Strategic Security Work And Intelligence - Case Study of Turkey

Running head: STRATEGIC SECURITY WORK AND INTELLIGENCE
STRATEGIC SECURITY WORK AND INTELLIGENCE
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Table of Contents
Introduction:.......................................................................................................................2
Interests of Turkey:............................................................................................................3
Turkey and Russia relation:...............................................................................................5
Need for Security measures and actions in any Country:.................................................6
Security measures that are needed in Turkey:..................................................................7
Undertaken Security Measures in Turkey:........................................................................8
Domestic Measures:......................................................................................................9
International Measures:...............................................................................................10
Strategies for better security environment:......................................................................11
Inside the country:........................................................................................................12
Outside the country:.....................................................................................................13
Conclusion:......................................................................................................................15
References:......................................................................................................................17

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Introduction:
Across the middle-east countries, there are heightening tensions regarding the
increased risk of terror attacks and tourists have also been warned against visiting in
such sensitive times. The UK FCO or the Foreign and Commonwealth Office has also
provided similar advice to the travelers and told them to be vigilant amidst the fears that
the Western people might be targeted in terrorist attacks. In fact, the tourism industry
has been affected the most with the political turmoil. In late 2019, Turkey had launched
an offensive of major stature against Kurdish-held positions in the area of north Syria;
this prompted FCO to reinstate a number of some severe warnings against all the
people travelling to some particular parts of the country. It has also been declared by
FCO that Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey and Ankara, the capital of Turkey are
mostly safe from any security issues but travelers and people must take precautions in
order to avoid chances of being caught in some kind of terrorist attack or civil unrest.
These types of attacks generally targeted towards the tourists from western countries
but the local and native people are also harmed in the way. Keeping aside the issue of
Terrorism, Turkey is also a region which is a target of burglaries and other such similar
crimes in accordance to the FCO.
Turkey is a country that is predominantly a Sunni Muslim Country and in fact it is
the only country with Muslim-majority in NATO. In the current years, some Islamist
terror group including that of ISIS has merged on the border of Turkey with Syria and
Iraq. As a matter of fact, large number of fighters from foreign lands has crossed the
border of Turkey in the hope of joining these terror groups (Bilgin & Ince, 2015).

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Meanwhile there are refugees who have fled from the conflict areas of Syria and Iraq to
Turkey and the numbers have reached up to 3 million in the year 2018. The extremist
groups within Turkey have subscribed to Islamist ideologies, Kurdish separatist and far-
left. According to some critics, it is because of the venerable issues with this country’s
Kurds and also the PKK, that Ankara has targeted PKK more than the terror of ISIS
itself. Moreover, PKK have also claimed the responsibility for some high-profile terrorist
attack including the one that occurred on 13th of March, 2016 in the form of a car bomb
attack; this attack killed around 37 people and more than 125 people were wounded.
The increasing activeness of the terror groups in Turkey makes it significant for the
government to have strategic security intelligence and framework since the safety of
innocent lives are at risk.
Interests of Turkey:
When the Soviet Union collapsed, it has opened opportunities to be a part of the
New Game in the region of Great Caspian for major countries like Turkey, Iran, US, EU
and Russia. Turkey has certain “strategic geopolitical location” that has created an
advantage to establish itself as one of the main energy routes in the area of East-West
Energy due to its close ties in the ethno-linguistic area. It is this strategy of Turkey that
has allowed the country to re-emerge as a regional geopolitical force. Once Ankara
realizes the strategy of energy of this country, it will be able to use this energy factor as
its political leverage. Hence, in this context the competition of Turkey with Russia can
be viewed in a form of readiness to use its military forces and promoted alternative
pipelines as some limiting factors.

