Pipeline Integrity & Corrosion Management

This assignment delves into the critical topic of pipeline integrity and corrosion management. It examines various types of corrosion that affect pipelines, including stress corrosion cracking and internal corrosion, highlighting their potential consequences. The document analyzes different mitigation strategies employed to protect pipelines from corrosion damage. Furthermore, it discusses the role of advanced technologies such as In-Line Inspection (ILI) and cathodic protection in detecting and addressing corrosion issues. Case studies are presented to illustrate real-world scenarios and the effectiveness of various corrosion management techniques.

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STRESS CORROSION CRACK in GAS PIPELINE in AUSTRALIA

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Abstract
Stress corrosion crack (SCC) on gas pipelines is a complex situation comprising of cracks
that are difficult to detect. It stems from the impact of tensile pressure caused on a corrosive
environment. This combined effect is critical because it cause’s fatigue on the material and the
impact generated could be of a high magnitude. Sometimes this leads to simple cracks or brittles.
However, it becomes a complex problem because the cracks are neither axial nor circumferential.
When the cracks are residual, there is a buildup of corrosion, from forming, welding, heat,
machine effects and grinding. This may occur on the whole material or in specific parts. As a
result, this calls for an effective management process. The gas pipeline construction involves the
use of stainless steel in the piping system. The chemical processing in the system poses a risk for
gas pipelines in the nuclear industry where corrosion is lethal to the environment. This research
shows interesting patterns of corrosion cracks raising questions about different problems in the
management of SCC. The findings reveal major issues of corrosion such as caustic stress and its
contribution to corrosion cracking with reference to Australia. The report recommends a reliable
management approach.

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Table of Contents
Literature planner...............................................................................................................4
Introduction......................................................................................................................12
Literature Review............................................................................................................ 12
Critique of Literature source........................................................................................20
Research Design.............................................................................................................. 22
Research Question....................................................................................................... 23
Related Work............................................................................................................... 24
Ethical Consideration...................................................................................................27
Conclusion and Recommendations..................................................................................28
References........................................................................................................................30

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Literature planner
Student: Arshpreet Singh Ghura Student No. 5642267
Reference Number: 1
Authors: Canadian Pipeline Association
Title of Article: About Pipelines
Type: Survey
Publication: About Pipelines
Year Published 2016
Number of citation: uow.edu.au
Publication Rating: N/A
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Themes: Pipeline safety
Research Question: What affects pipeline safety?
Design: Statistical analysis
Findings: Pipeline safety is a multidimensional factor
Gaps: Angular effects and chemical conditions causing corrosion
Reference Number: 2
Authors: Gomboa

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Title of Article: Inclined stress corrosion cracks in steel pipelines
Type: Journal Article
Publication: Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology
Year Published 2015
Number of citation: 2, uow.edu.au,
Publication Rating: 0.38
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Themes: Comparative study
Research Question: What is the effect of high pH stress corrosion on environmental
degradation?
Design: Comparative Analysis
Findings: The management of stress corrosion includes modeling and stress prediction
for interventions such as coating
Gaps: Its focus on angular effects limits its analysis of the chemical effects of corrosion
and external pressure implications
Reference Number 3
Title of Article: Inclined Stress Corrosion Cracks in Gas Pipeline Steels: Morphology and
implications
Type: Quantitate analysis
Publication: Materials and Corrosion
Year Published 2015
Number of citation: 7, uow.edu.au

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Publication Rating: 1.97
Primary or Secondary: Primary data
Themes: SCC surface crack morphology
Research Question: What is the worst-case scenario for SCC CRACKS?
Design: Morphological survey
Findings: The pipe manufacturing process has residual corrosion effects on the pipeline
Gaps: Chemical factors
Reference Number 4
Title of Article: Stress Corrosion Processes in the Metal and Welded Joints in Gas
Pipelines
Type: Investigative process
Publication: Welding International
Year Published 2014
Number of citation: 1 uow.edu.au
Publication Rating: 0.19
Primary or Secondary: Primary data
Themes: Stress corrosion on welded joints
Research Question: What is the worst-case scenario for SCC CRACKS?
Design: Investigative process on propagation under nucleation
Findings: The stress corrosion cracks of the welded joints of a metallic gas pipeline
shows process effects on X46 and X70 steels

