Investigating the Structural System of the Burj Khalifa

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural system of the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building. It begins with an introduction to high-rise buildings and their structural classifications, focusing on rigid frame, bracing frame, tube structure, and post-and-lintel systems. The literature review delves into the structural elements, architectural design, and unique attributes of the Burj Khalifa, emphasizing its bundled tube system and resistance to Dubai's summer temperatures. The methodology section discusses methods to analyze the effects of wind on the structural system, including the application of structural analysis software and various tests. The analysis section examines the shape, size, height, and number of framed tubes, along with a cross-sectional analysis of the building's shape, to assess the effectiveness of the structural system in withstanding lateral and wind loads. The study aims to evaluate the efficiency, viability, and stability of the structural system, considering economic and environmental factors.

Structural system of Burj khalifa

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
1.1 Overview................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Rationale of study..................................................................................................................4
1. 3 Aim and objectives...............................................................................................................5
1.4 History of high raised Building.............................................................................................6
1.5 Classification of structural system........................................................................................6
1.6 Rigid frame structure.............................................................................................................8
1.7 Bracing frame structure system............................................................................................8
1.8 Tube structure system............................................................................................................9
1.9 Post-and-lintel system............................................................................................................9
1.10 Structure of the study...........................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATUE REVIEW..........................................................................................11
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................11
2.2 Structural elements used in high raised building.................................................................11
2.3 Background of Burj Khalifa................................................................................................12
2.4 Architecture of Burj Khalifa................................................................................................13
2.5 Description of structural system..........................................................................................14
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2.6 Unique attributes of Burj Khalifa........................................................................................17
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................19
3. 1 Types of method to analyze effects of winds on structural system....................................19
3. 2 Application of structural analysis Software........................................................................20
3.3 Reasons for rejection of alternative methods.......................................................................21
3.4 Types of tests.......................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 4 – ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................25
4.1 Analysis of structural system of Burj Khalifa..........................................................................25
4.2 Analysis of test 1- The shape of framed tubes in Burj Khalifa................................................26
4.3 Analysis of test 2 – The size of framed tubes in Burj Khalifa.................................................26
4.4 Analysis of test 3 – The height of framed tubes in Burj Khalifa.............................................27
4.5 Analysis of test 4 – The number of framed tubes in Burj Khalifa...........................................28
4.6 Analysis of test 5- The cross-sectional analysis of the shape of the Burj Khalifa...................28
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................30
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Innovation and creativity are two imperative aspect that bring uniqueness in current
world. In current era prices of land is increasing at rapid speed because of changing
circumstances. Similarly, high demand of business and residential space as well as economic
growth tend to affect demand of high-rise building. Present study is based on structural system of
Burj Khalifa, world's tallest building. For this purpose study lays emphasis on efficient height for
each structural system used in constructing buildings (Aldred, 2010). However, development in
construction industry is taking place due to increased population and changing life style of
people as well as technological advancement. The aspect of technology facilitates to meet
expectations of people in term of accommodation, offices, commercial and tourists visit. It shows
that high raised building provides more space in particular area of land which aid to resolve
tension of people for buying expensive land.
In the 20th century main focused was laid on making vertical high raised building so as to
occupy less land. This is because in case horizontal building are made then there will be
requirement of comparatively more portion of land. Study relies of Burj Khalif which is tallest
artificial structure in the world. It was initiated in 2004 and opened in 2010. The primary
structure used while constructing the building was reinforced which was based on government's
decision. For designing this building patterning system of Islamic architecture was followed
which aids to reflect elements of the particular region (Russo, Abagnara and Small, 2013). Here,
for the support of height of building, buttressed core structural system has been used and for
residential and hotel purpose Y-shaped plan is used. Building has cladding system to resist
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summer temperature of Dubai. Thus, current study focuses on positive and negative aspect of
each structural system used in construction of high raised buildings. Similarly, comparison of
each structural system is done so as to assess effectiveness of of the same in construction
industry.
1.2 Rationale of study
Current study is being done to assess different structural system by focusing on height of
building along with specification of particular system. However, main focus is on bundled
structure system while making taller buildings. Further, investigation has been done on viability
and stability of each structure system used in skyscraper. Also, study shed light on economic and
environment factors associated with use of different structural system. In addition to this, study is
done to assess role of cross sectional share of each element of bundled tube system. It leads to
assess effectiveness of buildings used at longer height. On the other part, by conducting the
present study researcher intend to analyze the effectiveness of system in the light of lateral and
wind load.
1. 3 Aim and objectives
The aim and objectives for the current study are formulated as follows.
Aim-An investigation of structural system of Burj khalifa
Present study covers investigation on different structural system used in high raised
building along with advantages and disadvantages of each system.
Objectives
The current dissertation lays emphasis on number of objectives in order to reach at the
aim of the study. Objectives covered in the study are listed as follows-
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 To asses the most efficiency and viable structure system
 To analyze the effectiveness of bundled tube system against wind load
 To design structure element which support buildings
 To study different structural system
 To understand the structural and structural material behavior
 To assess the role of environmental and economic factors on structure of high raised
buildings
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1.4 History of high raised Building
Mankind has always been fascinated by Skyscrapers through their specific structure
systems. This systems assists the high raised buildings in withstanding various natural causes.
These include the wind and gravity force which influence the structure (Acuto, 2010). It is the
responsibility of the structural engineers to design the various elements of the structure of high
raised buildings. These include column, beam, roof as well as flooring. In this way, the
responsibility of structural design and structural building rests on engineers.
Even before the industrialization period, high raised buildings stretched over 100 meters
into the sky. There are various examples of architectural structure. These include the Khufu
Pyramid and the Pharos of Alexandria. The Khufu Pyramid which dates back from 2620 to 2500
BC is 139 meter high. The height of the Pharos of Alexandria is 140 meters. In earlier times,
high rise structures were made for residential purposes as well as for religious and civic purposes
(Shin, 2010). For example, there were a number of high rise buildings in Egyptian, Greece and
Roman Empires.
The key factors for the rapid increase in the number of high rise buildings are the
migration of people into cities as well as the advancements and developments made during
industrial revolution. As the cities became overpopulated, the engineers were compelled to
invent new technologies. This gave a push to the industrial revolution which resulted into
construction of very tall buildings. In the history of modern skyscrapers, the first country which
commenced the construction of skyscrapers was America (Jani and Patel, 2013). This was in the
19 century when America built modern skyscraper for general accommodation. However, it was
limited to 10 stories. The main construction material that was used for this were Bricks. It was at
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the end of 19 century that there was adoption of new construction techniques such as electrical
lift.
1.5 Classification of structural system
There are some common interconnected elements in various types of engineering
structures. Bridges, residential buildings, railways, non residential buildings etc. all comprise of
beam, wall, floor, slab, and columns (Soong and Costantinou, 2014). All these structural
elements are responsible for transferring the internal and external load to the ground. Civil
engineering is essentially required to use efficient structural system. This is specially required in
the high raise buildings so as to withstand earthquakes, wind loading etc. With the help of new
computer technologies and design concepts, the civil engineers are able to increase the height of
the building, which was earlier not possible (Rozvany, 2012). This has also been aided by new
structural systems and novel materials.
On the basis of type and material, buildings can be classified into three types. These include steel
made building, reinforced building and composite material building. Steel is used for making
majority of the high raised buildings. This is because it helps in providing high ration to weight.
Steel is easier to assemble and enables easy installation as well. It also has more advantages over
other materials such as easy transport to construction site, strength and fire protection (Xin-zheng
and Lie-ping, 2010).
There is another way of classifying structures. This is on the basis of use of structural system. In
this regard, classification of structure is done as follows:
 Using shear wall and brace system
 Using rigid frame
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 System with frame tube
 using bundled tube system
 using brace tube system
 Using outrigger system
When a structure is to be designed for a specific function for public use, it is important
for the engineer to account for its safety, serviceability and aesthetic value (Jani and Patel, 2013).
Along with these, economic and environmental aspects of structure are also to be taken into
account. Before deciding the appropriate structure form to be used in a structure, different
options need to be studied independently. The design process is creative as well as technical. For
analyzing the structure appropriately, there is need of fundamental knowledge.
Tubular design system is a type of structural form which is used for making high raised
buildings. This was introduced by Fazul Khan who was a structural engineer and architect
(Kattke, Braun and Goldin, 2011). Willis tower, which is renowned as the second tallest building
