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Structural Behaviour and Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis

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Added on 2024/06/28

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This report delves into the fundamental principles of structural behaviour, exploring the relationship between structural materials, health and safety, and practical applications. It examines beam arrangements, support methods, load types, and design responsibilities under CDM regulations. The report also defines key concepts like Young's modulus, section modulus, and the second moment of area, and provides a detailed analysis of elastic bending theory and Newton's laws of motion. This comprehensive study aims to enhance understanding of structural mechanics and its practical implications in the field of civil engineering.

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Contents
Introduction:............................................................................................................................... 3
Q. 1. Determine & draw the shear force and bending moment diagram:..................................4
Q. 2. Identify different methods of supports for structures:.......................................................8
Q. 3. Produce valid factors for live loads, dead loads and imposed loads...............................10
Q. 4. Discuss design responsibilities under CDM regulations:................................................11
Q. 5. Define the following:...................................................................................................... 12
Q. 6. Elastic bending theory & find MOA for the following sections:....................................14
Q. 7. Centroid of the section:...................................................................................................17
Q. 8. Newton’s three laws of motion:...................................................................................... 18
Conclusion:.............................................................................................................................. 19
Reference:................................................................................................................................ 19
List of figures:
Figure 1: Fixed Support............................................................................................................. 8
Figure 2: Pin Support.................................................................................................................8
Figure 3: Roller Support.............................................................................................................9
Figure 4: Simple Support...........................................................................................................9
Figure 5: Young's Modulus......................................................................................................15
Figure 6: Section Modulus....................................................................................................... 15
Figure 7: Theory of bending.................................................................................................... 16
Figure 8: Newton's First low of motion................................................................................... 20
Figure 9: Newton's second Low of motion..............................................................................21
Figure 10: Newton's third law of motion................................................................................. 21

Introduction:
The current assignment is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of structural behaviour
and create a link between the structural material, health & safety with structural applications.
Use the knowledge to design the elements of simple structure and calculate the internal and
external forces for the stress acts in the range of elements of simple structural. The report
structure has various questions to answer that relates to beam arrangements and its calculation
as well as define the different methods for the support of the general structure. The design
responsibilities of the CDM regulation will be discussed along with Young's modulus, section
modulus and second moment of area. The elastic bending theory on different sections with
Newton's three laws of motion will be explained.

Q. 1. Determine & draw the shear force and bending moment diagram:
(a) Span is 10m & point load is 200 KN
Rx+Ry is = 200 kN
Put moment on X
-Ryx10+200x5 is = 0
Ry is 100kN then Rx = 100kN
Force of Shear
Between X to Z
..
F = 100
For X x=0
SFx = 100kN
For z put x=5
SFz = 100kN
Between Z to Y
Rx – 200
For Z x=0
5Fz = 100-200 = -100kN
..
For Y
SFy = 100-200 = -100
SFy = -100kN
..
With Bending Moment
100x= YxM
BM at X with x = 0
BM for Xx = 0

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BM for Zx=5 = 100x5 = 500kNm
BM for Yx=10 = 100x10-200x5
BM for Y = 0
..
(b) span of 6m and point load 100 KN with position 2m from left
Rx + Ry = 100KN
Taking Moment
6xRx-100x4=0
Rx =200/3 KN
Ry= 100-200/3 = 100/3
Bending Moment at Z
Rxx2 = Mz
200/3x2 = 400/3 = Mz
Mz = 400/3 kNm
(c) beam length is 8m & load is 15KN/m
Rx+Ry = 15 * 8 = 120kN
Apply Bending Moment with Y
Rx * 8 – (15 * 8) * 8/2 = 0
Rx = 60kN
Ry = 60kN
Shear force at distance x
Rx –Wx = (SF)x-x

60-15*4 = 0
Bending Moment at x-x
Ra x x – Wx/2 = Mx
At mid x = 4
60 * 4 – (15 * 4 * 4)/2
=120kNm
Mid Bending Moment = 120kNm
(d) draw the diagram of shear force and bending moment when UDL of 20KN/M support by the
beam
Take Moment about B
(Rx * 10) – (100 * 5) – (20 * 10 * 5) = 0
Rx = 200kN
Rx + Ry = 400 kN
Shear Force
For X to Z
Rx – 20 (x)
Fx = put x = 0 = Rx – 20(0)
SFx = Rx = 200kN
SFz = Rx – 20(5)
SFz = 200 – 100 = 100 kN
For Z to Y
Rx – 200 -20 (5+x)
For Z
SFz (x=0) = 200-200-20 (5+0)
SFz = -100kN
For Y
Put x = 5