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Gaps: The focus is on welding and it ignores other risk management factors in oil and gas
such as coating and infrastructural modeling.
Reference Number 5
Title of Article: Pipeline Corrosion
Type: Qualitative analysis
Publication: Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology
Year Published 2015
Number of citation: 1, uow.edu.au
Publication Rating: 2.82
Primary or Secondary: Secondary data on pipeline corrosion
Themes: internal and external corrosion, inspection technique, corrosion modeling
Research Question: What is the interaction effect between the biofilm and the metal
components of a gas pipeline?
Design: Analysis of maintenance techniques
Findings: There are internal factors of SCC caused by synergies in tensile pressure and
the corrosive environment as well as the steel metallurgy.
Gaps: Its focus is mainly on the mechanical but there are also practical factors
contributing to SCC such as technology prediction.
Reference Number: 6
Authors: Gopalakrishnan, J; Agnihotri, G; Deshpande, D, M;
Title of Article: Virtual Instrumentation Corrosion Controller for Natural Gas Pipelines

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Type: Article
Publication: Journal of Engineers
Year Published 2012
Number of citation: 4, uow.edu.au,
Publication Rating: 0
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Themes: Proportional control systems, incremental control in metallic gas pipes
Research Question: How does the pipe-to-soil interaction affect SCC?
Design: Virtual instrumentation, performance comparison
Findings: Metallic instrumentation is one way to protect gas pipelines using advanced
technology for efficient management
Gaps: Specific advanced technology requires an implementation design, which does not
come out clearly in the analysis
Reference Number 7
Authors: Plumtree, A; Lambert, S, B;
Title of Article: Stress Corrosion cracking in pipeline steels
Type: Conference paper
Publication: Key Engineering Materials
Year Published 2014
Number of citation: 1 uow.edu.au,
Publication Rating: 1.23
Primary or Secondary: Primary,

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Themes: Transgranular stress corrosion cracking, superimposed for predicted growth,
Research Question: What is the connection between actual and predicted growth rates in
a super positioned model?
Design: Quantitative relationships modeling
Findings: There is a quantitative connection between frequency and stress ration in a
crack growth, which determines the predictability of the SCC cracks, and their growth
Gaps: The findings explain the interaction cracks but need to provide a mechanism to
tackle this growth. This includes suppressing the cracks, resisting the infiltration and dealing
with the susceptibility in a pH environment.
Reference Number 8
Authors: Sanchez-Silva, M; Munoz, F; Gomez, A;
Title of Article: Pattern recognition techniques implementation on data from In-Line
Inspection (ILI)
Type: Article
Publication: Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
Year Published 2016
Number of citation: 0 uow.edu.au,
Publication Rating: 0
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Themes: Pattern recognition, In-Line Inspection, Risk Management
Research Question: How does pattern recognition monitor SCC in the process industries?
Design: Descriptive analysis of In-Line Inspection, comparison, and failure probabilities

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Findings: ILI measurements provide reliable data and patterns for cycle analysis in
clustering
Gaps: The ILI is ideal for liquid gas elements leaving gaps for the natural gas mechanism
Reference Number 9
Authors: Staehle, R, W; Ru, X;
Title of Article: Historical experience providing bases for predicting corrosion and stress
corrosion in emerging superficial water nuclear technology, Part 1-Review
Type: Review
Publication: Corrosion
Year Published 2013
Number of citation: 10 uow.edu.au,
Publication Rating: 0.33
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Themes: Temperature dependencies, corrosion, stress corrosion, cracking, embrittlement,
nuclear reactors
Research Question: What is the base for predicting corrosion and stress corrosion in
emerging superficial water nuclear technology?
Design: Systematic review of correlational historical data analysis
Findings: The development and operation of superficial water reactor (SCWR) provide
data that is applicable in superheated nuclear plants and supercritical fossil plants. The findings
guide the choice of material for cores structure

