of this source of finance is that whatever profit has been earned by the
company needs to be shared with the shareholders of the company. Risk involved in equity
financing is that there is an ownership loss when businesses use too much equity capital. The
control of the company also goes into the hands of shareholder and the investor owning huge
stake in the company can influence its operations.
2. Using ratios to analyse the performance of Syngenta
Ratio analysis helps in analysing company's performance by using difference parameters such as
sales, profit, assets, etc. (Gogol and Kolotok, 2019). Here various ratios such as profitability and
liquidity ratios will be calculated for Syngenta to determine its financial performance and various
recommendations will be made on how with the help of new investment company will be able to
improve its current financial performance.
Ratios formula 2019 2020
Gross profit margin Gross profit / Sales *
100
6199 / 13582 × 100
= 45.64%
6174 / 14287 × 100
= 43.21%

Net profit margin Net profit / Sales *
100
1456 / 13582 × 100
= 10.72%
1422 / 14287 × 100
= 9.95%
Return on Capital
employed
Operating income
(EBIT) / Total assets –
current liabilities
1927 / (22397 – 8745)
= 14.11%
2107 / (25283 –
10246) = 14.01%
Current ratio Current assets / current
liabilities
12573 / 8745 = 1.44 13802 / 10246 = 1.35
Debt-equity ratio Debt / Equity 9181 / 4471 = 2.05 10547 / 4490 = 2.35
Profitability analysis of Syngenta
There can be seen that Syngenta's profitability has been reduced from year 2019 to 2020
as evidenced from the reduction in the profitability ratios of the company. All ratios that has
been calculated for the purpose of determining the profitability of Syngenta are indicating a
falling scenario in the current year (Curmei, Dincă and Curmei-Semenescu, 2018). The reduction
in the operating income of the company can be due to the increase in the research and
development expenses that has been incurred for improving the farm output. The reduction in the
net income of Syngenta can be accrued to the increasing financial expenses it has incurred in the
year 2020. However, return generated by company for its shareholders and debt-holders are quite
constant.
Liquidity analysis of Syngenta
Current ratio: This ratio has been calculated to determine the liquidity position of Syngenta
where it is identified that its liquidity has reduced in the current year as compared to previous
year. This indicates that the company is facing difficulties in meeting its short term obligations
(Manuylenko and et.al., 2018). Also, the ratio is below the ideal requirement of 2:1 in both years
but is above the minimum requirement of 1:1. This difficulty of meeting short term obligations
can be evidenced from increasing current liabilities from 8745 to 10246 in 2020.
Solvency analysis of Syngenta
Gearing or debt-equity ratio: This ratio indicates how much proportion of debt is being used in
the capital of Syngenta as against the equity. Here it can be said that Syngenta has quite high
financial risk due to having high proportion of debt capital in its overall capital. Currently,

company has 2.35 debt-equity ratio which has increased from 2.05 which is higher than the ideal
ratio of 1:1. Accordingly, Syngenta is facing high financial risk (Samygin and et.al., 2019).
Recommendations on how new investment will improve the current financial performance of
Syngenta
 As there is a positive net cash flow resulting from the new investment indicating the net
income that could be earned from this proposed expansion in all the upcoming years, so
the profitability of Syngenta would get improved. Also, the expenses are just 50% of the
sales that means there is a 50% profitability which would definitely be helpful in
increasing current profitability level (Gachuhi and Awuor, 2019).
 Positive cash flows from the new investment that Syngenta is planning to make will be
helpful in liquidity position of the company and accordingly, ideal requirement can be
met. Expenses being just 50% indicates that the remaining 50% gets added to the
liquidity of the company that helps it in meeting its short term obligations on time.
 Currently, gearing ratio of the company is too much high indicating high financial risk
for Syngenta (Alhusseinawi, 2017). So it would be recommended to the management that
it should go for making additional investment of £150 million through equity financing
which would result in lower debt-equity ratio and accordingly, financial risk of the
company will get reduced. Also, from the books of the company it has been identified
that it has huge amount of $3427 million in its balance sheet which can be used for the
purpose of making new investment which results in no additional cost for the company
and the debt-equity ratio will also get improved.
3. Analysis of potential investment decisions and strategies
To analyse various investment opportunities, there are many techniques available to evaluate
whether the investment decision and strategies framed are financially viable and the investment
is worthwhile or not. The two techniques that will be used here to evaluate the performance of
investment made in the Grangemouth expansion project are payback period method and
accounting rate of return technique.
Calculation of payback period for the Grangemouth expansion project
Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows
0 -150 -150