in the US was design by him. He also designed the John Hancock center which comprised of 100
stories. This idea was used for interior as well as exterior structures.
For interior, the following aspects were considered:
 Using Outrigger structural system
 Structure with hinged frame
 Using brace and shear wall
 Structure using rigid frame Rigid frame
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However, for interior structures, Tube, diagrid, super frame and space truss were used.
There are various aspects that are to be considered while designing skyscraper for commercial
and residential purposes (Gonen, 2011). These are the following:
 Variation in the cladding choice
 Proper planning for the building height
 Proper storage of material used in construction
 Time period of construction to prevent delays
 Large span for more usable space
 Management of the building services and strategy
 Investigation and proper foundation system in place
Considering the costs of the structure, it is found that it comprises of only 10 per cent of the total
cost of the building. The stability of a structure is influenced by height of the building as well as
the structural system (Soong and Costantinou, 2014). Hence, for the height of 8 story building,
steel structure is regarded as a suitable system for provision of stability. Similarly, braced steel
method or concrete is considered as a viable system for stability.
1.6 Rigid frame structure
This kind of structure is load resisting and interconnected through rigid connection. It
facilitates to prohibit movement caused by joints of members. It is based on two common
assumption which are ; free rotation of beams at their connections, interconnection of its
members help to prevent change under load (Hao and et.al., 2011). It is helpful in reflecting
architectural shape of the building. Furthermore, this type of structure is most suitable for 20 to
storey structure.
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1.7 Bracing frame structure system
It is one of the common types of structure in civil engineering which aid to connect beam
and column. It facilitates to improve structure stability by resisting vertical and horizontal loads
(Roke, 2010). Here, the main focus is laid on use addition of trusses in order to improve
efficiency of building.
1.8 Tube structure system
Tube structure system is helpful in resisting lateral loads related to seismic and wind. It
facilitates to develop mixed-use buildings like office, apartment and housing purpose. Here,
buildings could look like sculpture due to use of bundled tube (Ge and et.al., 2012) This aspect
contribute towards allowing wider column space so as to provide different shapes for
architectural planning.
1.9 Post-and-lintel system
This is ancient structure of constructing building under which upright members hold
horizontal members. It helps to support the weight of structure in order to bring efficiency in
construction with regards to opening of windows, bearing walls and doors.
1.10 Structure of the study
The current dissertation basically consists of five chapter which provide detail overview
regarding each one. This structure helps readers to understand the scenario and reach at the
conclusion of the study in an effectual manner. It has been explained as follows- Chapter 1 Introduction-This is the first chapter of study which provide detail overview
related to topic under investigation. This also includes aim and objectives of study so that
accordingly researcher can conduct the study.
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 Chapter 2 Literature review-After completion of first chapter of introduction, the next
chapter begins which provides information related to structural system of Burj khalifa. In
this regard several sources of information are accessed. Chapter 3 Methodology-Under this chapter, researcher provides detail overview related
to tools and techniques applied in the study. It helps to collect and analyze the data
effectively. Chapter 4 Data analysis-This is the most important chapter of study under which scholar
analyze the collected data by using suitable method. Chapter 5 Discussion- After competing the chapter of data analysis researcher discuss
the results. It is discussed in the light of research aim and objectives.
 Chapter 6 Conclusion and recommendations- It is the last chapter of study that includes
detail information related to conclusion on the basis of findings. Also, accordingly
recommendation are also provided.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATUE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
It is the second chapter of the dissertation which provides information regarding the
views of different authors and professionals which is being considered for the research. Further,
it is regarded to be the most important part of the study and provides base to entire research. The
present study being carried out is based on structural system of Burj Khalifa and for
accomplishing overall aim along with objective of the research views of different authors have
been considered which are beneficial for the study. Apart from this, considering secondary
sources will assist in answering all the research questions and is fruitful enough in enhancing
reliability of the research.
2.2 Structural elements used in high raised building
As per view of Günel and Ilgin (2014) Burj Khalifa highlights the state of the art in
design of building and the overall innovation in the structural design techniques employed have
resulted in superstructure in efficient manner. Further, the key method applied for construction of
tallest building is structural system which supports and carry applied load to foundation without
exceeding to allowable stresses in the members (Günel and Ilgin, 2014). This type of structural
system generally takes into consideration lead bearing wall, frame, membrane, post and lintel,
suspension etc. Load bearing wall is a type of wall which bears load resting upon it and the most
commonly used material in such type of wall is concrete, block etc.
According to Thorne (2014) development of load bearing wall depends on the type of
building and through this it becomes quite possible to manage the overall load of building. One
of the main functions of this wall is to segregate the space of the entire building with the motive
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to make it functional. Moreover, post and lintel is regarded as simplest illustration of load and
support in construction and it is being developed by setting horizontal beam on top of two
vertical supports (Smith, 2013). Main purpose of lintel is to bear the loads without breaking it
and post supports lintel. Frame defines overall layout of the building, membrane is the type of
structure that carries load primarily with the help of tensile stresses. Before designing any type of
building it is necessarily required to decide the key elements which are used in raising it.
After dimension requirement for structure has been decided in appropriate manner, it is
required to know the overall loads which have to be imposed on the structure which can provide
basic type of structure being selected for design. However Tamboli (2014) argued that at the
time of developing a structure engineer considers material properties but it is required to identify
the type of load during designing life. Generally load acting at the structure is segregated into
three categories which takes into consideration dead, live and wind load. Dead load is
considered as stationary one which is being shared to structure through life span. Further, it is
basically due to the self weight of structural members, fixed permanent equipments and weight
of different materials (Forrester, 2011).
Moreover, impact load is also present which basically takes place due to vibration and it
is equal to imposed load incremental which is basically regarded as impact factor. Wind load is
regarded as the primarily horizontal load whose main cause of existence is movement of air. This
load is required in design of the building in the case when heath of the building increases two
times the dimension. As per view of Wilkinson (2014) earthquake load is also present whose
main purpose is to deal with unfavorable situation such as earthquake and is computed in
accordance with IS 1893. During the development phase of any particular building it is necessary
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to consider different type of loads so that overall infrastructure can be developed in effective
manner (Wilkinson, 2014).
2.3 Background of Burj Khalifa
According to Gonzales (2013) Burj Khalifa is regarded as one of the tallest building in
the recent time located at Dubai. Country is rich in oil at international level and the main
objective behind development of Burj khalifa is to serve different type of large scale deployment
which takes into consideration large scale deployment such as offices, hotel, shopping centre,
leisure activity etc. Construction of this building started in the year 2004 and it was officially
opened in January 2010. Unique features of Burj Khalifa involve its height which exceeds
700mtall, 156 floors and 460000 metre area (Gonzales, 2013). This unique idea has been
introduced by the real estate company of Dubai named emaar properties and design was obtained
from geometric of the dessert flower. Overall structure of the tower organized at central core
which takes into consideration three outer wing. Floor plan of the building is Y shaped which
supports in maximizing the overall view and highlights the natural light for tenant of the
structure.
However Harder and Dorn (2014) argued that all the unique characteristics of Burj
Khalifa makes it different from other buildings where it is 828 metre high and is around three
Eiffel towers stacked on top of each other. Fastest elevators in the world are present whose speed
is around 18 metres per second, from ground overall distance is 95 km, 160 habitable floors are
present whose height is around 636 metres. Burj Khalifa has broken world record especially in
terms of height as no building in the world is tall as compared with Burj Khalifa. Overall weight
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of concrete in development of this building is equal to 100,000 elephants and the amount of
aluminum used is equal to A380 aircraft (Harder and Dorn, 2014).
At the tip of Burj Khalifa it is possible to watch 95 kilometers away and this is also one
of the unique feature of this building. During the stage of construction 12000 workers have
worked for development of this building and Burj Khalifa took more than 55000 tons of steel
rebar, 110,000 tons of concrete and 22 million man hours to complete the overall project. In
short, comparison of this building is not at all possible with others in terms of its key attributes.
The main purpose behind designing this building is to resemble Hymenocallis flowers where the
central core is present at the top.
2.4 Architecture of Burj Khalifa
As per view of Dupre (2001) design of Burj Khalifa is totally unique which differentiates
it from other buildings being developed by other real estate companies. The entire range of
architecture features triple lobed footprint which is considered as abstraction of Hymenocallis
flowers. Tower is generally developed up of three main elements which are arranged in a central
core. The overall structure of the building is Y shaped which setbacks along with three wings
providers and assists in providing good floor plates to the residential. Apart from this twenty six
helical levels reduces the overall cross section of the tower (Dupre, 2001). At the time of
developed wind tunnel testing was carried out on the entire building with the motive to
determine impact of wind on the tower and its occupants. Further, it supported in determining the
wind climate of Dubai and the temporary conditions when the construction was carried out was
tested with the help of tower cranes.
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According to Mehta and Monteiro (2013) the entire floor plan of Burj Khalifa is unique
where level 8 along with 38 and 39 will feature the most famous hotel of Dubai named Armani.
Further, in the 45th Floor 108 private residencies are present which are luxurious. With the
motive to provide more convenience to the residents the entire tower has been divided into
different section which takes into consideration sky lobbies at level 43, 76 and 123 (Mehta
and Monteiro, 2013). On the other hand interior design of building is also effective which has
been done by Chicago office of Skidmore. Stainless steel, polished dark stones along with glass
enhances uniqueness of the building and makes it different from others. However AboMoslim
and Russell (2014) argued that the interior design of the building has been totally inspired by the
local culture of the nation and it represents entire building as global icon. Further, the artwork of
the building has also been done in effective manner with the help of international artist which
indicates the spirit of the global harmony.
All the pieces of art are from Middle East and surrounded by Mohammed Bin Rashid