SFy = 200-200-200
SFy = -200kN
..
Bending Moment
BM at X
(100 * 5) – (20 * 5 * 5/2)
= 750kNm
BM at Y
(200 * 10) – (200 * 5) – (20 * 5 * 2.5)
= -1000kNm
(e) draw the diagram of bending moment and shear force when point load at beam is 50KN at
2m from right
Rx + Ry = 15 * 8 + 50 = 170 KN
Take Diagram of Bending Moment
Rx * 8 – (15 * 8 * 8/2) – 50*2
Rx = 72.5kN
Ry = 170 – 72.5 = 97.5 KN
SF at Z = 72.5 – 15 * 6 = 17.5 KN
BM at X = 0
BM at Y = 0
BM at Z =
= Rx * 6 - 15 * 6 * 6/2 = 300 kNm

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Q. 2. Identify different methods of supports for structures:
Supports: a member of the structure that helps to resists load like the other member. The
supports have different types, applications and reactions that define below. It used to define the
forces in different terms like how the forces transferred to the ground. Here defines different
example of the supports with their example, limitations and reaction.
Fixed Support:
The most inflexible part of the support or the connection that includes all the members in
rotations and translation as it can rotate or move in any direction. The column or the pole of the
concrete is the example of the fixed support. The application of the fixed support is like, it is
beneficial in the use of single support. The advantage of fixed support is the downfall as some
of the structure need little deflection to protect the surrounding material. Gain the strength with
the concrete and its durability is a reduction when the design is supported. The representation is
as below:
Figure 1: Fixed Support
Pinned Support:
It is a common type of support that compare to civil engineering like the hinge. Hinge is the
pinned support that allows occurring the rotation, not the translation. For example, if an elbow
can extend and it can’t be a move to the forearm. In the application area, it used in the trusses by
link with the multiple members that used to join by the connections. In the benefit of this pinned
support is that the member includes only the moment of internal forces. The limitation of the
pinned forces is that a structure cannot be completely restrained without the need for two
different (Carigliano, 2016).
Figure 2: Pin Support

Roller support:
This type of support resists with the vertical, not with the horizontal support. The roller support
is free to move in any direction of horizontal. The bridge is the application of the roller support
as it contains roller support at the one end for the account of vertical displacement and changes
in the temperature with the expansion. The limitation of the roller support is as it does not
support the horizontal forces (Anupoju, 2016).
Figure 3: Roller Support
Simple support:
This support is based on the resting place of the members in the form of external structure. This
support is the same as the roller support in terms of restraining the vertical forces not the
structural. The force transfer to the external forces as the members rests on the external
structure. The application of then simple support is used in different structure and confirm and
this process can’t be translating to other support (mit, 2019).
Figure 4: Simple Support
Different kinds of structure analysis used in the force criteria of the applied beam. Here
determines the path function of the structure by using different analysis as below:
 Thrust analysis is the main analysis that used to define the force effect and force
capability. It uses a 2D parameter to determine the force structure analysis of the force
area. the structure used to determine the force-stability with produce the line thrust.
 The next one is the limit state method in which determine the distortion rate of the
material used to find with the load capability. The rate of the distortion is high when the

capacity of load increase. On the other side, the time distortion is less when the load
capacity is low.
 The model of finite element used to find the heating element of the structure of the
material in which the material degree of freedom depends on the structure value of
displacement.
Steel and reinforced structure:
The steel structure has a different parameter that used for the different purpose as per their load
capacity. Structural steel is versatile and flexible material as it used to construct the different
impossible and expensive bridge. The steel used for different purposes like constriction,
transport, packaging, manufacturing, transport, energy, shipbuilding and many more purpose.
Steel found in different shapes like, S shape that is known as American standard beam, L-shape
(angle), H-shape (bearing pile) and channel (C-shape) and HSS (Hollow steel section)
(Brakefield, 2017).
On the other side, reinforced concrete is the combination of two different materials that act
together with using different forces. the concrete structure of the reinforced structure includes
the rods, mesh-absorbs shear and tensile for the construction purpose. It recognised as the
lightweight, eliminate the problems of deterioration and high strength with nonmagnets (Kalfat,
R. and Al-Mahaidi, R., 2010).