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Gaps: the review targets supercritical water and may not directly apply to natural gas
pipelines but its rationale on the temperatures factors count.
Reference Number 10
Authors: Zhang, D; Wang, D; Zhao, D;
Title of Article: Quantitative analyses of fretting fatigue damages of mine rope in
different corrosive media
Type: Article
Publication: Materials Science and Engineering A
Year Published 2014
Number of citation: 12 uow.edu.au,
Publication Rating: 0.77
Primary or Secondary: Secondary quantitative analysis
Themes: Corrosive media, Quantitative analysis
Research Question: Does corrosive media indicate a wear coefficient for the
identification of factors of stabilizing the energy element in a pipe?
Design: semi-experimental, observational study
Findings: The anti-wear properties of steel prevents increases in pH values of the gas
pipelines
Gaps: Its failure to focus on the qualitative factors leaves out the chemical reaction
elements of the steel caused by the interactions.

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Introduction
Operation Management in a Gas Pipeline Construction is a wide and complex topic.
Stress Corrosion Cracks (SCC) is part of this and it affects gas pipelines used for transportation
and storage of dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. These are
corrosive, poisonous and highly flammable. As a result, there is a need for safety measures to
protect the environment at large. In Australia, incorrect placement of pipes is a major risk
(Longbottom, 2016). This research is about the SCC factor in an integrated management system
within a gas pipeline. It asks the question. ‘What is the effect of SCC in the gas pipeline
integration design?’ It looks at factors such as chemical effects, and heat treatment that affect this
process. The findings are crucial for the construction and maintenance of gas pipelines for its
industry, policy recommendations and safety. The Journals in the literature review feature
sources from primary and secondary data. In the midst of direct impact, SCC may cause gas
leaks and exposure the gas to reactions such as oxidation and high UV exposure. These could
lead to explosions and SCC affects both commercial and residential pipelines (Roccisano, Law,
Lavigne, Griggs, & Gamboa, 2016).
Literature Review
Experiments provide data on SCC effects on the pipping reveal cracks featuring chemical
processing and stainless steel corrosion in different crack patterns. The following literature
review focuses on multiple elements of Stress Corrosion and Cracks in the gas industry as well
as their safety measures.

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The Canadian Energy Pipeline Association identifies surveys and studies on pipeline
safety (CEPA, 2016). The website reinforces professional pipeline design within the
preconstruction, real construction, and post-construction stages. It identifies some pertinent
issues arising from pipe replacements, regulations, and types of pipes. Key in the analysis is
pipeline safety. It brings out environmental issues, stakeholder participation and thorough
engineering using innovative technology. The studies point out the importance of considering
specific geographic and environmental factors in the management plans. Unfortunately, the
research focuses on Canada more than Australia. Its findings are keen on the construction of the
pipeline as well as its repair. The discussions include outlook on the spills and blog post
discussions from experts on prevention of leaks, environmental protection, and maintenance of
pipelines.
Gambora (2015) discusses SCC in the steel gas pipelining. The article looks at cracks
from high pH exposure and the application of pressure from a perpendicular direction in order to
break down its complexity. This provides an example of an SCC management approach through
possible case scenarios in Australia with a specific experimentation on high pH SCC and how the
cracks travel. This is an addition to studies on the management models for inclined cracks. It
unfolds the complex management of nonaxial and non-circumferential cracks. This experimental
data analysis tries to understand the connection between stress corrosion and pipeline condition
or stress factors. Although it explains the cause of corrosion, its focus is on the quasi-liquid
condition of the pipeline. Its analysis of the high pH factor leaves out the soil water pH which
tends to have a different pH that is near neutral. Besides the damage factors, there are fracture
elements to consider.

