Strategic Planning for Leisure and Tourism in Bali

This report discusses the economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Bali, Indonesia. It includes the local and federal government support to tourism, Leiper's WTS model, Butler's TALC curve, policies imposed by the government, and identification of critical stakeholders.

Running head: STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR LESIURE AND TOURISM
Strategic Planning for Leisure and Tourism
Name of the student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

1STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR LESIURE AND TOURISM
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................2
a. About the Destination...............................................................................................................2
b. Evidence of How the Destination Supports Tourism...............................................................2
c. Local and Federal Government Support to Tourism................................................................3
d. Applying Leiper’s WTS Model on Destination.......................................................................3
2. Part A...........................................................................................................................................4
a. Economic Impacts of the Destination Caused by Tourism......................................................4
b. Environmental Impacts on Destination Caused by Tourism...................................................6
c. Socio Cultural Impacts on Destination Caused by Tourism....................................................8
d. Interlink Between the Impacts.................................................................................................9
3. Part B.........................................................................................................................................10
a. Butler’s TALC Curve for Justifying the Current Position of Destination.............................10
b. Policies Imposed by Government for Sustaining Tourism in the Destination.......................15
c. Discuss the Effectiveness of the Existing Policies.................................................................17
d. Identification of Critical Stakeholders...................................................................................19
e. Role of the Stakeholders in Implementation of the Policies..................................................21
f. Doxey’s Theory of Tolerance of the Host with the Tourist....................................................22
Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................23

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References......................................................................................................................................23
1. Introduction
a. About the Destination
The destination chosen for this report is Bali that is not only an island but also province
of Indonesia. The province along with Bali includes smaller neighboring islands of Nusa
Lembongan, Nusa Ceningan and Nusa Penida. The island is surrounded by Lesser Sunda Islands
in the westernmost end, Lombok in the east and Java in the west (Berger 2013). However,
Denpasar, the capital, is situated in the southern part. Bali is a portion of a coral triangle that has
the maximum biodiversity of the marine species. There are around close to over 500 species of
coral found in the island. Bali served the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. It has also been home to the unified confederation
of the kingdoms that comprised of the Balinese houses of royal category.

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Figure 1: Bali Island
Source: (Ringer 2013)
b. Evidence of How the Destination Supports Tourism
Bali has been a famous tourist destination that has seen a considerable rise in the number
of tourist over the years. Around 80 percent of the economy depends on business related to
tourism. The island is known for its painting, sculpture, leather, metalworking, modern and
traditional dance and music (Law et al. 2016). The Island is also famous for its iconic beaches,
coral reefs and the volcanic mountains that have raised it to the top of the destination list. Bali,
the Indonesian Island, is one of the favorite destinations of the tourist for both adventure and
relaxation as it not only provides white beaches but also ensures gather lifetime experience of

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great diving and dense jungle treks. In Bali Indonesia, Tourism has a contribution of close to 4.1
percent of GDP in Indonesia and employs around 6.9 percent of workforce.
c. Local and Federal Government Support to Tourism
The local government of Indonesia articulated an intense vision for future through
developing the stunning landmarks of Indonesia into new and high-end tourism parks. The
government of Indonesia went to greater lengths in promoting Indonesian tourism. The
government has not only implemented economic master plans for boosting Indonesia amongst
the top ten global economies but has also created the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy
in promoting tourism (Gurtner 2016). The local government of Indonesia in recent times has
introduced tourism policies based on the sustainable and the environmental principles. The
government has realized that the need to develop tourism in a sustainable manner and therefore
based its government policy on four notable principles that implied that tourism should be pro-
growth, pro-job, pro-environment and pro-poor. The commitment of the Federal Government
comes through Australia, the ambassador of Indonesia, in boosting Indonesian tourism. Through
the World Bank, Australia helps Indonesia in gaining enough funds for creating ten newer Bali.
A draft put forward by the World Bank showed that Indonesia put in the requirement of seeking
an initial amount of $US180 million for developing three of its locations. There was also an
additional demand of $US570 million.
d. Applying Leiper’s WTS Model on Destination