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However, the geopolitical ambitions of Turkey face several limiting factors like the
dependency of Turkey on the political support by US for the promotion of the planned
pipelines and also for the potential energy alliance with Russia. Without the support of
US in order to gain the lobbying for the significant products, can turn out to be very
problematic for Turkey and pose a great challenge for its desire to turn into a major
energy hub. Since Russia is also a major competitor that stands in the way of Turkey’s
desire, and Turkey might think about forming an alliance with the country in order to
strengthen its position in this arena, yet this idea is something that is warned against by
many scholars. This is because their “geo-economic alliance” can potentially make
threats to the energy security of the members of EU as they would get the option of
obstructing the gas supplies to Europe (Khachatryan, 2015). In order to solve the West
Energy’s problem, the NATO and US have calculated to achieve a tactical geopolitical
benefit over the countries of Russia, China and also Iran; in accordance with this, the
US strongly entered the route of Turkey having a primary aim that would diminish the
power of Russia and also prevent the possible rise of the influence of Iran and China in
the global and regional arena. There is a prevailing competition for the energy
accomplishment, but it cannot be denied that this same pipeline development has
augmented certain settlement incentives of peace within regional differences. This
competition that prevails as a part of the economics of the market between these
countries proves that there is a relationship that directly correlates security, geopolitics
and energy politics.

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Turkey and Russia relation:
The relationship prevailing between Turkey and Russia has experienced certain
rough point in the past few years; these two countries have a long history of interactions
that are competitive in nature and things have led to such a circumstance that mutual
understanding and trust between these two countries is very hard to attain. However,
both the Presidents of these two countries share similar process of conducting
themselves and both of them have their trust issues towards the Western Policies. Yet
they remain reluctant while making pledges and maintain a friendly relationship through
cooperation. Both the leaders are ambitious as well as opportunistic such that they can
sway from taking an oath for deliberate partnership to involving into a quarrel and the
results can lock both of the countries into a conflict of high risk (Baev & Kirişci, 2017).
The start of the decade for both the countries was unhappy; on one hand Erdoğan was
unhappy with Russia’s annexation of Crimea and thus decided not to join the regime of
the Western sanctions but did not violate it; on the other hand, Turkey was disappointed
over the way EU managed its process of accession and entertained the idea of SCO.
Moreover there was an incident where Russia intervened in Syria and it clashed with
the policy of Turkey that aimed to remove the Syrian president from his office. After the
interval of two months, a Russian Su-24M bomber was drowned by F-16 fighter of
Turkey and it evoked an unprecedented conflict. Moscow was seen to impose economic
sanctions on the country of Turkey and although Ankara gained support from NATO,
nonetheless, Erdoğan gave his apology in the year 2016; Putin, being an opportunist
accepted it and instantly criticized the coup attempt by the military elements of Turkey in
spite of the hesitation by EU and US.

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Need for Security measures and actions in any Country:
National Security is the defense and security of nation that includes the residing
populace, its economy and institutions and it is considered as a duty that the
government of the respective places must take care of. Originally, the concept of
national security is conceived as the kind of protection which is provided by the
government in case of a military attack against them (Aras, 2015). However, in the
present day, national security has gained a wide definition that includes not only
protection against the military attacks but also protection against the non- military
dimensions like protection from terrorism, acts to minimize crime rates, looking after of
the security of economy, environment, food, cyber- security and energy security.
National security risks, thus include issues like any actions from violent actors of non-
state, actions by the cartels of narcotics and also by multinational corporations and most
importantly, the after effects of any kind of natural disaster also falls under this category.
Governments of all the states depend on several measures that include economic,
political and power of military in order to safeguard the security of a nation.
National security is of extreme significance for any country, despite the number
of definitions that it has and is continuing to evolve. The presence of national security is
meant to protect the citizens of a nation from all kinds of threats (Arikan, 2017).
Because of a diverse culture that is persistent throughout the world, there are some
people who want to harm the followers of other culture, and their wish is to promote
their own culture into a dominant position that will be supported and followed by most of
the people and places on the earth.