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In support of inclined corrosion, Roccisano, Law, Lavigne, Griggs, & Gamboa (2016)
identify high pH stress corrosion as destructive. However, the article highlights environmental
degradation. Similar to Gambora, (2015) it looks at the perpendicular stress application leading
to cracks in 220 cases. This study analyses the X65 pipes location of the cracks from a
perpendicular angle. Its comparative analysis of the morphology, mechanical and texture gives
effective results on the steel material to conclude that the connection between the material
components, chemical composition, and microstructural texture resemble. Based on a survey, on
Australian pipelines the findings reveal that 81% of the cracks showed deviations from
perpendicular due to the residual strains in the pipe material. The study highlights this in the
logarithmic relationship which shows patterns in the cracks. Fatigue and fractures may occur at a
temperature of between 300 and 400°F in high gas concentration levels of come gases like
Chloride. In the empirical study, the SCC travel distance affects the movement of the cracks
through a hoop travel that shows a linear connection. It also creates predictions for worst case
scenario. It refers to this as an intergranular cracking. The material used for pipelines needs high
resistance to withstand such high corrosion which may also occur in the case of combined gases.
Khabalov, Dzioyev, & Dzarukayev (2014) carry out an experiment on 20 X46 and X70
cracks. The material reveals a progressive trend in the pipe corrosion caused by nucleation as
well as propagation. The welded joints indicate propagation of the cracks revealing the
complexities involved in the formation of stress corrosion in a pipe. Its findings and analysis link
the development of the cracks to stress applied on the material as well as the corrosive effects. It
brings out the material challenges of pipeline construction, its infrastructure and stress intensity.
This study confirms the electrochemical responses which occur between the material to cause

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corrosion. It highlights details of the interaction between the variables in a nucleating process
that continues over time. This raises questions of whether the management process in pipeline
construction is able to control the pipeline stress in underground pipes for gas pipelines. Its
findings identify the metal fatigue elements such as misalignment and poor installations which
lead to the wearing out of the pipes.
Research by Cheng ( 2015) pipeline corrosion identifies degradation of pipelines through
an assisted cracking as the main mechanism behind the cracking. He agrees that pipeline
corrosion is complicated because of multiple factors which interact in a simulation process. The
simultaneous reaction comes from factors within the material and the environmental impact. This
study brings to light effects of gas types such as carbon dioxide and Hydrogen sulfide which are
highly corrosive and poisonous. This research fills the gap left in trying to understand the hidden
causes of the SCC. Natural gas is the third largest energy producer in Australia. This is critical
for the formation of national policies, inspection techniques, and modeling tactics. It also guides
on the construction of pipelines where different gases coexist. Although this is a widespread
analysis, it concentrates more on the mechanical aspect and it recognizes the multiplicity of SCC.
Gopalakrishnan, Deshpande, & Agnihotri (2012) confirm that corrosion as a process
involves electrochemical reactions. This can happen in gas pipelines where anode and cathode
components connect causing gas leaks. The study recommends an advanced way of checking and
controlling the processes for energy efficiency. As a maintenance process, this measure protects
gas pipelines from external corrosion for safety. The article identifies the use of virtual
instruments as a better mechanism for controlling underground corrosion is effective and
comprises of integrated systems designs such as the Proportional Integral differential ( PID) and
LabView software for maintaining the metallic pipe and soil potential. Virtual instrumentation

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requires customized software applications for effective instrumentation that costs less and has
flexibility. Its graphical programming might collide with the programming system because the
software requires a compatible hardware. This brings in the performance factors of the modular
hardware. The figure below shows its operations mechanism and its procedures for testing and
modeling.
Figure 1: Virtual instrumentation works by synchronizing software and modules on a platform
(Pillai, 2017)
Figure 2: The use of virtual instrumentation in testing and modeling processes

