Strategic Planning and Change Management in Hammersmith and Fulham Borough

This report discusses the importance of strategic planning and change management in addressing the health issues faced by aged people in Hammersmith and Fulham Borough. It analyzes the factors impacting health, identifies problems, and proposes strategies for improvement.

STRATEGIC PLANNING
AND CHANGE
MANAGEMENT
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Executive Summary
This report has explained about various health issue faced by aged people that are living
in Hammersmith and Fulham borough. Therefore, it analysis various factors that impact on
health of people and changes that can be made for better health and safety of people through
establishment of social enterprise. It also has discussed about various strategies that can be
implemented in Hammersmith and Fulham in order to uplift living standard of people.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Aim..............................................................................................................................................4
Rationale......................................................................................................................................4
Situational Analysis.....................................................................................................................4
Problem Identification.................................................................................................................7
Situation of change......................................................................................................................9
Assessment of drivers and resistors of change..........................................................................10
Theory of Change......................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
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INTRODUCTION
Strategies planning included various steps that are plan in advance for getting better and
maximum result out of effort and time spend on particular activities. There are various changes
in environment that need to be effectively managed and control for effective growth and
development of economy. This report is about Hammersmith and Fulham Borough that was
created on 1 April 1965 with an approx population of 185,426. Recently it is facing large number
of health issue among aged people so establishment of social care services may support them to
live their better and health. Various points that are covered in report are situation analysis and
identification of problem faced by borough. It also describes about various changes of situation,
assessment of drivers and resistors of change so that appropriate strategy can be formed. At last
report explains about ways in which strategy and theory of change can be implemented in the
borough.
Aim
Aim of the report is to explain about importance of strategic planning and change
management to solve various problems that are faced by people (Poels and et.al., 2019). Further
it is prepared to provide various recommendation and suggestion that can be used by National
health services to make other change in order to support aged people financially, mentally and
physically so that they can live their live better and healthy.
Objectives
Key Objective of Hammersmith and Fulham to provide better health care facilities are as
follows:
1. To support mental health of aged people
2. To long term growth of Hammersmith and Fulham borough by ensure better health and
wealth of people.
3. To increase social health cares system in borough so that better treatment and support can
be provided to all people.
Rationale
The main reason to make report was that it is one of the recent and most important topic
or challenges that are faced by people when they become old. It has also been noted that there
are large number of people in National health services that belong to aged group and facing
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challenges of mental and physical health due to lack of nutrition and finance (George, 2017).
Therefore, this report will help council to implement various changes in order to resolve issue
faced by aged group people and promote economic growth and development.
Situational Analysis
Situation analysis is conducted in order to identify various internal and external factors
that impact NHS operation in Hammersmith and Fulham. It used to analysis situation and
circumstance of borough so that it can protect itself from various threats and challenges that are
present in the society and gain opportunity to grow and expand economic growth and better
health of people (Sax and Andersen, 2019).
Demographical structure: It has been noticed that there is continuous increase in population of
borough as it was measured 182,493 in 2011 and it had been raised to 185,004 which is
approximately 1.4%. Increased in population is due to international mitigation of an average
1000 people every year so it has result in high unemployment rate. Increase in population of
aged people is more than other group which is about 40% and people that belong to 65- 74 group
are 24%. It can also be stated that there are large number of women than males so high
dependency ratio and less job available for people (Ehrenstein, Wang and Guillén-Gosálbez,
2019). Higher proportion of young adults increase pressure of available job opportunity as job is
less as compared to number of young adults. Therefore national health services employee’
people that have high knowledge and skill so better services can be provided to customers.
Higher aged people in Hammersmith and Fulham have provided opportunity to NHS to expand
its business operation and provide better treatment to people.
Availability of social health care service: Hammersmith and Fulham borough has less
availability of social health care services so minimum support is provide to adult people. There
are less number of finance and medical facilities that are available to aged people which result in
proper health condition of people. They also have less amount of money to invest in better health
facility that cause mental pressure and stress to individual. Therefore less ability of social health
care facility has adversely impacted on health and financial security of aged people that are
living in borough. So operation of national health services has formulated strategies to helps
people of borough to live better and healthy lifestyles by providing them medical facilities at free
of cost.