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Security measures that are needed in Turkey:
Turkey is said to strengthen its efforts in the realization of a safe zone in the area
of Northern Syria as per the statement by the country’s National Security Council. This
safe zone will ensure that all the refugees of Syria who fled in Turkey will be able to go
back to their homes as soon as the circumstances permit them to do so
(Athanassopoulou,2013). After that, turkey will gain its strength and will not be
hesitating to exert necessary measures that will ensure in the safety and security of the
nation. This statement was made by the council President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The
U.S and Turkey have even agreed to work on this matter together in order to create a
zone of buffer which will be free of fighters from the People’s Protection Units. The YPG
controls some of the enclaves in the area of north east Syria along with the border of
Turkey and hence forms a backbone of the U.S -led partnership in fighting the ISIS
Islamic state situated in Syria (Clark, 2013). Erdogan also mentioned the shifting of the
3 million refugees who have made Turkey their home after fleeing from the terror of
Syria. These refugees would be repatriated to that U.S safe zone. Turkey also needs to
continue their operations in the north of Iraq until they are able to eliminate all the
terrorists from that area and ensure security and safety of the country from that place.
For this, Turkey also launched Operation Claw-3 in the north of Iraq that targets the
PKK militants. There also have been disputes over gas and oil between the countries of
Turkey and Cyprus which have aroused tensions and those conflicts need to be
resolved since Turkey’s Deployment of vessels in order to search for oil have actually
prompted the EU to hit the state of Ankara with sanctions. Finally, Turkey will also have
to continue with the military offensive in the area of north east Syria that targets the

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Kurdish forces and that should continue until their goals are attained. Along with that,
Turkey also needs to continue its fight with the Islamic state or ISIS and needs to have
an open cooperation to end the existence of that terrorist group.
Undertaken Security Measures in Turkey:
There have been major extremist and terrorist incidents in Turkey that had
compelled the country to strengthen their national security framework and intelligence.
The Istanbul nightclub shooting that took place on 1st January 2017 under the ISIS
operative Abdulkadir Masharipov who is also known as Ebu Muhammed Horasani,
killed a total of 39 people and also injured dozens of more people who were enjoying
their New Year’s Day at the Istanbul’s Reina Night Club. The following, the ISIS claimed
the responsibility of the attack and characterized the gunman of the incident as the
“soldier of the caliphate”. On 10th of December, 2016 occurred the Vodafone Stadium
Attack that resulted in the death of 44 innocent lives and wounded approximately 155
people. Two bombs were exploded outside the soccer stadium and along with that a car
bomb was exploded near the central access of the stadium that also hit a police vehicle
and on top of that a suicide bomber detonated himself in a park situated nearby while
he was being enclosed by the police. These are just two examples of the terror attack
that took place within a few days of time, but there have been numerous more. This is
why it is so vital for the government of Turkey to come up with both domestic and
international measures that would ensure maximum security of the people residing in
the country.

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Domestic Measures:
Turkey is standing at the forefront of terror threat which is posed by some
extremist organizations like the ISIS, the Kurdish PKK separatists and also some radical
left-wing groups. Turkey does not differentiate between these groups officially; in fact,
they are of the opinion that PKK and Daesh or the ISIS are the same. The government
of Turkey has announced that they would consider stripping the Turkish terrorists off
their citizenship and continue to actively work to eliminate them. As a matter of fact,
Turkey possesses certain programs to oppose the extremist messages; first, there is a
program of outreach that is TNP or the Turkey National Police administrated. It aims to
avoid the radicalization through some prior association with the communities that are at
risk. This program helps the police to reach the vulnerable residents who are bare to the
fanatic half truths and messages. Secondly, there is a program which aims to weaken
the brutal radical messaging and it is controlled by the government of Turkey’s
Directorate of Religious Affairs which is also known as the Diyanet. The Diyanet’s
responsibility is to look over Turkey’s 85000 mosques and promote Islamism in its
moderate version which in turn weakens the radical Islamic messaging.
There are also Domestic Military Raids against the suspected terrorist targets
employed by Turkey; in a series of such raids in July 2017, the security forces allegedly
arrested near about 213 suspected members of PKK along with 46 ISIS linked
suspects. There were eight people who allegedly had associations with the leftist
terrorist groups. After the occurrence of July 2016 attempt of coup, Turkey’s
government established a long state of emergency in the country that lasted for two
years. The Human Rights Organizations blamed the government of Turkey for