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Figure 3: Location of Australia liquid natural gas (LNG) in remote isolated regions
Plumtree & Lambert (2013) examines experimental data on the transgranular corrosion
cracks. By breaking down the lab tests, the article explains the metallographic stress rations
using a high-stress ratio of the minimum load against the maximum load. This gives a
quantitative measure of the connection between frequency and stress. The real frequency and
ratio determine the crack rate for continuous management of growing cracks. This is a
controlled trial study that subjects metallic conditions to various conditions. Repeated measures
on clusters indicate that the SCC effect on the external surface can get into contact with
groundwater when subjected to high pressure. Realistic predictions facilitate for effective
intervention on the model for timely interventions on any crack growth. The experimental
analysis advocates for mechanisms to measure the surface roughness, residual stress, and its

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distribution. From the results, corrosion of the metallic matrix shows a lose interface which is
prone to corrosion reactions. On the effect on roughness, the experiments indicate that the
roughness of a product has a significant contribution to the tensile stress and comprehensive
stress which leads to SCC.
Zhang, Zhao, Wang, & Ge ( 2014) presents an article on the fatigue effects on steel. The
article points out the role of antiwear properties that reduce friction, energy loss and fatigue.
From the research, it is clear that the pH value of the corrosive material contributes to its wear.
Therefore stabilization involves processes to combat these factors. The rot in the stress corrosion
cracking shows effects from chemical reactions. This is common in high-pressure pipelines. The
article highlights the role of tough material designed to withstand high temperatures. The
tolerance prevents rotating and it adds to the stiffness of the material.
Figure 4: Australia’s gas pipelines showing the need for advanced design and construction

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Sanchez-Silva, Munoz, & Amaya-Gomez ( 2016) adds value to the prevention of loss
through the article analysis of corrosion failures. Searching through research papers between
2004 and 2011, the findings support corrosion monitoring. However, this research places
emphasis on the oil industry. suggestion highlight the inner and outer surface conditions as
important in a pipe. This means risk management in SCC inspects data variation on its thickness.
The approach undertaken features the In-line inspection for spatial and time variability. The
analysis recognizes the use of combined techniques such as clustering, reliability and pattern
recognition in the determination of probabilities in data. This allows for greater comparisons and
cycles analysis on the impact. It guides in the decision making, monitoring and repairs,
especially in Environmentally Assisted Cracks where pH stress corrosion is common. However,
the model faces a challenge in largescale plans where mitigating the risks involves line tests for
detecting SCC
Staehle & Ru (2013) review studies on the superheated nuclear plants from the 1940s to
table findings of temperature dependencies, stress effects on material and environmental factors.
The analysis points at the reactor vessels and structural reactors showing changes in atomic
properties. This research is beneficial for the oil and gas pipelines and it recognizes the
importance of the structural material, gas elements and outer temperature. These have an effect
on the extensive SCC. When calculating the change in alloys, it takes mg/dm2 and converts it to
μm by calculating that 100 mg/dm2 =1.43. This is a redefinition of weight loss by assuming a 7
g/cm3 density. This allows the inspection team to explain the reduction in density due to oxide.
This discussion highlights the importance of capturing the gas storage through weight loss

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measures. Its use is also evident in studies focused on the time element of corrosion arising from
gas exposure (Xiang, Wang, & Ni, 2013).
Critique of Literature source
An analysis by Zhang, Zhao, Wang, & Ge ( 2014) on the fatigue and its effects on steel.
Identifies the role of antiwear properties as solution for friction, energy loss and consequently
fatigue. The research agrees that pH value causes corrosion on the material. It suggests
stabilization as one way to deal with these elements. The article also points at the use of of tough
material to hinder high temperature effects. In support of this the figure below shows
deterioration from the fatigue and internal damage causing the pipe to crack.
Figure 5Mechanical modeling showing accumulated damage by corrosion (Xu & Shanqin, 2016)