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Q. 3. Produce valid factors for live loads, dead loads and imposed loads
The factor of safety:
The factors of safety are related to the carrying load of the capacity of a system beyond the
capacity of the system support. This process used in the construction of bridges, buildings,
safety equipment and fall protection. this process used to define the requirements of the
stronger system for the construction. Determine the factor of safety with the strength tests and
how much the weight can be managed by the system. the safety factor determines by the ductile
material with use the yield strength. On the other side, the ultimate strength uses by the brittle
material (Wilhite, 2018).
Safety for live load:
This load is also known as imposed load and this is usually dynamic, temporary and
changeable. This kind of load used in vehicle traffic, furniture, occupants and in the other
equipment’s. this load includes the intensity that depends on the time of the day. Understanding
with an example, an office building increases the live load at the weekday compare to the less
load at weekends or night. The live load involves or include in the impact with the vibration or
the acceleration is related to the distributed and concentrated.
Safety for dead load:
These loads are the static or permanent loads that connected with the weight of the structure and
this weight remains constant over time. The structural elements weight includes in the dead
load along with the partitions of permanents non-structural and the plasterboard as the
immovable fixtures (Designingbuildings, 2019). Dead loads used to calculate the weight by
accessing the specific materials. It is also possible to calculate the dead loads with a good
degree of accuracy. Dead loads with the structural engineers are estimates constructive.
Safety for imposed load:
Imposed load area the applied load on building and streets that arise for the purpose of building
of service life. The value of the imposed loads categorises into the section as per the values of
floor and structure. This kind of load is not the permanent load and can change as per the load
capacity with the distraction rate (Bd.gov, 2011).

Building regulation and Code of practice:
The design structure of the material is responsible for the code of practice for live loads. The
surface rate changes the applied load with the deformation of the applied structure and this
process related to the material of the load structure. The deformation rate of the part of the
material is low and this occurs on the safety factor on the time with the design structure of the
material. The complete weight of the structure depends on the dead load application that used to
build the depending regulation. The code of practice that relates to the dead load depends on the
structural panel with the basic design.
Q. 4. Discuss design responsibilities under CDM regulations:
CDM (Construction design and management) is like an organization or the individual business
that involve in modifying or preparing the designs of the construction projects. It also
instruction and the arrangements in the design construction. These designs include the design
calculations, drawings, specifications, the quantity of bills with detail of designs. The designers
are the constructors, architects, engineers, interior designers and the quantity surveyors or
anyone related to the construction area used to manage the design as specific or alter them. This
is done as their work or responsibility (Hse.gov, 2019).
The CDM 2015 used to define the roles and principles of the designers. Here are some facts
about the role of principles designer as:
 It can be appointed only one principle designer at one time
 More then one contractor is required on any project by the principal designer
 the health and safety of the preconstruction phase is the responsibility of the principle’s
designer
the phases of the preconstruction control by the principles designer that defines in the CDM
2015. This phase includes all the information about the project from its starting to ending. The
principle designer leads the project with proper planning and design. Different phases of the
project managed by the principle designer like, planning, monitoring and managing the
preconstruction phase of a project. the duties of the principle designer are like:
 Make a proper plan, monitoring and managing the phase of preconstruction
 Make the risk management plans related to the health and safety project and manage the
phase so that the project can be delivered on time

 Make reminder the health and safety during design the project in terms of organisational
and technical
 Remain the health and safety when making project plans with its different stages
 Complete the phases of the project in the given time including the health and safety
features
 Identify the factors by which any person affected in health and safety risks and
eliminate from the phases of the project
 Identify the future risk regarding the project risks, that can be managed and control with
proper planning
 Ensure about the duties of the designers
 Ensure about the working of each member of the project and make confirm about the
communication with each other related to the project
 Assist the project with the client to ensure the construction information
 Share each information with of the project with including it is phasing like planning,
monitoring and controlling
 Take proper reviewed and feedback from the users and make the appropriate change as
per the design principle (McPartland, 2016)
Principle designer responsibilities:
The duties of the CDM regulations take place with responsibilities in a manner of health and
safety. For taking an example, coordinate with the team at the phase of the reconstruction in
relation to health and safety. Here are some duties of the principal designer as:
 It advises the client regarding the work and delivery
 Assist the client with its duties and the responsibilities
 Design the decisions related to the health and safety
 Construction the decision related to the health and safety
 Manage the designers and ensure their work completely
 Cooperate with the principal contractor related to the project and its phases
 Provide the information related to the health and safety regulations
The principle designer has some responsibilities that include information about the preparation
and others. It used to gather the information from different sources and share it with the client,