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Tourist Generating Region
(Anywhere in the World)
Push Factors
Tourist Destination Region (Bali)
Pull Factors
Tour Operators
Ticketing Services
Marketing and Promotional Activities
Travel Agents
Available Channels of
Communication and Transport
Entertainment Industry
Accommodation
Shopping
Tourist Attraction
Tourist Services
Leiper considers the tourism phenomenon as a system functioning under the various
environments like the human, economical, socio cultural, physical, technological, political and
legal.
Figure 2: Diagrammatic Representation of Leiper WTS Model
Environments: Physical, Technological, Social, Cultural, Economic and Political
Transit
Tourist
Departing Tourists
Returning Tourists

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Source: ( Sharpley and Telfer 2015)
2. Part A
a. Economic Impacts of the Destination Caused by Tourism
The incoming of the Dutch navigation companies led to transformation of Bali Island into
a cultural enigma. Not only did the museums and the libraries developed but the island also saw
the promotion of the woodcarving art. In addition to this, the opening of the Ngurah Rai Airport
in Bali in the year 1969 connected the island to the air routes of the international network. This
led to the dramatic rise in the number of tourists (Vanhove 2017). Leisure tourism is mostly
income and price elastic and remains quite responsive to the host as well as the countries that
generate the traveler. The increase and decrease of price in the destination countries discourages
or encourages some of the tourist from the traveler countries. In a similar manner, the rise and
fall of income in will in initiating a parallel effect thereby discouraging or encouraging the
overseas visit of the citizens for the countries generating the travelers. However, the economic
impacts of the presence of the visitors on the destinations arise from the spending of the money
of both the tourists and the travelers on a variety of services and goods. To pay for their tourism
experience the foreign tourist changes their currency that leads to the increase of foreign
currency in the host country for spending not only on its own needs such as providing
educational and medical facilities along with stimulation of the general development of the
economy. The tourist money has a cascading effect on the host economy and used for the
establishments of restaurants and hotels.
The Positive Economic Impacts on Bali includes (Webster and Ivanov 2014):

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 Creation of increased income for the native dealers of the souvenir
 Creation of increased employee income and salaries of owners of hotel and
vacation homes
 Ensures enhanced trading of the dividends, profits, interest and rents
 Ensures creation of occupation in private as well as private sector
 Ensures enhancement of income for public sector
 Ensures fast development with the adoption of television, fax, internet and
telephone
The Negative Economic Impacts on Bali includes (Kim, Uysal and Sirgy 2013):
 The enhancement of the private cost
 The enhancement of the common economic cost
 Endangerment of the quality of life in form property and health endangerment
and environmental pollution
 Enhancement of the fiscal cost through increasing the additional capacities of
feed, public investments, public hand performance and concepts for new
marketing
b. Environmental Impacts on Destination Caused by Tourism
Tourism especially ecotourism helps in promoting the conservation of natural resources
such as the rain forest and the conservation of the wildlife. Tourism also leads to the generation
of the funds for maintenance of the marine parks and the animal reserves through the guide fees
and the entrance charges (Li et al. 2014). It also leads to the creation of alternative employment
sources thereby reducing the problems of deforestation and overfishing. At the same time,