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Inequality: The borough has high level of mitigation and cultural diversity where rich and poor
people live apart from each others. Thus, create situation of inequality and poverty within small
geographical area and adversely impact on growth and development of economy. At the same
time impacting adversely on mental and physical health of aged people as there is no body to
provide support to them (Sirén and Kohtamäki, 2016). So it can be illustrated that social
inequality is another challenges that are faced by aged people while taking benefit of social
health care services. Inequality has resulted in poor health and financial condition among aged
people causing diseases such as depression and hypertension. Another strategy that is used by
NHS is to provide support to people that are facing depression and hypertension and bring
equality among people through taking various steps.
Less development of technology: Hammersmith and Fulham is less developed borough that
have limited innovative technology and medical facilities to provide qualitative and better
services to people. Insufficient technology has resulted in poor health in aged people and
increase dependency ratio thus act as an hinder in better health care facility to treat people. Less
innovation in technology resulted in slow growth rate of economic and low advancement in
health and medical treatment for ensuring better and effective health of older people. NHS has
planned to use innovative technology to provide better treatment to people in order to ensure
effective health of individual. Such strategy has helped come to expand its operation and provide
qualitative services to large number of people in Hammersmith and Fulham
Health diseases: It has been analysis and evaluated that there are large number of health diseases
in Hammersmith and Fulham borough such as cancer that is followed by cardiovascular diseases,
infected lung and chronic diseases. Thus, result in high rate of death among aged people of
borough because of continuous spreading of lot of diseases. People of borough have less immune
proper due to lack of proper nutrition and organic products in their diets. Sudden accidents and
injury badly impact on their health status. It can also be stated that high density areas such as
Hammersmith Broadway, college park have more health issue as compared to low density areas
(Ramirez and Wilkinson, 2016). Obesity is another health issues that are faced by people which
result in bad health of aged people and reduce their efficiency to perform various activities and
function. Mental and financial stress is most common found in every aged person it is because of
lack of money and inequality. Smoking and high intake of alcohol has resulted in bad health
among aged people and reduces their immune system to fight with other diseases. Two chronic
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diseases faced by people of borough are hypertension and depression amounted to 8.8 and 8.5%
respectively. There are about 2.2% hypothyroidism, 3.5 diabetes patients and heart diseases
around 1.7%. Northern sub area is register as having larger number of chronic patients in the
borough. NHS operates with main objective to reduce all such health issue that are increasing at
rapid rate for good health of people. Company has planned to recruit and retained high trained
employees so that proper treatment can be given to patient for effective and better wellbeing of
individual.
Poor air quality: It is another factor that can be analysed for effective health of people which
state that poor air quality has resulted in large number of death and increase number of patients
of chronic heart and respiratory diseases. Poor air quality is related with different health
challenges that are faced by aged people such as lung cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary diseases and chance of heart diseases. Large number of older people dies due to high
attribute of nitrogen dioxide and air pollution in London. Therefore NHS has planned to take
steps to reduce pollution in Hammersmith and Fulham in order to ensure better and qualitative
health condition of people.
Ambulance Call out: It was recorded that there were highest numbers of ambulance call out
from Hammersmith and Fulham borough. There are approximately 30,835 calls in 2015-16 and
29331 in 2014-2015 showing an increase of 11%. Most of the calls that were made to ambulance
were related to pain in heart, abdominal and back. Borough has high rate of emergency hospital
admission in inner London due to several heart disease among older age group people
(Shevchenko and Stukach, 2018). Especially in Lewisham, Southwark and Islington as there
were 78, 74 and 73 admissions per 1000 people respectively. Therefore all such components
stated that borough was facing situation of poor health care in term of physical, mental and
social. From the above analysis NHS has formulate strategies to reduce mental stress among
aged people by providing them mental and financial support thus it helps in improving quality of
life of people living in the Hammersmith and Fulham borough.
Problem Identification
From the above analysis of various areas or factors that lead to poor health among aged
group people various problem and challenges faced by borough can be easily identified.
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Situation analysis helps us in finding areas that need to be improved so challenges faced by
borough can be effectively removed and people can stay their life health and wealthy with less
mental and physical stress. Therefore SWOT analysis is better tool that can be sued to identified
strength and capabilities of firm or borough to face different challenges or problem that are faced
by Hammersmith and Fulham borough (Kaiser, 2018). It also helps in identifying weakness of
firm or borough so they need to be improved for economic growth and development and
upliftment of society. By removing weakness borough can easily capture different opportunities
that are available in the society which can ensure better health of aged people and less death
rates. Therefore Swot analysis is an effective tool that can be used to formulate appropriate
strategies and plan that need to be implemented by London borough of council to support
vulnerable aged people that have less financial status and medical treatment. NHS by analysis
effective various strength and weakness is able to formulate effective strategies for growth and
expansion of business and to provide qualitative services to customers.