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Figure 6: SCC interconnections showing corrosion and stress from environment and material
factors (Kemplon Engineering, 2015)
Although Zhang, Zhao, Wang, & Ge (2014) emphasize on mechanical modeling, it does
not differentiate between static fatigue and incubation which are important when monitoring gas
pipelines. It considers a singular approach to fatigue while there are deeper analyses that
highlight the role of the external environment and the SCC cycle. In essence, the environmental
and electrochemical factors have an impact as much as the mechanical effects (Cheng, Stress
Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines, 2013). Different sizes of steel pipes also have an effect on the
crack as seen in the perpendicular distances. Therefore the management of SCC in gas pipes calls
for an integrated approach that considers all possible factors in the preconstruction, construction
and maintenance levels. These shape the antiwear solutions made for the residential, and
commercial setting. Therefore, the article by Zhang, Zhao, Wang, & Ge (2014) concentrates on
the role of fatigue, and friction which emerges during the operations management stage. There is
a need to make predictions for possible energy loss before setting up the pipes.

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Research Design
Research Question
The research question therefore is:
“What problems arise from the Stress Corrosion Cracks (SCC) in Australia’s gas pipeline
industry and how does it affect operation management?
To answer the question, an experiment to test the effect of carbon dioxide on a metallic
pipeline is used. In order to find the internal effects of gas on a metallic surface, carbon dioxide
is infused. The study measure the pipe temperature and pressure used. Different variables are
used for corrosion inhibitors. These are the control factors for the correlation. The increase of
pressure in the pipes to measure the rate of corrosion as carbon dioxide increases.
a) Experimental research
The experimental design focuses on various methodologies such as the use of index
scoring in the assessment of corrosion helps in the risk management of all the attributes
mentioned in the discussion. This approach incorporates the techniques for corrosion assessment
in order to quantify corrosion. The introduction of change factors shows a difference in variables
and the control factors like exposure to corrosion effects. It gives the cumulative effects of
corrosion, pipeline life estimate and the Probability of Failure (PoF). Although it isolates the
relationships, it is costly and takes more time.
b) Correlation research
The correlation design used looks at connected factors such as pipeline integrity and
corrosion rate management. This shows the steel corrosion rate, environmental and the metallic
factors as well as the resistance ability of the pipes. The correlation approach provides a wide
perspective for complex situations like corrosion (Filipowich, 2017). This creates further inquiry

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and identifies gaps in the research. However, correlation variable influence each other making it
difficult to make concrete conclusions.
Design Questions
This research relates to the following questions:
1. What makes SCC a complex management agenda in the gas industry?
2. What impact does tensile pressure have on a corrosive gas pipeline environment?
3. How does SCC management support safety in the gas energy industry?
4. How can modeling in pipeline construction reduce fatigue on the material and its
SCC impact?
5. Which forces influence SCC in gas pipeline construction and maintenance
6. How does electrochemical corrosion influence SCC
Related Work
a) Corrosion rate
A similar experiment by Zeng & Peng (2015) perfom a similar experiment while
applying partial pressure on carbondioxide pipes. The experiment notes that the rate of corrosion
has a corrosion effect on the pipes and that inhibitors such as insulations prevent corrosion. The
figure below shows an increase in corrosion rate with more exposure to gas pressure. Table 1
confirms that at the same temperature with different inhibitors pipes give differences in corrosion
rates.

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Figure 7: Corrosion rate increase with gas pressure (Zeng & Peng, 2015)
Temperature (°C) CO2 (MPa) Velocity (m/s) Medium Period (d)
70 0.3 1.5 Produced liquid 30
70 0.3 1.5 Produced liquid +100 ppm HYH-151B 30
70 0.3 1.5 Produced liquid +100 ppm (C) 30
70 0.3 1.5 Produced liquid 7
70 0.3 1.5 Produced liquid +100 ppm HYH-151B 7
70 0.3 1.5 Produced liquid +100 ppm (C) 7
70 0.3 1.5 Produced liquid +100 ppm TS-719B 7
Table 1: Introduction of corrosion inhibitor showing differences in corrosion rate
From the table 1 below, gas pipelines need different pipes designed to withstand
external, internal, construction defects and material challenges. These are the high priority
considerations for prevention of pipeline failure modes Zardynezhad (2015). Figure 12 & 13
highlight the effect of corrosion on metals
Stress analysis = heat transfer ability, fluid flow, strength etc.
Safety design = performance, behavior of design, safety margin,