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coordinating some unlawful arrests, captivity and abduction. There were tortures of the
Gulenists and other suspects of terrorist in Turkey, and in accordance to the interior
ministry of Turkey, the authorities held around 35 thousand of suspected Gulenists
between the time periods of 2nd January 2017 to 30th of October, 2017. The Human
Rights Watch have accused the government of Turkey with torment of the terror
suspects and predominantly for those who were accused of having an attachment with
the PKK or the FETO. The accusations included that the detentions of the terror suspect
often relied on very limited proof and least due process.
International Measures:
Along with the domestic measures against extremism, it was necessary for the
government of Turkey to secure the nation through some International counter-
extremism. In the year 2017, the government of Turkey announced that it was also
undertaking measures to ensure the security of its border with that of Syria, Idlib
because of the existence of the groups of terrorists alongside of Syria through a 90-mile
border. As per the opinion of the then Prime Minister, Binali Yildrim, Turkey would take
the measure of limiting the non- humanitarian supplies across its border. It was also
announced that the border would remain open for the trade of the humanitarian goods
but it will not allow any weapons to pass. As a matter of fact, Turkey also enhanced its
military retort towards their cross- border terrorism. For instance, in the year 2017 in
February, the army claimed that they hit 250 targets of ISIS on the side of the border of
Turkey- Syria towards Syria and also ended up killing three of those targets.
In January, 2018, Turkey initiated their hatred against the Kurdish commune in North
West Syria that targeted the YPG Kurdish militia and the Turkish have always accused

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them of posing a real threat to the country of Turkey. It was clearly warned by the
government that the YPF would be completely eliminated from that area. In fact, the U.S
helped YPG when they were having a fight against the ISIS in Syria where the
government of Syria warned that they would take down any jets of Turkey that would fly
over Syria. The parliament of Turkey approved their military interference against the
ISIS located in Syria and Iraq in the year 2014. It is important to note that Turkey is a
original member of the GCTF or the Global Counterterrorism Forum which is a
multilateral and an informal counterterrorism platform; it was launched in the year 2011
in September in order to condense the susceptibility of people located everywhere, to
the terrorism through effective, fighting and preventive acts and aimed at countering
provocation and enrolment to the terrorism. The legislation of Turkey also mentions the
international counter extremism through the Anti- Terror law; this law defines terrorism
as any kind of act which aims to damage or change the distinctiveness of the republic
that is specifically mentioned in the Constitution of Turkey including the internal as well
as the external security of the State.
Strategies for better security environment:
There have been vast researches about the fact that whether or not Turkey is a
rising power; few of the scholars have argued that Turkey is not a rising power and
some have highlighted that the economy, foreign policy, position, regional influence and
ties of Turkey with the West have actually helped it to sustain its rise. With this power,
Turkey can improve the national security strategy that it has since it is a prime
framework for any country, so that they can meet their essential needs and concerns

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regarding security of the residents and also deal with any external and internal threat
that is potentially disturbing the peace of the country. Turkey, along with focusing on the
effectiveness of the providers of their security, should also look forward to incorporating
numerous key issues as a way of making certain on their public authenticity, relevance
and sustainability; along with that they should also facilitate their implementation of
security and improve their security framework so that it is efficient of the kind of security
that is being provided to the citizens of their country. There are key points that should
help the country to improve the security framework and it should work efficiently within
the country’s premises.
Inside the country:
Turkey can improve the security of the human that consists of understanding of
the basic security requirements according to the requirements of the citizens and not in
accordance to the needs of the government or the state. There are opinions that would
help in enhancing the human security in the country; by building consensus around
Turkey’s conceptualisation of security; it can also be done by incorporating views that is
gathered from wide consultations of the public or from submissions from groups who
belong to different section of the society. If the security of the people is included in the
central importance of the national security framework, human security can be increased.
Lastly, by keeping in mind the primary causes of the insecurity of the citizens as a part
of the strategies to gain the National Strategic Security, human security can be
enhanced.
The central point of security and safety at a national level is the human rights;
and not only in a national level, have human rights worked on individual as well as the