Strength Weakness
There are various strength of NHS that helps
in effective management of various health care
in Hammersmith and Fulham Borough such
as:
Hammersmith and Fulham is continuously
spending on better health and medical facilities
in order to reduce change of chronic, heart
diseases among adult people (Ahmed, 2016).
Attractive and effective policies are made by
Hammersmith and Fulham to influence social
health care services to provide sufficient
amount of services to people of borough so
that they can live their life better and healthy.
Effective and strong communication and
coordination NHS and council of borough has
Borough Council has not take much initiate to
encourage new social enterprise to ensure
better health and wellbeing of people.
Fewer sources of capital and large number of
cases in borough has increased difficult to
handle each and every patient with much care.
Less availability of finance and technology in
Hammersmith and Fulham lead to poor health
care of individual and delay in treatment.
Council has not invested much amount in
technology and medical facilities that result in
poor health care.
Ineffective management of air pollution by
Hammersmith and Fulham borough that lead to
various chronic diseases among older
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resulted in effective operation of health care
services to provide better and immediate
services to older generation.
Borough have some people that are high
skilled and knowledge so NHS has recruit staff
member thus helps in providing better and
quick medical treatments to patient and saving
their life.
generation so NHS need to taken steps for
protection of environment and health and
safety of people.
Opportunity Threats
Hammersmith and Fulham has opportunity to
provide support to venerable aged people that
are facing various mental and physical stresses
by encouraging social organisation.
Innovation in technology in Hammersmith and
Fulham borough may lead to better health care
services to ensure effective health of aged
people.
Investment in medical care and providing
financial support to aged people may also lead
to reduction of various problem and mental
stress in Borough and encourage new social
health care such as NHS.
It can also make effective budget for investing
fund in National health services to support
older aged people.
Hammersmith and Fulham make effective
policies to encourage NHS to perform its
function easily.
Increasing call of emergency admission in
hospital because of various crucial diseases in
threats for population is threat for
Hammersmith and Fulham.
Smoking, high intake of alcohol and rush
driving has resulted in poor health among
people that are living in the borough.
Continuous wastage and pollution in
environment has lead to poor health and
problem such as heart attack and chronic
diseases (Brodnick and Gryskiewicz, 2018).
Less availability of funds and continuous
increase of inequality and poverty has lead to
deprive of best and better medical, financial
facilities to people. Thus Hammersmith and
Fulham have to take steps and formulate
strategies for better health and wellbeing of
individual.
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Situation of change
Health and Wellbeing Strategy
Joint Health and Wellbeing Strategy 2016-21
The situation of change which will enable to being high quality viability, living standards
enhance and promote the importance of bringing medical efforts available largely to all people
who are aged can be developed on various grounds. Strategic transformation includes varied
changes with governing the latest medical policies, researching best ways of technology to
implement in providing services available at Hammersmith. London country being one of the
most highly developed city promises strong medical facilities for people who are living all parts
of country, Hammersmith being one of the most popular borough have large population living in
it. Aged population living in country do face some major issues of health problems which needs
to be recovered and emergencies being one of the foremost important concern affecting people
living standards. Government officials and medical associations have huge role to look after the
organization of all medical tests, camps and quick facilities available to them at door steps for
high convenience. Situation change will rapidly evolve the current situations, working scenario
which is currently under emphasis and the diameters where new changes needs for long term
efficiency of decisions and positive impact of healthcare practices. Strategic transformation will
have various phases onto which further progressive steps of evolvement will be integrated for
reaching long term goals attainment (Hansen, Broomfield and Yap, 2019).
NHS with assessment of current working situations and the various forces which needs to be
implemented within organization which will bring forward the working parameters on which the
health practices at Hammersmith can be developed. NHS being one of the best healthcare
institution where the focus is to keep assessing current situation parameters through which higher
gaols can be formulated.