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Linear Static Analysis (Force Vectors) = Stiffness matrix (nodal displacement)
Stiffness matrix = resistance to change
Figure 8: Intra-granular corrosion between metal boundaries explaining welding (Grindex; ,
2017)
Figure 9: Corrosion rate of stainless steel in sulfuric acid (Grindex; , 2017)

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Table 2: Factors affecting the pipeline thickness (Zardynezhad, 2015)
Table 3: Pipeline location thickness determines whether it is placed under or above the ground
(Grindex; , 2017)
b) Variation in metallic alloys
A numeric analysis by Wantuch, Kurgan, & Gas (2016) cathodic approaches for the
underground structures. Although the calculations determine polarization in the metallic tank's
environment, the findings may also support the pipeline industry. it identifies ways of preventing
electrode reactions and corrosion for 2 D and 3 D calculations. These calculations help to
reinforce the structures used in gas pipeline constructions. It accounts for changes in time and

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protective systems. The figure below shows the intensity required for heat treatment to control
the intergranular cracks. From the image, corrosion affects metal alloys hence the need for
protective films that are heat resistant. Different metals have varied electrochemical potential
factors that determine its survival against corrosion.
Figure 10: Stress intensity factors and metal alloys

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Figure 11: Degradation of a yellow gas pipe deteriorating in a home environment
Carrying out tests prevents sudden cracks on new metallic surfaces as shown in the figure
below. This shows the importance of material in SCC and experimental design considers
different conditions under which the cracks appear. It makes suggestions for the control factors
and correlation design identifies the connection between the variables.
Figure 12: Cracked pipeline from SCC (Kemplon Engineering, 2015)
Ethical Consideration
The research focused on what is good for the environment and humanity. It focuses on
the improvement of the energy industry to avert disasters such as health complications and
fatalities. The study makes recommendations for policy improvements and risk management.
The explosion of gas pipelines costs lives and destroys hundreds of properties (Kemplon
Engineering, 2015). This explains concerns about the type of material used in gas pipelines and
the internal versus external environments. Gas pipes need constant monitoring because of the
residual and direct effects. SCC management puts into consideration the gas environments such

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as chloride, hydroxide, acetate, methanol, polythionate among others. These are corrosive
material, which causes uncertainty in the effective management to prevent cracks and leaks.
Figure 13: pipeline cracked due to SCC (Kemplon Engineering, 2015)
Conclusion and Recommendations
This secondary analysis has a combination of secondary and primary data. In addition,
there is data from scientific reviews, business and academic research. It also includes a
conference paper to bring out the industry concerns of SCC. Research proves that the
degradation of gas pipelines poses environmental risks. The storage of dangerous gases such as
carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide places human life at risk. It also poses environmental
challenges of pollution and degradation. The transportation and storage of corrosive, poisonous
and highly flammable gases needs an effective management process that checks for repairs and
cracks. It also instills quality material in the construction of gas pipes in order to prevent risks.
The management control of leakage in gas channels also needs a reliable welding and repair
process. These call for the consideration of critical elements in the material, external and internal
areas. In Australia, the gas industry serves commercial and residential settings. The placement of
gas pipelines in remote environments is one way to ensure safety in the delivery of the gas. Cases

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of high-risk factors in the Australian industry attributes the failure to noncompliance, poor
maintenance, and substandard constructions. Therefore, the preconstruction, construction, and
post-construction processes are important in gas pipeline management. The flow of liquid gas
has corrosive tendencies because of the coating, soil elements, and pipeline performance. All
these elements need an integrated approach that implements ensure efficiency, safety, and
monitoring. This research recommends consideration for material thickness/size, pipeline design,
calculation and costs as additional factors for consideration in SCC.

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