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level of community. A human rights approach is strong that helps in the provision of a
framework which helps in building partnerships with the communities and help them
develop their resilience that in turn will help the country to address their security issues.
Through explicit references in the National Strategic Security, the human rights can be
enhanced, so that the obligation to human rights is reinforced in the overarching
documents like the Constitution. Moreover, if the country commits to the elimination of
any kind of violation of human rights within the justice services and security sector
institutions, human rights can be improved. The human rights strategy can also be
implemented if the national mechanisms are highlighted since it upholds the civil and
international human rights form. The improvement of the justice system in the country is
also one of the most important and effective national security strategies that would help
the country to remain in peace. The justice System is a vital link that is linked with the
criminal justice chain and is directly contributing to the factors that ensures the public
order and safety is strengthened. It is important to note that justice system is something
that helps in maintain a peaceful internal environment at the country.
Outside the country:
For strategies that would help in the betterment of security outside the country,
Turkey can focus on the oversight and accountability of the sector of security since it is
widely recognised as a norm in an international level. This strategy involves vigorous
checks and also steadies and upholds the principles of accountability which donates
strongly to the authenticity and ownership of National Strategic Security; it supports a
more effective and capable usage of the resources and reinforces the honour of the
institutions. A strong emphasis on responsibility and oversight can be achieved through

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promoting the commitment towards accountability and oversight as a medium of
achieving the tactical goals; it can also be enhanced by outlining specific roles for the
civil society and the mechanism that will allow them to contribute in an effective manner.
Lastly accountability and oversight can be enhanced by incorporating and focusing on
the roles of the Parliament.
Gender may seem to a minute point but it is essential in ensuring peace and
security in the country. It must be made sure that the specific desires of all groups of the
populace is taken into description and according to the UN Security Council Resolution,
equal participation along with the full participation of women in the act of preservation
and promotion of peace and security should be allowed. Turkey would have to focus
more on the gender equality and enhance their security framework. Another factor that
is important in improving the security strategy is the coordination; safety and security
can be achieved through the efforts of many factors, agencies and institutions working
together, but poor coordination would lead to a failure in the step of the consideration of
all the elements that contributes in the international as well as national security. There
are options to enhance this coordination; it can be enhanced by detailing mechanisms
of precise coordination of national security that would guide the agencies for opting
diverse elements of the tactic. It can also be enhanced by stressing the need for all the
agencies, especially those agencies that are not traditionally linked with security; it will
help to include the execution of the strategic security framework into their sectoral
plans. Finally, making the reference to a synchronized budgeting is an effective way to
enhance coordination which would successfully help Turkey to achieve internal security
aims.

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Conclusion:
The paper highlighted the kind of a circumstance that Turkey is in; the terrorism
and acts of radical extremists has made the lives of the people of Turkey difficult.
Moreover, there are 3 million refugees who fled from Syria to Turkey in search of a safe
zone where they would remain alive and lead their lives. Thus, now Turkey along with
the concern of their own citizens had to worry about the safety of the refugees as well
and it was a big issue to resolve. The national security of Turkey demanded to be
improved and strong enough to look after the securit6y of their country, their country
people as well as the three million refugees. There have been numerous attacks from
several terrorist groups in Turkey and it has led to loss of many innocent lives. The ISIS,
the PKK and a leftist terror group have surrounded the area of Turkey in order to
achieve their demands. Syria and Iraq are in a worse condition and Turkey has to look
after the border that it shares with these countries in order to keep the terrorists at bay.
However, there still have been many attacks like the one in the Night Club on 1st
January, 2017 where innocent lives were lost. All of these attacks compelled Turkey to
take serious steps in strengthening their security measures both inside and outside of
their country border. The existing measures are also effective and have resulted into the
arrest of thousands of suspects who are allegedly linked with the terrorist groups. They
have also decided to strip off the suspects of terrorism from their citizenship in order to
maintain security inside the country. At last it can be concluded that Turkey has security
framework which are effective enough, but they need to have more strategically security
framework to ensure maximum security and safety of the people and in order to that,
their focus should be on the needs of the security of people and not focus on just the

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security of the government or state. It must also be mentioned that there is also the
option of UN Peacekeeping that keeps two or more countries in conflict to resolve their
issues peacefully and meet in the midway to have the consent of both the parties.
However, since most of the conflict that Turkey has is with the terrorist groups,
peacekeeping are rarely an option. Due to the attacks that were done by terrorist and
named as the act of their god, Turkey became determined to eliminate the terrorist
group’s existence from their border and from their land.

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