Assessment and planning new changes: The health issues faced by aged population who are
unaware of high concerns related to their health depending on varied diseases must be assessed
by hospitals and healthcare centres. Planning action to evolve and strategically transform the
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current situations which will enable them to deliver high quality functional changes will enable
people, general public to take effective quick treatments of all health issues. Further integration
of large evocative steps to relatively construct medical facilities which will highly facilitate
functioning efficiency are the various important variants of assessing changes within first stage.
Required resources for integrating changes: Medical association within Hammersmith has
strong role to play among people specially to take care of safety, health concerns of people who
are aged. The new transformational strategies within present scenario will highly need effective
technology integration, resources to know the changing statistic and data of aged people who
suffer from varied diseases. Integrating changes which are different types of bed, large medical
equipments for providing help for aged people to walk properly and gaining strong facilities can
be attained with high class planning of resources. Medical hospitals, healthcare centers must
have all resources available to them which will enable to deliver facilities to all customers with
strong business ethics and also profound focus towards their comfortable living values
(Samuelsson,Witell and Elg,2019). NHS organisation by best medical resources and nursing staff
will effectively formulates strong team of medical professionals
Medical training and advancement skills: Another phase of strategic transformation within
medical centers and healthcare centers at Hammersmith is training and advancement of medical
staff members. These factors relate to the comfort facilities which will enable patients to take
proper treatments and effectively take medical support for various problems. Trained staff
practices include being ethically responsible and connected with ethical values to aged people
who come for medical treatments, guiding them with proper nutritional diets. Nurses and doctors
should be well spoken in all languages through which patients, family members can strongly
communicate with them (Forbes-Mewett and Sawyer, 2019).
Surveying final implementation: Last phase of strategic transformation include surveying latest
implications done in system, analyzing the force with which they are governed within various
parameters. Final step of surveying will include communicating with diverse backgrounds of
people on changed medical facilities, new hospitals and analyzing their feedbacks constructively
for gaining valuable information patterns. Surveys through internet plays an active role where
there can be detailed analysis on health aspects of people, their views on various strategic
transformations will play large effective role. Hammersmith government and medical
associations have role to analyze, research the various safety measures and healthcare scenario
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through which there can be in detail overview of all structure (Greer, Robotham. and Wykes,
2019). NHS will survey the final implementation through various advanced tools, innovative
technology and networking channels through which higher gaols and resources which are
invested can be checked.
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS is an innovative change management approach which enables
in focusing to address the identified situation of change highly on various parameters and
take flexible actions with innovative paradigms.
DRIVING FORCES
 Increased aged
population have been
found to be suffering
from health issues
pertaining to be
effective on their
psychological well
being and the various
physical body
problems which have
been found to impact
on overall scenario.
 Strong decrease of
health facilities, social
care and less
affordable facilities
which makes difficult
for aged people to
reach doctors and the
various needed
DESIRED STATE
Health and well being
strategy implementation is
the high end goal for the
NHS to improve overall
working scenario of
health facilities among
aged people living there.
RESTRAINING
CHNAGES
 Less capital funds in
current health practices
and medical
associations
 Technical facilities,
slow productive
growth within medical
departments
 slow growth factor
among medical
association
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treatments within time
frames.
Assessment of drivers and resistors of change
The various drivers of change which have helped in highlighting the various arenas,
current health situation analysis and the various factors which needs to be integrated within
medical facilities at Hammersmith can be understood with the vitality and importance of topic.
Drivers of change which have emerged before us in research can be analyzed within the scenario
of health aspects within aged people are as follows:
 Increased aged population have been found to be suffering from health issues pertaining to be
effective on their psychological well being and the various physical body problems which have
been found to impact on overall scenario. This driver of change can be understood to be one of
the foremost impactful factor which have brought dramatic decrease in aged population living
high quality standard life. The immunity, health concerns and low viable distribution of all
elemental essential facilities in remote areas have been found to be driver of change. Demand of
aged population for being accessible to funds and medical facilities which will promote
hygienic facilities, technical tools and advanced services of customer satisfaction is the high
need to look upon.
 Another vital change of need is the strong decrease of health facilities, social care and less
affordable facilities which makes difficult for aged people to reach doctors and the various
needed treatments within time frames. These factors also explain the vivid downfall currently
being experienced within Hammersmith, which has slowed the growth factor of health services
and medical optimization among people. Social care is an important arena which needs to be
strategically planned within medical facilities, for establishing high class services and
determining various horizons on which patients can come to hospitals for treatments at hospitals
(Elmisery, Rho and Aborizka, 2019).