Boulevard. They are effective enough in promoting culture along with community of the nation.
Beyond height as one of the most unique feature of Burj Khalifa the entire building incorporates
new type of construction and it is efficient enough to decrease the material usage along with
wastage (AboMoslim and Russell, 2014). Moreover, sky sourced ventilation system has been
undertaken which is totally different and is cool where very less humid air blows on the top of
building. One of the main attribute of the tower is that it is one of the largest condensate recovery
system in the entire world. The entire project of Burj Khalifa is environmentally concern and
considers the feature of innovative condensation collection system. Hot and humid climate of
Dubai meets the elements of building whose ultimate outcome is large amount of condensation
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which can be employed for irrigation of tower landscape plantings (Yezdani, 2013). The entire
building provides recreational along with entertainment facilities to the local residents along with
people who are arriving Dubai.
2.5 Description of structural system
Bhurj Khalifa takes into consideration refugee floors whose key attribute involves fire
resistant and they have individual air supply. The overall unique reinforced concrete structure of
the building makes it different and stronger too. As per view of Madichi (2011) building has
been designed in Y shape with the motive to reduce wind forces on the tower. The structural
system of the building can be regarded as buttressed core. Each tier of the building sets back in a
spiral setting pattern and they have been organized through the support of tower’s grid. Apart
from this the concrete wall of building is centre hexagonal reinforced which acts as web and
flangs of beam with the motive to resist moments and shears (Madichie, 2011). The uppermost
level of the tower considers structural steel spire which utilizes a diagonal lateral system. The
exterior layout of the building which is flame protected along with aluminum finish. Apart from
this, gravity analysis was also carried out when the entire building was developed. Further, three
dimensional model was applied on the same which takes into consideration slabs, beams,
concrete walls etc.
The analysis model was 3D which undertook 75000 nodes along with 73500 shells.
However Kallen (2013) argued that all the advanced tools along with techniques were employed
at the time of development of Burj Khalifa. 3D foundation settlement analysis was carried out
which totally relies on the outcome of geotechnical investigation and it was considered as the
long term settlement over the time (Kallen, 2013). On the other hand, the groundwater on which
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entire building has been constructed is severe. Corrective measures were taken well in advance
during the implementation stage of construction and it involves waterproofing system, rise in
concrete cover etc. So, this directly assisted in enhancing efficiency of the building being
constructed by the real estate firm.
At the time of designing structure of Burj Khalifa resulting motions along with wind
forces became one of the major factors which acted as hurdle. Further, to deal with the same
wind tunnel test was carried out which considered rigid model force balance test. The main
structural elements on which entire building depend is spire, elevator, exterior cladding etc.
Further, foundation of the building is one of the key elements which has been supported by
concrete mat along with piles (Pottmann, 2007). Podium provides base to the ground and
provides access to three different sides along with level of Burj Khalifa. Exterior cladding is also
one of the main element which is developed up of reflective glazing along with aluminum.
Around 26000 glass panels were used in exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. Apart from this the
crowing touch of the building is its telescopic spire which has been developed of more than 4000
tons of structural steel. As per view of McGuirk (2014) mechanical floors of the building are also
unique and provides life to Burj Khalifa. Around 30 storeys are present and the overall
mechanical floors house electrical sub station. All these elements are necessarily required for
operating tower and providing assistance to occupants (McGuirk, 2014).
The structure of Burj Khalifa undertakes 57 elevators and 3,000 underground parking
space. Further, more than 1,000 condominium residences are present in the building that supports
in offering 160 hotel rooms. Apart from this at the top of building telescopes are present with the
help of which visitors can easily watch side seen and it acts as effective source of entertainment.
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However Goldish (2011) argued that tallest building named Burj Khalifa has supported in
increasing tourism market of Dubai. Every year large number of visitors arrive Dubai with the
motive to visit this building and this acts as major source of attraction. Apart from this, more
than 12,000 people have occupied the 6 million square feet building and Burj is expected to
consume 946,000 amount of water per day (Goldish, 2011). Around 31,400 metric tons of steel
rebar has been used in the development of the structure of the building which has supported in
enhancing overall efficiency of Burj Khalifa.
The overall design of the building was derived from patterning system embodied in
Islamic architecture. This design represents cultural along with historical elements. Individuals
who designed Burj Khalifa are Owings and Merrill, Skidmore who also designed Wills tower.
One of the main attractive feature in Burj Khalifa is tube design where for the development of
this design very less amount of steel was used and this directly enhanced the overall efficiency of
the building. Burj Khalifa was designed which relies on the 73 floor tower palace. Further, the
entire tower is developed up of three elements whose base is flat desert and the overall cross
section of the tower has been decreased at the time when it reaches towards sky. As per view of
Kennedy (2011) 27 terraces are present in Burj Khalifa where at the top central core is present.
Further, with the motive to support overall height of the building, the engineers indulged into its
development has introduced new structural system named buttressed core which takes into
consideration hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses which builts Y shape (Kennedy,
2011).
Spire is also one of the main element of Burj Khalifa which is developed of more than
4000 tonnes where weight of central pinnacle pipe is 350 tonnes and was developed inside the
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building to height of over 200m. Apart from this, one of the main unique attribute of Burj khalifa
is its residential building which represents the overall work of Jaume Plensa and its attribute
involves 196 bronze and brass alloy cymbals (Khan, 2010). Moreover, the visitors who are
visiting this building are allowed to hear distinct timbre. On the other hand, exterior cladding of
building is also unique which involves 142,000 of reflective glazing along with stainless steel
panels. One of the main reason behind development of Cladding system is to withstand summer
temperature of Dubai. As per view of Holsinger (2014) around 26,000 glasses have been used in
the exterior development of Burj Khalifa and they have been purchased from China. The sky
lobbies being built on 43rd and 76th floor have swimming pools and this supports in providing
convenience to people.
The expected capacity of Burj Khalia is around 35,000 people where 8 escalators along
with 57 elevators have been installed to serve large number of people living within Dubai and
arriving from outside (Holsinger, 2014). The double deck elevators being installed by the
engineers’ acts as good source of entertainment and its attractive features involve LCD display
with the motive to serve customers at the time of travel. Burj Khalifa has 2909 stairs from the
ground floor which assist in highlighting that building is tallest (Merrick, 2012). Apart from this
the graphic design work done by Brash brands on Burj Khalia is also unique. Along with this, the
architecture characteristics undertakes triple lobed footprint and overall three wins are present
which renders stable configuration for structure and delivers good floor plates for local residents
(Marble, 2013).
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2.6 Unique attributes of Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa developed by Emaar properties is the spirit of Dubai and is regarded as the
vertical city. As per view of Gurney and Tailfeather (2013) building of 20 plus storey contains
160 habitable levels where total built up area is 5.67 million square feet. Main attributes of this
building are effective engineering design, extraordinary art, meticulous craftsmanship etc. The
entire tower provides unique lifestyle experience along with the leisure facilities which involves
swimming pool, lounges for home owners, health and wellness facilities etc. Further, the highest
restaurant of the world is present at 122 level and around 1000 art pieces are present which have
been developed by Middle East artists (Baker, 2009). Burj Khalifa includes the world’s luxurious
hotel with support amenities along with restaurants, health club, tennis court, swimming pool etc.
Overall design of Burj Khalifa has been finalized by considering various issues such as force of
wind etc. Further, innovative materials have been employed to make building more attractive and
it involves efficient lightning, garage podium roof, gray water system for irrigation etc. However
Hurley (2011) argued that skyscrapers such as Burj khalifa is considered as sustainable as
the building posses capability to provide accommodation to large number of individuals. Further,
the Y shaped building is effective enough to provide convenience along with comfort. All these
key feature makes Burj khalifa as effective and posses capability to attract large number of
visitors at international level. The elevators in Burj Khalia has world’s largest longest distance
from lowest to highest stop. Further, during the peak time the entire tower requires 10,000 tons
of cooling per hour especially during the summer seasons (Design, Construction & Structural
Details of Burj al Khalifa., 2014). Structure of the entire building is totally different as compared
with others and due to this basic reason Burj Khalifa is well appraised in the entire market. Apart
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from this, to deal with unfavorable situation 1210 fire extinguishers are present on the site which
is beneficial for visitors along with local residents. Further, the total area of cladding being
considered with the motive to cover entire Burj Khalifa is equal to 17 football fields and this also
represents the uniqueness of this building. So, this information assists in knowing the unique
attributes of Burj Khalifa (Gorgenl, 2011).
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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3. 1 Types of method to analyze effects of winds on structural system
Buildings are usually considered flexible when any of the smaller plan dimensions (length or
width) divide by height is greater than five or when the minimum frequency is less than unity. In
such situations, more accurate estimates of the pulsating wind effects on such tall structures can
be obtained through aero-elastic model testing in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. The oscillator of
the structural system is naturally wind forces or its gustiness; but for the purpose of the physical
model for the investigation, the wind tunnel served as the oscillator. Therefore, the final result of
such a study will be a hybrid effort from the theoretical and laboratory investigations. Therefore,
the present study is a comparative study of the pressure and consequently the load distribution on
a full-scale building and a wind tunnel tested model. The concept of the mathematical model
used was based on the method of Initial parameters (MIP) and a substitute cantilever, whereas
the physical model (laboratory experiment of wind tunnel tested model) was analyzed based on
the method of dimensional analysis. According to Kramadibrata et al. (2001), dimensional
analysis has been used widely in solving engineering problems. Its application is dependent on
listing of all dimensional variables affecting the process in question and the dimensionless
groups obtained. This method can also be a means of correlating experimental data and
developing functional relationships between dimensional variables. It has been of immeasurable
value in analyzing complex engineering problems in many fields, notably fluid mechanics and
heat transfer. As far as the mechanics of solids are concerned, dimensional analysis has been
used in the study of the elastic deformation and vibrations of complex engineering structures
(Kramadibrata et al., 2001). It has also been used to establish the modeling criteria for the scale
24