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tourism also creates threat for the cultural and natural resources of the region such as beaches,
water supply, heritage sites and coral reefs. Environmental impact of tourism leads to the
depletion of the water resources due to the overuse of water resources for the swimming pools,
hotels, golf courses and personal use. This also leads to the degradation and shortage of the water
supply along with generation of greater volumes of water. The environmental impact also leads
to the creation of pressure on the local resources that include food, energy and other raw
materials. Greater transport and extraction of the resources intensifies the physical impacts
associated with exploitation. Because of the seasonal character of tourism, many destinations
have more tourists in high season compared to the low season. The resources are at stake for
meeting the higher expectations of the tourist. In the environmental context, tourism also leads to
the degradation of the land including fossil fuels, minerals, fertile soils, forests, wild life and the
wetland. Tourism has also led to the increased construction that has led to enhanced pressure on
the scenic landscapes and the resources. The use of land for the purpose of accommodation and
other provisions of infrastructure lead to a direct impact on both the non-renewable and
renewable resources. Thus, the environmental quality that is both manmade and natural is
required for the aspect of tourism. However, the relationship of tourism with the environmental
aspects is quite complex. There is involvement of various activities that can have adverse
environmental impacts. There are also certain negative impacts of the environment on tourism
development that leads to the gradual destruction of environmental resources. Tourism also
brings in certain beneficial impacts on the environment through contribution of the
environmental conservation and protection. Tourism also helps in raising the environmental
values that serves as a tool for the protection of finance of the natural resources along with an
increase in the economic importance.

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However, the positive environmental impacts on Bali include (Holden 2016):
 Raising the awareness of the environment
 Ensures incorporation of the practice of sustainable tourism
 Ensures restoration and conservation of the biological diversity
 Ensures the preservation of the wildlife
The negative environmental impacts on Bali include (Murphy 2013):
 Leads to water pollution
 The biggest challenge has been overcrowding in terms of not only the tall buildings
but also the influx of the people.
 Reduction in the number of rice fields due to its purchase for the developmental
purpose along with many of the wetlands sold to the investors.
 Shutting down of the irrigation channels for making ways for the buildings and roads
c. Socio Cultural Impacts on Destination Caused by Tourism
The socio cultural impacts of the tourism refer to direct and indirect relations that the
tourists have with the host communities based on the interaction of the tourism industry. The
interaction of the two groups acts a major issue in influencing the kinds of the impacts (Yang,
Ryan and Zhang 2013). When there is a huge difference between culture of receiving and origin
society then there is a probability of greater impacts. Thus, the socio cultural impacts represents
the manner in which the tourism changes the individual values and community, community
structure, behavior, overall quality of the life and lifestyle in terms of both visitor and

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destination. The socio cultural impacts occur in the three primary categories, which includes
tourism host interaction, tourism development and key cultural impacts. The key cultural impacts
take place as the result of physical development, relationship conflict or growth and impacts
because of culture loss or continuation. In other words, the socio cultural impacts imply the
improvements of the infrastructure and the new amenities for leisure that leads to the benefit of
the local community. In addition, tourism also encourages the conservation of the traditional
handicrafts, customs and festivals that otherwise would have been left to wane thereby creating a
civic pride. Tourism also helps in the interchange between guests and the hosts thereby leading
to improved cultural understanding that might also help in raising the issues of global awareness
including the human right abuses and poverty (Cole 2014).
Thus, the positive Socio Cultural Impacts on Bali include (Andersson and Lundberg
2013):
 Inheritance of the traditional wood art and music
 Due to the creation of alternative employment leads to lesser creation of criminal
activities
 Leads to the commercialization of the cultural properties
The negative Social Cultural Impacts on Bali include (Mason 2015):
 Influence of the foreign culture on the local people
 Social conflicts between the foreigner and society or new comers and society
 Absence of required respect from the tourists towards the ceremonies and temple
ceremonies of the native Bali people