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 Stress management principles have high an important role to play in implementing various
changes which trigger innovation, influence various parameters of frameworks through which
hospitals can be developed. Strategic planning , sustainable use of all forces will enable people
to get proper treatments in hospitals and develop various forces which will also enable
innovation and diversity for handling patients. These factor will work towards gaining an
optimistic approach towards medical facilities, treatments and constructional ability within
patients.
 NHS with these drivers of change will make the implementation of various new working
horizons through which healthcare services are highly enhanced under company, keenly gain
potential advanced services through which higher targets can be achieved among set working
horizons.
Resistors to change
 Less capital funds in current health practices and medical associations have made it hard for
implementation of various high quality machinery facilities, customer satisfaction services. This
has hindered growth among people of aged population to look upon medical facilities for their
diseases and often they feel pressured sue to costly treatments. This has been recognized as
resistor to change as it becomes potentially difficult for people to reach upon doctors if the
medical facilities are above affordable range, which also impacts their further association with
hospitals.
 Technical facilities, slow productive growth within medical departments and the various
facilities which have been currently assessed in research are found to be not up to mark as
expected by the aged population. Hospital staff are less trained in all languages and fluency to
speak in varied languages which also has been found to be barrier and important resistor for
change. There needs to be strong training and advancement among people who work for patients
within various departments at hospitals , as there is strong demand among people to vitally take
potential treatments for their well being.
 Another resistor to change is the slow growth factor among medical association with which it
can be analyzed that the current model of functioning is less effective and there is slow
adaptability into systems of hospitals, less trained nurses. These changes are highly important to
be brought within social care services and hospitals in Hammersmith as the changing
competitive workforce and advanced facilities is the need of hour. Enabling people with all new
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class medical structure, facilities and infrastructure with which they can reach long term strong
fundamental efficiency (Duffy, J. and Hutchison, 2019)
Strategy of implementation
Kotter 8 step model is an innovation business change model which explains various steps
for bringing change in an already established system which needs to be restructured within
system, by bringing technology as an element. Developing the horizons among which diversity
can be enhanced, explaining the vivid leverage behind various situations and enabling long term
establishment for improving performance standards .KOLB model plan under NHS organisation
will enable to productively develop various new strategies and key frameworks on which the
organization can create high functional strength.
Creating urgency: Hammersmith medical association, hospitals at this step need to vitally look
forward to analyzing the various parameters which need to be figured out for enhancing the
various platforms of medical functioning for reaching high end global benchmarks. Urgency is
highly important for the vivid downfall among all structure of healthcare, as the very core of
problems need to be restructured and gained insights on various fundamental goals.
Form powerful coalition: Medical facilities and hospitals needs to be trained for delivering high
class quality integrated services to all patients , aged and diseased, they should be given proper
training and development with which further ability of strength is leveraged. Coalition of goals
will enable in structuring overall functional efficiency for establishment determinants in further
goals, as it becomes an integral focus to train employees and doctors.
Develop the vision: The vision of future attainment goals, among all hospitals and medical
association will strengthen their working performance, goals attainment and the standards of
various parameters. Surveys can be taken among aged people to gain relevant information and
data which will further aid to complete the research among hospitals, health care social workers
to gain data on various forms (De Santis, Cintulova and Cicero, 2020)
Communicate the vision: At this phase communication and establishment of new innovation,
creative models must be enhanced with high quality training among employees which will add to
bringing efficiency. Patients must be given counseling who are suffering from psychological
disorders for getting correct treatments. Communication of goals within employees, nurses and
doctors should be the very goal of doctors and healthcare experts for providing patients
treatments.
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Empower action : At this phase empowering action , viable forces through which further goals
can be set for treating patients, medical social facilities through which strategic planning is
evolved within phases. Empowering action will facilitate further goals completion and facilitate
further determinants which will yield the action completion of various tasks. Management of
hospitals, doctors and healthcare practices will efficiently deliver services to patients, which will
further add to enhancement of goals (Jamil, Jamil and Xavier, 2020).