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contractor and designers. The client assistant is also including in the duties of the designer and
ensure the CDM about the working of the clients (Emma, 2019).
Q. 5. Define the following:
(a). Young’s modulus:
The Young's modulus is used to measure the resistance and stiffness of a solid with the elastic
deformation under the load. It relates to the stain and stress along with a line or an axis. Here
stress is the force per unit area and strain is the proportional deformation. The basic principle of
Young's modulus is, an elastic deformation undergoes on a material with it extend or
compressed when a force applied on it. The material returns into its normal shape when the load
or force removed. It can say:
 A solid is in the elastic state when a low Young's modulus value appears
 A solid is inelastic or stiff when a high Young's modulus value appears
The equation of Young’s modulus is represented as:
 E = σ / ε = (F/A) / (ΔL/L0) = FL0 / AΔL, in which
 E is the young’s modulus that used to represent in Pascal (Pa)
 σ is referred to as uniaxial stress & ε is refer to the strain
 F is compression or extension force and A is the cross section perpendicular or the
surface area to the applied force
 ΔL is the change of the length and L0 is the change in the length
The history of the young modulus defines by a Swiss scientist Leonhard Euler in 1927 and it
depends on the material orientation and the Isotropic material used to represent the mechanical
properties in the same direction (Helmenstine, 2018).

Figure 5: Young's Modulus
Source: (NETZSCH Analyzing & Testing, 2019)
(b). Section modulus:
A type of geometric property used in the given cross section for the design of beams with the
flexural numbers. The other type of geometric property used in the design of the area with the
tension, gyration radius with the compression and stiffness of the moment of inertia. The
relationship of the section modulus depends on the shape in question as there are two types of
section module, the first one is elastic section modulus that refers as S and another one is plastic
section modulus that refers as Z (Engineersedge, 2019).
Figure 6: Section Modulus
In the above image, present the design of section Z that is the cross-sectional shape and apply
the design significant on the beams of the design. It used to measure the strength of the beam
and a beam has a large section of the modulus that is a greater supporter and stronger in loads.
In the above image, the elastic modulus is Z and the distance y till the fibres at the centroid and
this found at the maximum load.

(c). The second moment of area:
It is the property of the 2D shape that categories the deflection under the loading. It is also
called an area moment of inertia. It has the length as the dimension to the fourth power. In the
context of engineering the moment of inertia that is also known as usual moment of inertia that
is not equivalent to the normal moment of inertia. It is defined as:
that is for the x-axis and the product moment of inertia define as:
Q. 6. Elastic bending theory & find MOA for the following sections:
Elastic bending theory:
The material structure of an object is used to define with using the elastic bending theory that
works as an application. The material structure starts the capacity bending when the load
applied to the material by using the force capacity. The moment of bending increase as the load
increase on the material and on a certain period the material recovers its previous shape as the
force remove from the material. This process is known as the elasticity of the material. During
the process of the elasticity of the material, at one time the load increase with the time-bending
movement as high as its capacity and after removing the force or the load the material can’t get
its shape again. This process is known as the young modulus of elastic and this is the point of
the maximum bending position that found on the material (He, J. and Lilley, C.M., 2008).
Figure 7: Theory of bending
Source: (Codecogs, 2019)
Moment of inertia:

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MOI of the above section is I= I1+I2+I3
Where I1 is the MOI about N.A.
200 * 253/12 + 5000 * (250-25)
I1 = 240384.61 + 1125000
I1 = 1365384.6mm4
I2 = 25 * 2503/12 + 6250 * (225)
I2 = 1536458.34mm4
The distance between part I1 and I2 is equal
I3 = 1365384.6mm4
MOI of I= 1365384.6 + 1536458.34 + 1365384.6mm4
I= 4267227.56mm4

The bending movement/maximum stress on the beam is:
Y= A1Ya + A2Yb + A3Yc / A1 + A2 + A3
Y= (30 * 10) * (10/2) + (10 * 40) * (10 + 50/2) + (40 * 10) (10 + 40 + 10/2) / 300 + 400 + 400
Y= 37500 / 1100N/m
The max. stress on the object
Y= 340.90N/m

Q. 7. The centroid of the section:
Sum of section 1 & 2 with the moment of the centroid is started with the
Complete length L =13 m
The section 1 width is WY1= 12 cm
The section 2 width is WY2= 3 cm
Part A1, area of cross-section is 3*10= 30 cm
Part A2, area of cross-section is 12*3= 36 cm
Ӯ=A1Y1 + A2Y2 / A1 + A2
Ӯ=30 * 3 + 36 * 6/66N/cm2
Ӯ=4.63 N/cm2
Relation to the bending moment:
M/I=σ/Ӯ
M= σ/Ӯ*I
M= 66/4.63*I
M= 14.25Nm