model testing of coal-face production system (Roxborough and Eskikaya, 1974), in subsidence,
modeling was referred to by Whittaker and Reddish (1989), and more recently, its use in rock
excavation and lifting of boring machine was mentioned by Kramadibrata and Jones (1996) and
Kramadibrata, et al. (2000), respectively. In fluid mechanics and many other disciplines of
science and engineering, similitude, dimensional analysis and modeling can be seen as a
conglomeration of useful tools for solving many problems through laboratory investigations. The
application of the Buckingham pi theorem is popularly employed for the development of a set of
dimensionless variables for a given flow or other engineering phenomena. The use of
dimensionless variables in data analysis is most importantly applied for the concepts of modeling
and similitude to develop prediction equations that satisfactorily describe many interacting
physical, mechanical and chemical phenomena. Many fluid mechanics and other engineering
problems are solved by equations and analytical procedures. But some rely solely on
experimental data (Schmidt and Housen, 2011). Because it is often impractical to conduct
experiments under the specific conditions desired, one may wish to redesign the experiment to
make it more manageable. For example, testing at reduced size scale can provide a significant
cost savings, as is often the case in studies of aerodynamics or fluid mechanics. In other
instances, it is not only impractical but impossible to perform the desired experiment. In these
cases, one can simulate a prototype experiment by designing a model experiment with
appropriate test conditions, which may be less expensive or at least attainable.
3. 2 Application of structural analysis Software
In order to cover the basic concepts of structural analysis, simple applets were written to assist in
the understanding of the concepts of determinacy, indeterminacy and stability. The Truss and
25