Create short wins: There should be check points within model which explains creative
development, attainment of specified goals and goodwill which will bring high quality
integration of new changes. Patients should be accessed and surveyed based on various
parameters for gaining their response on various functional performances. Short wins will
motivate employees and nurses towards their actions and care towards their performance of
delivering services among people through which they can reach the set benchmarks within time
frames.
Don’t let up: This phase will enable injection of motivation, leveraged success and inspiration
among medical staff members in staff facilities within hospitals which will further add to
goodwill and efficiency levels of strategic planning. The changes implemented within strategic
planning shall not be changed and any deviation brought will effect further efficiency, and also
impact on healthcare facility within borough.
Make change stick: This phase will enhance and implement changes within change model forces
and check the various parameters for which efficiency is required, changes needs to be stick for
longer periods. The complete process will be highly productive only when future performance is
stressed on, with high focus towards completion of business goals and serving patients.
Koter 8 step model will enable in enhancing the health facilities standards, with highly
focus to integrate innovation and expansion of various ethical standards to relatively develop
services for aged people in borough. These phases will develop the overall strategic
management, long term planning which will enable is enhancing its overall position of goodwill
and leverage profitability which have positive impact on various strands (Davies, Roderick and
Huxtable-Thomas, 2019).
Theory of Change
Currently various theories of change available which can support to older people of the
Hammersmith and Fulham in increasing their health. According to current situations of the
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borough, the Lewin’s change management theory will play great role to the NHS (national health
service) for improving older people’s health standard. This theory of change management is
basically has based on three stages called; unfreeze, change, refreeze. These three major stage of
Lewin’s theory of change management has been discussed below;
Health and well being strategy implementation is the high end goal for the NHS to improve
overall working scenario of health facilities among aged people living there, which will be
ideally put into action with Kurt Lewin model. Lewin model will be innovatively implemented
through Health and well being strategy under the active services by NHS, through which aged
people can gain strong access to reach high end strong services for the aged population.
Unfreeze: This is the first stage within the Lewin’s change management theory, where national
healthcare service of Hammersmith and Fulham borough need to unfreeze current operations of
healthcare. In this stage, all social healthcare organisations of the borough have highly required
to come together for implementing change in existing healthcare services. Local government and
administration involvement is also necessary in the unfreeze stage of change management,
because all healthcare organisations always have required to take permission from local
government before change something (Bacq, 2017). Basically, healthcare organisations within
borough need unfreeze those all selected healthcare operations which these organisations daily
run for providing healthcare services to older people. Existing management within all social
healthcare organisations is responsible to avoid such steps and actions in this unfreeze stage
which can negatively impact all healthcare operations of the borough.
Change: This is main stage within Lewin’s theory of change management, because this stage
will give opportunity to healthcare system of borough for implementing change. In this stage,
existing management of each social healthcare organisation need to use different latest
technological tools, modern management strategies, effective healthcare workers for
implementing change. Currently, national healthcare service organisation of Hammersmith and
Fulham borough are implementing this change only for developing existing healthcare services
which they provide to older people. There are lots of resources has always required in this stage
for successfully implementing change. According to many change management experts, change
stage with the Lewin’s theory is not a small task to different organisations, because existing
management within such organisations need to put their huge efforts for successfully
implementing change. That’s why management of the different social organisations of
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Hammersmith and Fulham borough has highly required to properly supervise all operations
which is will operate for implementing change.
Refreeze: Refreeze is the final stage within the Lewin’s change management. After
implementing change, social healthcare organisations of the borough need to refreeze that
change which they recently implemented (Burke, 2017). This stage mainly promotes fresh vibes,
because after implementing change, national healthcare service organisation of borough will be
able to provide better healthcare services to older people of the borough in comparison of
previous healthcare services. Refreeze stage will refer improved and developed healthcare
services for older people in Hammersmith and Fulham borough. At the end, these are three major
stages of Lewin’s change management theory which healthcare authority of the borough will
highly needs to be considered for improving existing healthcare services.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that strategic planning helps in effective
function of various activities within Borough by protecting people from various threats. It can
also be concluded from above analysis that council has to make certain changes in its strategies
for better health and safety of aged people. There are various factors that lead to poor health care
facilities and support that are provided to older people which have resulted in high death rates
and diseases over years. It can also be stated that by bringing continuous changes and innovation
within borough it helps in making life of people better. Theory of changes is one such instrument
that is used to explain objectives and goals of new changes that need to be made and various
benefits that are provide to borough and people.
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