1 80 -70
2 185 110
3 210 320
4 210 530
5 210 740
6 210 950
7 210 1160
8 210 1370
9 210 1580
In the third year after making investment, the cumulative cash flows has become positive which
indicates that till third year all the cost associated with the initial investment would get
recovered.
Payback period = 2 + 70 / 185 = 2 + 0.38 = 2.38 years or two year and 4.5 months.
Therefore, in order to recover the initial cost of investment it will take two years and 5 months.
Payback period technique is one of the non – discounting technique of evaluating
investment proposal with the help of which it becomes possible to determine that how much time
a new investment will take to recover the amount spent on investment (Doan and McKie, 2018).
The rule of thumb is that the payback period should be shorter, as longer period involved in
recovering the initial cost of investment leads to higher risk involved in a new investment. The
reason behind longer payback period being riskier is that the predictions made for long term are
less reliable.
Therefore, new investment of Syngenta that is, the Grangemouth expansion project is having a
very short payback period of approximately two years and 5 months. So it is advisable to the
management of Syngenta to move forward with this investment proposal as it is highly result
oriented, financially viable making investment worthwhile.
However, payback period does not take into consideration the cash flows post payback, so to
overcome this limitation of payback period technique, accounting rate of return for this new

investment that is, the Grangemouth expansion project will be calculated in the next section of
the report (Ivanova and et.al., 2019).
Calculation of Accounting rate of return for the Grangemouth expansion project
Year Estimated annual net cash flows
1 80
2 185
3 210
4 210
5 210
6 210
7 210
8 210
9 210
Total estimated net cash flows 1735
Average net cash flows 1735 / 9 = 192.77
Accounting rate of return 192.77 / 150 × 100
= 128.51%
A higher than 100% accounting rate of return means the investment is highly efficient in
generating profits. This investment must be made in a planned manner as it is highly profitable
and generating great amount of profit which is more than what will be spent on investment
initially.
This technique is very easy to use as already available data from financial reports of the
company is used to evaluate the investment proposal (Williams Jr, and et.al., 2018). This method
reflects the profitability of an investment by considering the net incomes generated over the
whole life of the investment.
In case of Syngenta, the determined ARR is 128% which indicates the average income made
throughout the life of the project is 128% of the initial investment cost and based on this, it

would be recommended to the management of Syngenta to must go for this investment
opportunity in order to enhance its profitability.
4. Global environment decisions and strategies affecting Syngenta
The global environment decisions and strategies can be assessed on the basis of six different
factors such as the following:
Political factors: Syngenta is operating in agricultural chemical industry in many countries of the
world (Janošková, Csikósová and Čulková, 2018). There are many decisions and strategies
associated with the political environment of different countries which may affect the company
such as the following:
 Decisions related to labelling agricultural chemical products
 Compulsory benefits for the employees
 Taxation of agricultural chemical business affect the profitability of Syngenta
 Pricing regulations applicable on agricultural chemical products
 Intellectual property protection provided on new products developed will provide an
opportunity to Syngenta to get their new product patented. Interference of government in agricultural chemical industry will affect the operations of
Syngenta because it has to face difficulties in implementing new decisions and strategies.
Economic factors: Many decisions associated with interest rate, inflation rate and foreign
exchange rate may affect companies like Syngenta adversely. The company can utilize various
economic indicators such as growth rate of agricultural chemical industry to forecast their
organizational growth (Wiraeus and Creelman, 2019). Decisions and strategies that may affect
Syngenta are as follows:
 Capital market efficiency affect the capital raising ability of Syngenta in local market.
 Inflation rate will affect the pricing of the agricultural chemical product of Syngenta. Labour costs related regulations may affect the wages and salaries that Syngenta is
paying and accordingly, their profitability gets affected.
Social factors: There is a great impact of society's culture on the organizational culture in a given
environment. Beliefs and attitudes of individuals forming part of the organizational environment
affect Syngenta's marketers in understanding the customers of that market (Tretyak and et.al.,
2020). Also, they efforts towards designing marketing message for promoting their agricultural
chemical products. Decisions associated with this factor affecting Syngenta are as follows:

 Being environmentally and health conscious affects Syngenta to ensure the quality of
their agricultural chemical products.
 Society's attempt to encourage entrepreneurship Decisions for enhancing the skill level of the population.
Technological factors: This factor has the ability to affect the performance of Syngenta in great
way. With the decision of making current technology outdated, Syngenta may suffer a huge loss
and even lost its competitiveness in the market (Mazouni, 2018). Also, with the adoption of new
technology which is considered to be energy – wise and economically efficient, Syngenta can
become cost efficient and accordingly, their profitability gets enhanced. Likewise, in the given
case their production capacity has become inefficient to produce any more due to the
introduction of new technology in the agricultural chemical industry it becomes compulsory for
the company to make new investment. Decisions such as adoption of new technology by
Syngenta's competitors and its impact on product offering may greatly affect Syngenta.
Environmental factors: Norms and environmental standards applicable on agricultural chemical
industry have a huge impact on the operations of the company. With the applicability of new
laws and regulations such as associated with environmental pollution, air and water pollution,
recycling and waste management has a great impact on Syngenta policies and decisions (Kumar,
2017). Syngenta must take into consideration the society's attitude towards ecological products
and renewable energy while making new investment decisions.
Legal factors: Many countries are not having robust legal framework to protect the intellectual
property right of Syngenta. Therefore, its management needs to evaluate such country's market
before entering it because in the event of losses due to theft of their product design or any
intellectual property, they may not get the protective shield to safeguard their position in that
market (Gogol and Kolotok, 20190. Decisions that may affect Syngenta are changes in anti-trust
law in agricultural chemical industry, changes in intellectual property law, health and safety law
and consumer protection law.

PART B
TASK 1
Nature and type of costs Syngenta and its impact on the company's financial position
From the financial reports and estimations made for the new investment, there are three types of
cost that has been identified with reference to Syngenta, such as the following:
Direct costs: These are cost included in the cost of sales and are directly linked to product
manufactured and changes in these costs greatly affect the gross profit margin of Syngenta as it
is an indicator of company's efficiency in managing its operations (Manuylenko and et.al., 2018).
Example of this type of cost is manufacturing cost.
Indirect or operating cost: These costs are those that incurred in a day to day business operations
which if gets high may affect the operating profit margin of the company and there will be less
profit available to make payment for financial cost and dividends which in turn may affect the
value of the company in the market. Example are selling and marketing costs.
Financial or non-operating costs: Such costs include interest expenses and other compulsory
payments which if gets higher than the optimum level then there will be higher financial risk for
the company (Samygin and et.al., 2019). Higher financial risk leads to bankruptcy and poor
image of the company in the financial market.
Appropriate costing techniques
Costing is defined as recording the overall cost that is associated with providing the
operation. There are various techniques which Syngenta adopt in order to identify the overall
cost of operations. The techniques adopted by the organisational involve the marginal costing
technique, absorption costing technique, batch costing and such like of techniques. All these are
the different methods and techniques that will support the business venture for understand the
need of the business venture and formulate and design all its operational requirement. The role of
the costing technique is to assess the overall cost incurred by the organisation in process to
deliver the business operation (Xu and et.al., 2018). The role all these technique play is to
identify and determine the overall cost that has incurred for delivering all different operations of
the firm. Methods and technique of accounting become the basis to determine the sales price of
the produce and service deliver by the company along with identify the sale price that company
seek to incurred in order to channelises the business operation. The further profit margin

en65ertain and hold by the company is also a significant aspect that is determine don the basis of
the suitable costing technique has been adopted by the organisation.
Role of accounting to support decision making
Accounting is the practice involve recording the business transaction under accounting
books prepare by the organisation. Accounting play a crucial role for the company to take on the
best suitable business decisions. In the overall business situation accounting is the one core
technique that drive ad guide the organisation to take decisions on the basis of the records found
and identified by the venture. Decision making in business is highly supportive with support of
accounting transactions and books. Accounting provide the suitable basis to the management of
Syngenta for taking all important decision in business. Every strategy that is design and frame by
the venture would have some financial implication (Uğur and Leblebici, 2018). Decision making
in business would highly rate with the accounting figure and values that may support the
business venture to deliver the business objectives. In business world ever decision company
take is based on the financial return and outcome that such decision would be able to generate. In
such a process this is significant for the organisation to identify the financial implication of every
single business decision making process. The role of accounting is to support the business
venture for taking the best suitable decision on the basis of the need and requirement of the
business venture. Accounting not only drive the business to take important decision in business
but also to analysis the decision making taken by the company. Accounting play the fundamental
role for the business venture that will further support the venture for addressing all its various
need and requirement in the company. Counting will support the organisation to measure the
overall performance of the venture in respective target market.
Accounting is a crucial functional area associated with the organisation as to cover all the
costing related areas of the organisation which further allow the business venture to mitigate all
its different business objectives. The role of accounting is to suggest the company about the level
of expected profit against delivering the certain functional activity of the organisation. The role
of accounting is very crucial in the organisation as it improve the decision making ability of the
organisation along with supporting the suitable areas of operation tat would empower right
business venture for entertain and channelising all its various operations in he organisation. Cost
control is another significant role which accounting play for the Syngenta. The business venture
is associate with the multiple operation and functional areas that needed to overlook by the