Frame Determinacy Applets test a student’s understanding of these concepts. Each applet
consists of a series of interactive examples of structures where the student must classify the
structure as unstable, determinate or indeterminate. A third applet for analyzing three-hinged
arches was also written to demonstrate how arches transmit loads. All of these applets described
in this thesis are available on the Internet at the following website:
http://www.Rojiani.structures1.cee.vt.edu.
3.2.1 Truss Determinacy Applet
The Truss Determinacy Applet tests the student’s knowledge of the concepts of stability and
determinacy of trusses. The truss determinacy applet displays a series of trusses and asks the user
to enter the number of joints, members, reactions, and redundant and make a determination as to
whether the truss is unstable, determinate, or indeterminate. For each truss, the user can check
her answers or display the correct answers.
All the members of a truss are pinned and loads are applied only at the joints. Thus, the members
of a truss can only carry axial forces (tension and compression).
3.2.2 Frame Determinacy Applet
The Frame Determinacy applet tests the student’s knowledge of stability and determinacy of
frames. The applet displays a series of frame examples. Users are then asked to enter the number
of reactions, equations, members, degrees of freedom, as well as the degree of external, internal,
and total indeterminacy. For each of the examples, the user can check their answers or have the
applet display the correct answers. The members of a frame are connected by fixed (moment
resisting) joints. Each member of the frame can have three forces: an axial force, a shear force
and a bending moment. A frame is statically determinate if the number of support reactions, u, is
26