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 Influenced the social life of Balinese people by transforming them into chaotic
individuals where money became an integral part of their lives.
d. Interlink Between the Impacts
The economic, environmental and the socio cultural impact of tourism have
interconnection amongst them in the overall development of the destination. They contributed
positively to the economy through the improvement of the society’s incomes. Tourism
contributed to the economy in the form of rent of the food and beverage sales along with the rent
of the hotels stay and the sales of its food and beverage (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). Tourism
also created an earning means for the people who are cleaning, serving food in the hotels and
escorting. The combined impact of the economic, environmental and socio cultural aspects of
tourism helped in increasing the employment through the creation of new job post. The
interlinking between the aspects also helped in the improvement of the society where chances
have been provided to people for developing activities like spa business and involvement in
traditional performances for entertaining the guests. The interlinking between the various
aspects also helped in cultural preservation of various dance forms and art. It helped in building
community leadership where people are able to believe and love their leaders. In addition, it also
led to the improvement of the knowledge of the society about tourism, punctuality and clean
living. Further, the existing community also learns to communicate well (Glasson and Therivel
2013). There is also much improvement in the physical environment of the destination in terms
of view as well as quality. This made the destination not only cleaner but also devoid of
pollution. The interlinking between the various aspects created an overall positive vibes for the

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chosen destination and helped in the development of Bali into one of the most attractive tourist
destinations.
3. Part B
a. Butler’s TALC Curve for Justifying the Current Position of Destination
As stated by Butler, initially the visitors will come to the area in smaller numbers due to
the lack of facilities, local knowledge and lack of access. With the introduction of the facilities
and growth of awareness, there is an increase in the number of visitors (Tirosh 2013). However,
with information dissemination, marketing and provision for further facility the popularity of the
area grows rapidly. Gradually, the rate of increase in the number of visitors will decrease with
the reach in level of the carrying capacity. This might be in terms of the environmental factors,
physical plant and social factors. The environmental factors included air quality, water quality
and land scarcity while the physical plant included accommodation and transportation. The
social factors mostly represented crowding. The decline of the attractiveness of the destination
compared to the other areas due to visitor impact or overuse leads to the reduction of the number
of tourist.
There are however six stages of Evolution of the Tourist Area (Ma and Hassink 2013):
1. The Stage of Exploration:
The stage is marked by:
 Lower number of tourist

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 Tourists are attracted based on the primary attractions that may be either cultural
or natural
 Presence of no secondary tourism attraction
 Tourism does not have social or economic significance to the local residents
2. The Stage of Involvement:
This stage is marked by:
 Involvement of the local residents in tourism
 Emergence of the secondary facilities of tourism such as guests houses
 Development of the tourism season
 Development of pressure for the governments for improving the transport of the
tourist
3. The Stage of Development:
This stage is marked by:
 Larger numbers of tourists who exceeds the local population during the peak periods
 Presence of massive advertising will ensure the creation of well-structured market for
the tourist market.
 Rapid decline in the involvement of the local people and control of tourism
 Presence of the external organizations will help in providing secondary attractions for
tourism.
 Development and marketing of the natural and cultural attractions

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 There might be physical changes in the area without the approval of the local people
4. The Stage of Consolidation
This stage is marked by:
 The growth of tourism slows down but the actual number of tourists is more than
the local population.
 The economy of the area is tied to the tourism
 There would be wide reaching advertising and marketing
 Representations of the major franchises and chains of tourism
 There will be a well defined recreational business district in the resort areas
 Arousal of discontent and opposition from the local people
5. The Stage of Stagnation
This stage is marked by:
 The number of visitors reaches the peak
 Reaching or exceeding of the carrying capacity
 Leads to the social, environmental and economic problems
 The destination becomes separated from the geographic environment
 Increase in the number of artificial attractions for tourism compared to the primary
attractions
 Although the destination has well-established image it remains no longer visible.
6. The Decline and the Rejuvenation Scenario