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Q. 8. Newton’s three laws of motion:
An object can’t move until an external force applies to it. It finds in a stationary state or the
mode. When force applies to the object is moved from one point to another. Here understands
Newton’s law of motion with different examples. A vector quantity that used to push or pull the
object is known as the force that used to interact with the objects. The force has different types
like balanced force and unbalances force.
The first low of motion is known as the law of inertia in which, each object remain in a position
or state until an external force applied to it. In the below picture an object (football) remains
constant until an act on it by the force of the human.
Figure 8: Newton's First low of motion
Source: (Blog.myran, 2017)
The Second law of motion states that the force is equal to the change in the momentum as per
the time change. That is defined as the F = ma where F is the force and m is the mass and a
denotes to the acceleration. In the below image of the example, a wagon pulls with using the
force and when the mass of the wagon increase than it is required to use more acceleration with
the force.

Figure 9: Newton's second Low of motion
Source: (Physical Science, 2019)
The third low of motion defines as each action has an equal reaction. For the example in the
below image, action has a reaction that is opposite to the person and boat.
Figure 10: Newton's third law of motion
Source: (Allain, 2013)

Conclusion:
Successfully discussed the knowledge and understanding of the principle of structural
behaviour that used to create links between the structural material and applications with health
and safety. Discuss the beam arrangement and the different methods of support for the structure
and explain the dead loads with the live load in this assignment. The responsibility of the CDM
discussed with the young’ modulus and section with others.
Reference:
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https://www.wired.com/2013/10/a-closer-look-at-newtons-third-law/ [Accessed 10 Jun.
2019].
Anupoju, S. (2016). Types of Supports and Reactions and Applications in Structures. [online]
The Constructor. Available at: https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-supports-
reactions-uses-structures/16974/ [Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].
Bd.gov (2011). Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads. [online] Bd.gov. Available at:
https://www.bd.gov.hk/doc/en/resources/codes-and-references/code-and-design-manuals/
DIL2011e.pdf [Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].
Blog.myran (2017). Newton’s First Law of Motion – MyRank. [online] Blog.myran.
Available at: https://blog.myrank.co.in/newtons-first-law-of-motion/ [Accessed 10 Jun.
2019].
Brakefield, K. (2017). The Various Types of Structural Steel Shapes. [online]
Blog.swantonweld. Available at: https://blog.swantonweld.com/the-various-types-of-
structural-steel-shapes [Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].
Carigliano, S. (2016). Supports and Connections | SkyCiv Cloud Structural Analysis
Software. [online] Skyciv. Available at: https://skyciv.com/education/types-of-supports-in-
structural-analysis/ [Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].
Codecogs (2019). Plastic Theory of Bending - Materials - Engineering Reference with
Worked Examples. [online] Codecogs. Available at:
https://www.codecogs.com/library/engineering/materials/plastic-theory-of-bending.php
[Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].

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Designingbuildings (2019). Types of structural load - Designing Buildings Wiki. [online]
Designingbuildings. Available at:
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_structural_load [Accessed 10 Jun.
2019].
Emma (2019). The Principal Designer Role, Duties And Responsibilities. [online] Haspod.
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He, J. and Lilley, C.M., 2008. Surface effect on the elastic behavior of static bending
nanowires. Nano letters, 8(7), pp.1798-1802.
Helmenstine, A. (2018). How Young's Modulus Defines the Relationship Between Stress and
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4176297 [Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].
Horne, M.R., 2014. Plastic Theory of Structures: In Si/Metric Units. Elsevier.
Hse.gov (2019). Are you a designer? – Design team responsibilities. [online] Hse.gov.
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Kalfat, R. and Al-Mahaidi, R., 2010. Investigation into bond behaviour of a new CFRP
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http://web.mit.edu/4.441/1_lectures/1_lecture13/1_lecture13.html [Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].

NETZSCH Analyzing & Testing (2019). Young’s Modulus or Storage Modulus. [online]
NETZSCH Analyzing & Testing. Available at:
https://www.netzsch-thermal-analysis.com/en/commercial-testing/glossary/youngs-modulus-
or-storage-modulus/ [Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].
Physical Science (2019). 4.1 Newton's Second Law of Motion. [online] Physical Science.
Available at: http://physicalsciencetext.weebly.com/41-newtons-second-law-of-motion.html
[Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].
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safety/ [Accessed 10 Jun. 2019].

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