equal to the number of equilibrium equations, e. The equilibrium equations include the
summation of forces in the x and y directions, the summation of moments, and any additional
equilibrium equations due to releases (such as a hinge).
3.3 Reasons for rejection of alternative methods
Recent research experiences have shown that there are many situations where analytical methods
cannot be used to estimate certain types of wind loads and associated structural response
(Onundi, 2012). For example, when the aerodynamic shape of the building is rather uncommon
or the building is very flexible so that its motion affects the aerodynamic forces acting on it.
Dimensional analysis identifies the conditions required for similarity and provides the
framework within which the results can be applied to the actual problem of interest. Therefore,
dimensional analysis is a unique technique used in many fields of engineering to facilitate
correlation and interpretation of physical, mechanical and chemical phenomena and experimental
data. It provides a means of combining the many parameters of an experiment into a lesser
number of dimensionless groups. This technique greatly reduces the amount of experimental
work needed to determine the effect of parameter variation on the dependent parameter of the
experiment (Kramadibrata, et al., 2001).
3.4 Types of tests
The structural testing is the testing of the structure of the system or component. It is often
referred to as ‘white box’ or ‘glass box’ or ‘clear-box testing’ because in structural testing we are
interested in what is happening ‘inside the system/application’. In structural testing the testers are
required to have the knowledge of the internal implementations of the code. Here the testers
require knowledge of how the software is implemented, how it works.
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During this testing the tester is concentrating on how the software does it. For example, a
structural technique wants to know how loops in the software are working. Different test cases
may be derived to exercise the loop once, twice, and many times. This may be done regardless of
the functionality of the software.
Structural testing can be used at all levels of testing. Developers use structural testing in
component testing and component integration testing, especially where there is good tool support
for code coverage. Structural testing is also used in system and acceptance testing, but the
structures are different. For example, the coverage of menu options or major business
transactions could be the structural element in system or acceptance testing.
3.4.1 Software Testing Types:
Black box testing – Internal system design is not considered in this type of testing. Tests are
based on requirements and functionality.
White box testing – This testing is based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application’s
code. Also known as Glass box Testing. Internal software and code working should be known
for this type of testing. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths,
conditions.
Unit testing – Testing of individual software components or modules. Typically done by the
programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design
and codes and may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.
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Incremental integration testing – Bottom up approach for testing i.e continuous testing of an
application as new functionality is added; Application functionality and modules should be
independent enough to test separately done by programmers or by testers.
Integration testing – Testing of integrated modules to verify combined functionality after
integration. Modules are typically code modules, individual applications, client and server
applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and
distributed systems.
Functional testing – This type of testing ignores the internal parts and focus on the output is as
per requirement or not. Black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an
application.
System testing – Entire system is tested as per the requirements. Black-box type testing that is
based on overall requirements specifications, covers all combined parts of a system.
End-to-end testing – Similar to system testing, involves testing of a complete application
environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using
network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if
appropriate.
Sanity testing – Testing to determine if a new software version is performing well enough to
accept it for a major testing effort. If application is crashing for initial use then system is not
stable enough for further testing and build or application is assigned to fix.
Regression testing – Testing the application as a whole for the modification in any module or
functionality. Difficult to cover all the system in regression testing so typically automation tools
are used for these testing types.
29

Acceptance testing -Normally this type of testing is done to verify if system meets the customer
specified requirements. User or customer do this testing to determine whether to accept
application.
Load testing – It’s a performance testing to check system behavior under load. Testing an
application under heavy loads, such as testing of a web site under a range of loads to determine
at what point the system’s response time degrades or fails.
Stress testing – System is stressed beyond its specifications to check how and when it fails.
Performed under heavy load like putting large number beyond storage capacity, complex
database queries, continuous input to system or database load.
Performance testing – Term often used interchangeably with ‘stress’ and ‘load’ testing. To
check whether system meets performance requirements. Used different performance and load
tools to do this.
Usability testing – User-friendliness check. Application flow is tested, Can new user understand
the application easily, Proper help documented whenever user stuck at any point. Basically
system navigation is checked in this testing.
Install/uninstall testing – Tested for full, partial, or upgrade install/uninstall processes on
different operating systems under different hardware, software environment.
Recovery testing – Testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other
catastrophic problems.
Security testing – Can system be penetrated by any hacking way. Testing how well the system
protects against unauthorized internal or external access. Checked if system, database is safe
from external attacks.
30