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This represents the final stage of Butler model for tourism. Butler observed decline or
rejuvenation as the possible alternatives. The last stage of the model is dependent on the five
scenarios that lay between the complete rejuvenation and complete decline (Yang and Fik 2014).
This includes:
 Success in the process of redevelopment leads to the improved growth
 Improvements in capacity levels leads to the modest growth of the tourism
 Stabilization of the tourism through the cutting capacity levels
 Constant overuse of resources and insufficient investment leads to the decline
 Disease, war and other catastrophe leads to an instant collapse in the tourism
The Scenario of Decline:
 Inability of competing with the newer tourism attractions
 Weekend or Day trippers replaces the holidaymakers
 Non tourism activities replaces tourism facilities
 Hotels might become the home for retirement of the local residents
 The area might becomes a slum for tourism or there might be a complete drop out of
the tourism market
The Scenario of Rejuvenation:
 Complete change in the tourism attractions
 Discovery of untapped resources of tourism

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Figure 3: Butler’s TALC Curve
Source: (Yang and Fik 2014)
b. Policies Imposed by Government for Sustaining Tourism in the Destination
The management of the holy and heritage site of Bali taken care of by the Department of
Tourism and Culture Bali that falls under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Indonesia
(Mowforth and Munt 2015). There are various levels of planning policies of government related
to the cultural heritage of Bali. This includes:
 State/National Level Policies
 Policies Related to the Provincial or Bali Government Level
 Regional Policies

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The chief of the destination development at the Tourism Agency of Bali ensured the
implementation of four key policies in accordance with national development plan for the
tourism sector of Bali (Jenkins 2015). The first policy is formulated in relation to destination
development where the government focused more on the mapping of tourism for determining the
unique areas of the island. The second policy focused on the development of the existing sites of
the tourist along with up gradation of their accessibilities and facilities. The third policy focused
on the improvement of the business related to the tourist and the human resources for
empowering the local communities. The fourth policy revolved around the development of
some of the newer destination in some of the unexplored areas. This is because Bali had pool of
cultural and natural attractions in abundance. Tourism represented a dynamic industry that
rapidly changed with the global and local trends of tourism. The government therefore felt that it
was very necessary in keeping pace with the varying demands of the tourists in relation to the
based on destinations types, attractions and accommodation. Cultural attraction was the primary
reason for people to visit Bali during the past although now people mostly visit for enjoying the
spa facilities, newer attractions and enjoying water sports. There was establishment of the Bali
Tourism Promotion Board (BPPD), the members of which represents competent figures in the
tourist industry of the island. However, for boosting the promotional activities of the future years
the provincial administration will ensure closely working with the BPPD (Edgell 2015).
The second implemented policy would revolve around tourism through strengthening of
the partnerships between the industry, community and the government. There would also be
emphasis on the need for improving the credibility of tourism and the bigger responsibility of the
industry in helping to preserve the environment of the island (Sharpley and Telfer 2015). The
government will also tighten and closely monitor the issuance of permits concerned with tourist

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development. The development of the new tourism will gradually get shifted to the western,
eastern and the northern parts. Institutional improvement stressed on increasing the activities of
the various associations of tourism which include Association of Indonesian Tour and Travel
Agencies (ASITA), the Association of the Indonesian Hotels and Restaurants (PHRI) and the
other organizations. Presently, there has also been a development of the village-based tourism in
the rural areas (Dahles 2013). It is therefore necessary for associations for relating their activities
to the organization based on community that would ensure managing such programs. The four
policies would therefore act as guideline for development of the tourism in short, middle and the
long term. However, the four policies of tourism has been prepared in reference to the Law No.
10/2009 based on tourism , bylaws on the spatial planning and the government decree of the No.
50/2011 on the national development.
c. Discuss the Effectiveness of the Existing Policies
The State Level Policies implemented under the Regulation of Republic of Indonesia no.
26/2008 indicated within the purview of the national planning region there existed around twenty
established zones that depend on the characteristic of the every region (Kneebone 2014). These
policies primarily highlighted the heritage site as one of the key sites for the purpose of
conservation. This included local heritage, world heritage, natural environment, corridors of
beach borderline, cultural heritage, area of the riverbanks, coral reefs and the mangrove beaches.
In addition, significant benefit extended to the areas related to the significant cultural value that
consisted of the ancient objects as well as sites. In addition, there has been establishment of
national strategic zones in Bali.