company with the use of right costing technique that can record all the various cost has been
incurred by the company in order to deliver the business operation (Sirisawat and
Kiatcharoenpol, 2018). The technique of costing support and allow the business venture for
executing all its operation and functional areas that would empower the business venture for
delivering the total cost in the business. Employee performance in the organisation is also
evaluated with the support of right accounting technique adopted by the organisation. Prevention
of error and fraud is another key functional areas associated with the accounting entertain by the
company. All this will be requiring and associating with the company that would empower the
business venture frop executing all its operation and functional area in the business. Accounting
has been widely involved in all areas of operation and functions associated with the organisation.
This is a significant part of the business activity operate by the company that indicate the fact
that accounting is a core feature associated with the organisation and the role this technique
would play is to support the business with the right basis to control its overall cost that is
incurred and also to maximise the business profit and return generated by the organisation.
Risk involve in financial decision making
Financial decision making of the company is associated with the various risk factor
associated with the business. The decision making in finance is wisely based on the accouting
results projected in the book of accounts maintain by the company. On the other hand the scope
of accounting is limited in nature. The function do not allow the venture to effectively execute all
the accounting operation and transaction for the organisation in such a manner that the business
venture get to maximise its return capacity (Baldassarre and et.al., 2019). The accounting only
project the financial outcome and facts that could derive by the organisation out of the business
operations are progressed by the company. On the other hand there are plenty of other factors as
well who do not carry any financial implication but strictly affect the overall performance of the
venture. In the business situation this has been influenced the overall progression and
development of the business venture the accounting would only limit the decision making in the
way records are projecting the results. There are plenty of other area and factor which could
further affect and influence the business performance which certainly may not being able to
present in accounting books and terms. The analyst can only take decision when it comes to
books of acupoints about the areas that could generate the maximum return in shorter term
(Hyvärinen, Risius and Friis, 2017). IN context to the long term decision making in business

accounting may not found to be a very effective technique that company may take in process to
take the all different business decision making. IN many situation due to the completion in the
market certain techniques irrespective of the efficiency and effectiveness may not work well for
the company in a shorter run but in longer duration such techniques may bring the better and
positive results in favour of the organisation. All this influence the company for generating the
bets possibles in favour of the organisation. There are certain techniques like assuming the risk,
avoidance of risk, controlling risk, transference of risk and such like of techniques can be
adopted in order to mitigate the risk involve in the businesses. All these techniques would
certainly empower the company for arranging the suitable records and document for addressing
the all different risk involve in the business.
Budgetary techniques
Budget is defined as process of anticipating the overall cost company may need to
incurred in order to process the operation further. The technique of budgeting is about to assess
the overall financial requirement of the business and take a suitable and right decision for
addressing all its financial need. The budget will fuhrer involve fixed budget, variable budget,
sales budget, production budget and different other budget. Cash budget is another technique that
most of the company adopt in order to identify the liquidity requirement of company and take
suitable decisions to meet such a need of the organisation (Coban, Ertis and Cavdaroglu, 2018).
Budgetary techniques are always a crucial one that will support the organisation for addressing
all its various need and demand. Syngenta can hold the certain techniques like variable budget,
cash budget and such like of technique to mitigate all its various operational and business
requirement. All these are the methods that would support and empower the company for
adversing all its various need and demand of the company in order to process the business
operation further. IN the accounting terminology the role of budgeting is very crucial as it make
the company ready to face all the financial need and budgetary requirement that will support the
organisation for achieving better control in operation.
Investment evaluation techniques
The investment evaluation is a technique that will involve analysing the investment
decision making of the business. This involve various methods such as payback period, net
present value method, investment appraisal techniques and such other techniques. All these
methods support the Syngenta to take on the bets suitable investment decision on the basis of the

need and demand of the business venture (Nordhaus, 2019). All these techniques take decision
on the basis of the expected level of cash inflow generate by the company. Along with the fact
that investment appraisal technique is always a right and suitable mode of addressing and
mitigating all different inflow need of the business. The financial resource are limited in n umber
which require the business venture to adopt the right technique so that most favourable
investment can be undertaken by the organisation. All these technique would support the
Syngenta for identifying the most profitable one on the basis of the need and requirement of the
business venture.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that the new investment of Syngenta is
financially viable due to its inherent feature of recovering initial cost of investment at the early
stage itself. Also, the investment worthwhile in terms of generating average income much higher
than the initial cost of investment. In addition to this, global environment of Syngenta has been
evaluated which reflects that the industry is fit for making additional investment. In the second
part of the report, global financial strategies of Syngenta has been reviewed in terms of costs,
costing techniques, role of accounting, risk involved in financing decision, budgeting techniques
and investment evaluation techniques associated with Syngenta that could be used by
management to make various decisions to improve financial position and performance of
Syngenta in the market.

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