Compatibility testing – Testing how well software performs in a particular
hardware/software/operating system/network environment and different combination s of above.
Comparison testing – Comparison of product strengths and weaknesses with previous versions
or other similar products.
Alpha testing – In house virtual user environment can be created for this type of testing. Testing
is done at the end of development. Still minor design changes may be made as a result of such
testing.
Beta testing – Testing typically done by end-users or others. Final testing before releasing
application for commercial purpose.
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CHAPTER 4 – ANALYSIS
4.1 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF BURJ KHALIFA
The Burj Khalifa venture is a multi-purpose development tower with a total floor area of
460,000sqm that comprises residential, hotel, commercial, office, entertainment, shopping,
leisure, and parking facilities. It is aimed to be the focus of the large scale Burj Khalifa
Development that ascends over 800 meters and is made up of more than 160 floors. The design
of Burj Khalifa is gotten from the form of the desert flower, which is native to the region, and the
patterning systems personified in Islamic architecture. The tower massing is ordered around a
central core with three wings. Each wing consists of four bays and at every seventh floor, one
outer bay peels away as the structure spirals into the sky which is unlike most skyscrapers with
deep floor plates. The Y-shaped floor and foundational outline of the Burj Khalifa give tenants
the best views and provide them with plenty of natural light. This sectional Y-shaped building
which reduces in girth at every seventh floor was part of the originally planned concept that gave
Skidmore Owings and Merrill the win at the invited design competition. The pylon framework of
Burj Khalifa is designed as an all strengthened concrete structure with high-performance
concrete from the foundation level to level 156 and is crowned with a structural steel braced
frame from level 156 to the highest point of the tower.
The tower structure is also compelled by wind engineering requirements to reduce the dynamic
wind pressure. As the tower twists into the sky, the building’s width and shape diminish, thereby
minimizing the wind changing effects, movement, and acceleration. Incorporating wind
engineering leading light and requirements into the architectural design of the tower caused a
stable dynamic response, and in taming the powerful wind forces. The structural build of the
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tower was bordered on the objectives of combining the structural and architectural design
concept from the beginning of the design process. Although too many operational alternatives
were considered, high-performance concrete of its mass, stiffness, high strength, moldability,
continuity, pumping ability, and speed of construction, local availability, and advanced structural
systems, was selected as the primary structural material for the tower for the most important
reason—the residential use of the building.
4.2 ANALYSIS OF TEST 1- THE SHAPE OF FRAMED TUBES IN BURJ KHALIFA
The framed-tube systems, which make up the basis of tube systems, can be best described as
having evolved from rigid frame systems and are alternative to shear frame systems. It was
innovated by the exceptional structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan. The most noteworthy
feature of the system, also known as the “vierendeel tube system” or “perforated tube system”, is
the closely spaced perimeter and exterior columns, which are usually spaced at 1.5 to 4.5m
centres, linked by deep spandrel beams at floor levels. It is necessary to increase the dimensions
of the perimeter columns and spandrel beams if there need be in order to secure the behaviour of
the framed tube system. The measurements and spacing of the columns and the flexural stiffness
of the spandrel beam directly affect the tubular nature of the framed tube system. In the framed
tube system, pure tubular cantilever behaviour cannot be fully attained because of the flexibility
of the spandrel beams so that there can be minor bending distortion while transferring the shear
forces to the columns. The real behaviour of the system is the behaviour of a vertical cantilever
and that of a frame. Partial flexural and shear stiffness of the spandrel beams results in bending
distortion, so the axial stresses in the corner perimeter columns increase while they decrease in
the inner perimeter columns. In this way, the distribution of axial compressive and tensile
33

stresses formed in the perimeter columns in response to the lateral loads cannot be linear. This
phenomenon is known as “shear lag”, which depends upon the stiffness of the spandrel beam.
Making the spandrel beams deeper and the perimeter columns more closely spaced mitigates the
“shear lag” phenomenon. Placing the long sides of the rectangular columns’ cross-sections along
the building facade also contributes positively to the stiffness of the spandrel beams. The
behaviour of the framed-tube is obtained by placing the perimeter columns usually at 1.5 to 4.5m
centres. Closely spacing the perimeter columns and increasing the depth of the spandrel beams
may test the height limits of the framed tube system.
4.3 ANALYSIS OF TEST 2 – THE SIZE OF FRAMED TUBES IN BURJ KHALIFA
The diagrid-framed-tube system can be formed by using closely spaced diagonal braces instead
of vertical columns. This system is more effective against lateral loads than the conventional
framed-tube system. Placing the elements in a closely spaced diagrid pattern provides sufficient
resistance against vertical and lateral loads. While the shear forces caused by lateral loads are
met by the bending strength of the columns and beams in the framed-tube system, in the diagrid-
framed-tube system they are met by the axial compressive and tensile strength of the diagonal
braces. In tall buildings where lateral loads are critical, shear forces are met by axial deformation
of the diagonal braces instead of bending deformation of the beams and columns, which
significantly increases the efficiency of the structural system.
Wall and column sizes were optimized using virtual work / LaGrange multiplier methods,
resulting in a very efficient structure. Wall thickness and column sizes were also fine-tuned to
reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage on the structure. To reduce the effects of differential
column shortening due to creep between the perimeter columns and interior walls, the perimeter
34

columns were sized such that the self-weight gravity stress on the perimeter columns was equal
to the stress on the interior corridor walls. The outriggers at the five mechanical floors tie all the
vertical load carrying elements together, further ensuring uniform gravity stress by essentially
allowing the structure to redistribute gravity loads at five locations along the building’s height,
thereby reducing differential creep movements. With respect to concrete shrinkage, the perimeter
columns and corridor walls were given matching thicknesses of 600mm, which provided them
with similar volume to surface ratios. This measure allows the columns and walls to generally
shorten at the same rate due to concrete shrinkage.
4.4 ANALYSIS OF TEST 3 – THE HEIGHT OF FRAMED TUBES IN BURJ KHALIFA
It is preeminent to use all the erect elements for both gravity and wind loads in line to have an
operational supertall structure and in order to achieve this on the Burj Khalifa, it was necessary
to engage all of the perimeter columns of the structure. For the reason that the tower has great
height, the virtual outrigger used on Tower Palace III was substituted by a direct outrigger. In
addition to engaging the perimeter for lateral load resistance, the outriggers let the columns and
walls to redistribute loads many a time throughout the building’s height. This phenomenon helps
control any differential shortening between the columns and the core so that by the time the
building meets the ground, the loads in the walls are somewhat ordinary, and the dissimilarity of
this case to other many buildings in which the columns at the base are massive, most of the Burj
Khalifa’s base columns are moderately thin and only slightly thicker than those at the top. The
Burj Khalifa’s structural system was created with a mindful effort to follow and complement
current construction technology. The aim was to use an exceedingly mapped out system with
conventional elements that would provide a high recurrence of formwork.
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4.5 ANALYSIS OF TEST 4 – THE NUMBER OF FRAMED TUBES IN BURJ KHALIFA
The outermost shell of Burj Khalifa is made of reflective aluminum and textured stainless steel
spandrel panels with various small tubular fins. This design was aimed at resisting the strong
desert heat and solar rays. It is estimated that the outer temperature at the top of the building will
be 6 °C cooler than at its base and the tower is delivered with 18 permanently installed the track
and fixed telescopic, cradle equipped, building maintenance units and these track mounted units,
which are hidden when not in use, will be utilized for both window washing and exterior fascia
maintenance. With the use of these, the exterior may be accessed from the top down to level
seven of the tower which under normal circumstances, and when all building maintenance units
are in operation, it will take three to four months to clean the entire exterior fascia.
4.6 ANALYSIS OF TEST 5- THE CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE SHAPE OF
THE BURJ KHALIFA
The structure of Burj Khalifa was designed to behave like a giant column with cross-sectional
shape that is a reflection of the building massing and profile and the story of structural system
selection and the structural system optimization is a novel one and cannot be covered here in
details, however, this paper will provide:
a. A brief on the key issues that led to the structural system selection and the key issues
considered in integrating structural design concepts and construction planning into the
architectural design concept.
b. A detailed understanding of the overall structural and foundation system behaviors of the
tower that are considered critical to the development of the survey and structural health
monitoring programs for the tower.
36