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These policies also implicitly mentioned the tangible and intangible dimensions that
required preservation for purposes including social, cultural, education, tourism and religion.
Further, the importance of the preservation of the cultural heritage lay in sustenance of the social
welfare and national identity along with the global promotion of the Indonesian culture. The
policies of planning also emphasize the protection of the open space since they supported
cultural, ecological, aesthetic and economic values. In fact, the protection of the open spaces
helped in protecting the heritage sites and the regional identity (Dwyer 2015). However, it is also
necessary for the open spaces in reflecting the nature, history, ecology, regional culture and the
environment.
According to the provincial policies, there existed three regulations that helped in
controlling the heritage. The policies primarily focused on the cultural heritage concerning
regional planning, building and architecture (Giap, Nurina and Mulya 2015). There has been
thirty-one zones covered by the policies and they primarily described the regulation of the
heritage. Three classifications of the temple within the heritage site required protection from any
sort of irrelevant activities. The protected cultural heritage sites included temples and other
heritage buildings along with some Hindu sacred sites located in the hill, lake, mountain and
spring, sea, meeting points of the river, beach and sea zones. The strategy of conservation
adopted for the culturally enriched heritage sites and stated with the policy should focus on
improving the cultural and social values. Through encouraging, the community for getting
involved in the action for preservation will not only strengthen the regional identity but also
enable the cultural and social system applicable for community, improve the preservation of the
heritage site, protection of the object of heritage from disintegration and control of the holy sites
from the negative impacts of the developments.

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However, the regional policies include four regulations within the planning policies that
are concerned with the cultural heritage and are focused on the regional building and planning
regulations (Ringer 2013). The regional policies help in protecting the heritage sites from the
activities and the development. Further, the policies also regulate the building permits. However,
the vision of the government in the long-term development of Bali lay in the maintenance of the
destination as cultural city. Since the heritage monuments act an identification of the Bali Island,
so conservation of the heritage sites should become the stepping-stone for the new development.
d. Identification of Critical Stakeholders
The critical stakeholders of Bali include:
 Society of Indonesia Professional Conventional Organizers (SIPCO): They
act as the voice of the tourism industry of Bali. Bali represents one of the prime
tourist destinations of the world with excellent facilities of hotels and resorts.
They ensure tourist have an engrossing experience in Island of Bali (Clendinning
2017).
 Indonesian Tourism Objects and Attractions Organization (PRINCESS):
Then represent an association or a union that focuses on the tourist attraction with
a mission of helping the government in developing the Island (Edelheim 2015).
They either act as a partner of the government that assists in putting forward
motivational guidelines for poster towards developing the tourism attraction.
 Association of the Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant (PHRI): They are a part
of the Bali Tourism Board and acts as representative of the Bali Tourism Industry
(Sudiarta and Suardana 2016). They make sure that then tourist have the best

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experience in one of the most attractive tourist destinations. They also ensure that
the tourist have a feel of the culture of Bali.
 Bali Transportation Association (PAWIBA): They are also part of the Tourism
Board of Bali. They make sure that Bali becomes a unique experience to the
tourist.
 Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA), Indonesia: Found in the year 1951
they dedicate themselves to the promotion of the tourism industry (Gurtner
2016.). This uniquely structured organization with far reaching efforts has helped
in uniting many facets of the tourism in the region.
 Indonesian Tour Guide Association (HPI) of Bali Province: They also act as
the spokesperson of Bali and makes sure that backpackers return home with a
greater experience. They also try to portray to the tourist the natural hospitality of
the people.
 Indonesian Marine Tourism Association (GAHAWISRI) of Bali Province:
They ensure making the Marine Travel and Tourism as the important sectors in
the sustainable development of Bali through conservation of the environment
along with the purpose of making Bali as one of the maritime countries of the
world (Towner 2016). They ensure the welfare of tourism industry and improve
management capacity of the tourism business sustainably and professionally.
They also ensure conservation and contribution of the marine environment that
will serve as an asset for the country.
 Association of the Indonesian Tours and Travel Agencies (ASITA) of Bali
Province: They ensure maintaining and keeping harmony and balance through

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the development of the cooperative relationships amongst the members who are
either outside or within the tourism industry. They attempt in anticipating the free
market era along with improvement of the image of the Indonesian tourism
through security, guarantee, certainty, satisfaction and interest (Gladstone 2013).
They also enhanced the role of the members in the efforts of advancing the
capabilities that included professional skills along with the financial and technical
support so that they are able to meet the international standards in respect to the
aspects of tourism.
e. Role of the Stakeholders in Implementation of the Policies
The stakeholders have adopted a strategy of sustainable tourism for the cultural landscape
of the Bali Island. Sustainable tourism represents the tourism that protects and safeguards the
genuineness of cultural landscape based on a philosophy that reflects the values of the balanced
conservation and sustainable development of tourism through the active participation of the
stakeholders thereby providing authentic experience to the visitors and benefits to the local
communities (Lawrence and Weber 2014). However, for implementing the policies the
stakeholders adopts certain strategic objectives that are as follows:
 They all possess a common appreciation and understanding of the universal
value for promoting, safeguarding and protecting the World Heritage Site as per
the principles of sustainability
 Ensure all support to the development of infrastructure, housing and tourism and
strengthen authenticity of Cultural landscape of the province of Bali through the
minimization of the harmful environmental impact, enforcement of the policy of

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land use and monitoring and management of the site through participatory and
collaborative efforts.
 They also believe in empowering the local communities for directly engaging into
sustainable tourism for improving welfare.
 Ensure the development of a management system for the visitors that will help in
minimizing the negative influence and thereby enhance the experience of the
visitor.
 Provide enough encouragement for the development of the services and product
that respects the cultural values.
f. Doxey’s Theory of Tolerance of the Host with the Tourist
According to Roberts and Morag (2017), Doxey put forward a model that ensured the
evaluation of the social impacts of the tourism. He was of the view that the increase in the
number of the tourist leads to the attainment of more developed industry of tourism in the
destination. This results in the cause of irritation of the host country. Thus, the Doxey Theory
indicated the change of attitude of the locals in the direction of tourism as per the impacts. He
proposed that this attitude of the locals involves four stages that include apathy, euphoria,
antagonism and annoyance. At the initial stage of the tourism development, the residents not
only feel comfortable but they are also happy or euphoric. After which they lose interest in the
aspect of tourism that might be termed as apathy. The negative influence of the tourism is
marked by the next stage when the residents feel annoyed due to the increase in the number of
the tourist growth. The last stage marked by antagonism that shows hostile reactions towards
tourism. As per the Doxey theory, the reciprocating impacts between the community members

24STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR LESIURE AND TOURISM
and the tourist results in different degrees of irritation amongst the members of the community
mostly influenced by the figures of the tourists and subsequent threat imposed towards the way
of the life.
Conclusion:
To conclude, one can say that Tourism in Indonesia has overshot the figures of last
decade. The figures provide an idea that close to ten million tourists have already visited the
country in the past decade. The country also received a key boost from Australia towards tourism
because of the decision of waiving the visa entry fees of March 2016. In the year August 2016,
Bali had close to 105,754 tourists from Australia that was 49 percent more than the figures of the
August 2015. The government of Indonesia is thus aiming for doubling the international tourist
figures by the year 2019. The Indonesian government considers the tourism sector as the growth
strategy of the country and thereby aims at increasing the contribution of the sector to the
country’s GDP by about 8 percent. This has led the government to increase the budget of the
promotional and tourism programs from $30 million to around $ 263 million.

25STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR LESIURE AND TOURISM
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