c. And a detailed description of the comprehensive real-time SHM and survey programs
developed for Burj Khalifa.
The development of the survey and SHM program for Burj Khalifa, at the time of the system
installation, is probably one of the most comprehensive survey and real-time SHM programs in
the history of supertall buildings that will track the structural behaviors and responses of the
tower during construction and during its lifetime.
The intent of this watching program is to confirm the actual dynamic characteristics and response
of the building, including its natural mode of vibration, estimate of damping, measuring the
building displacement and acceleration, immediate detection of the change in building structural
behavior, identify potential of fatigue at structural elements that are considered fatigue sensitive
and that could be subjected to severe and sustained wind induced vibration at different wind
speeds and profiles, and most importantly in providing real-time feedback on the performance of
the building structure and immediate assistance in their day-to-day operations.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Every project managers does his work believing that he did his best in the project and that he
thought in the right direction about the project. But there are some issues that when other people
look at the project, would have done them differently. Some of the recommendation concerning
the Burj Khalif are as follows:
1. Maintaining communication with people and the Dubai government would really help in
the maximization of the project. Communication are solutions and key to a lot of
problems. The Burj Khalif should strive towards maintaining the characteristics and the
37

fame it has now since other taller buildings are going to be coming up soon. To do this,
the Burj Khalif should be having characteristics like of an empire.it should concentrate on
offering their customers a variety of benefits other than focusing on the customers
luxuries alone. Cooperation between it and the general public of the nation in key to
sustaining the competiveness feature it has.
1. Dubai needs to invest more in the Burj Khalif project for it to be a public place where
people can go freely for leisure, to relax, to meet up. If it is not made a public place, then
it means that only the rich people can go there and therefore getting a bad reputation.it
would be a great and a well-known building but without any connection to the general
public
2. The project’s plan changed during the implementation. The target of the project was to be
seven hundred but the current building is more than that. Increased project life increases
risks and cost too. This caused an economic downturn in Dubai. The costs that were
estimated for the study would have been the ones used and the project stopped at where
the project managers and the committee had agreed it would reach during the first
meetings but not changing the plan during the implementation.
3. One of the man objective that a project is supposed to meet are the shareholder’s
expectations and win their trust as well. Burj Khalif did not meet the expectations of its
stakeholder in terms of cost and time. The changes that were implemented concerning the
interior design for a cheaper one to a more expensive one increased the prices of the
project way above what the shareholders expected.
38

An effective planning and implementation of any project is hereby suggested. Planning
and implementation of a project influences its profitability, efficiencies and effectiveness
as a whole and therefore need for the project managers to stick to the previous plan and
agreements.
CONCLUSION
The above study as greatly discussed the tallest building in the world which is a great
phenomenon in the Middle East. The project met most of its objectives expects of some little
project failures.
The project has brought some good benefits to the ad of Dubai. Some of the benefits are that
new technologies have been experienced in the country through the construction of this
project.The project has now become a great thing in the country and therefore more investments
required on the same.
From the above study, it is clear that the world is better place with infrastructures and
infrastructures are better with technology invested in the building of the infrastructure. The
building of long story buildings was been adopted in the 19th century in a great number.
Increased number of people in the world has led to the adoption of having story buildings. This
has improved space usage and therefore the other space left for other use.
The study relies on the Burj Khalif which is tallest artificial structure in the world which took six
years from planning to completion in the 20th century. Current study focuses on positive and
39

negative aspect of each structural system used in construction of high raised buildings.
Correspondingly, comparison of each structural system is done so as to assess effectiveness of
the same in construction industry.
From the above study, it is clear that there are several types of materials that can be used in the
construction of any infrastructure but steel is the best and mostly used. This is because it is
cheaper to construct, helps in providing high portion to weight and can easily be installed and
stransported.it the mostly used in the building of long buildings due to the above advantages. It is
very important for an engineer to assess any structure’s environmental, economical,
serviceability aspects if it is to be used by the public.
Tubular design system is the most fundamental design to use in tall buildings.it was was
introduced by Fazul Khan who was a structural engineer and architect (Kattke, Braun and
Goldin, 2011).tube structures cut down the cost allowing buildings to reach greater heights at the
ame time.the strong influence the tubular design is also evident in the construction of the current
tallest skyscraper the Burj Khalif
There are key considerations that should be made when designing tall buildings and none of
them is less important. Considering all these aspects helps plan better for the project. Some of the
key considerations are stated in the above research.it should be noted that the stability of any
building is affected by the height of the building and the structure of the building as well.
The best frame structure for skyscrapers is the rigid frame structure system which helps reflect
the architectural shape.
40

From the above discussion, it is therefore possible for ne to draw a conclusion that the project
was a success to a great percentage and that it would bring enormous positive outcome to Dubai
as a whole in the long run.
41

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