Student Assessment: Tasks 1 and 2 - IV Medication Administration and Electrolyte Imbalance

This document discusses IV medication administration, electrolyte imbalance, and acid-base imbalance. It covers topics such as drug schedules, rationale for IV medication, protocol for blood/blood product administration, nursing considerations, and more. It also explains the importance of electrolytes in the human body, electrolyte imbalance, and electrolyte replacement solutions.

Running Head: STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1AND 2.
Name
Institutional affiliation

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
Q1. What drug schedule is medication which is administered IV? Refer to drugs and
poison schedules by law
IV medications are an example of prescription-only medicines. They are classified under the
schedule IV of the drugs and poisons schedule of Australia (Schipp, 2012). These drugs are
prepared for therapeutic use. Their administration, however, requires supervision from a
professional medical practitioner (used to mean a qualified doctor, nurse, pharmacist). The
efficacy and safety of these drugs require further assessment to determine their potential to cause
harm to the patient (Australian government therapeutic goods administration. Scheduling basics,
2011).
Q2. What is the rationale for a doctor to prescribe medication to be administered IV? Take
into consideration bioavailability of drugs?
The reasoning behind the prescription of medications that are administered by IV is to achieve
the desired therapeutic effect as quickly as possible. IV administration releases drugs directly
into the bloodstream where they are distributed and carried to their target site for action ( Keers
et al., 2013). Before the prescription, a doctor considers the following: the health status of the
patient, to determine whether a rapid response is needed, the properties of the medication, since
some medicines are only feasible when administered intravenously, the dosage, etc. (The
Nursing Times, 2007).
Q3. You are required to administer blood/blood product to a patient. What is the protocol
for this procedure? Including storage of blood. What fluids are not compatible with
blood/blood products?
To begin with, I will check the identity of the patient and the blood bag in the presence of a
doctor or another nurse, to eliminate any possibility of transfusion errors, such as blood group

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
incompatibility. I will then inspect the guidelines for rate of transfusion, and then obtain the
blood or blood samples from storage and administer it immediately using a new sterile blood
administration set in accordance with the instructions given by Klein and Anstee (2014). I will
then follow the progress of the transfusion and record it accordingly. Before and after
transfusion, I will confirm that the accepted blood storage instrument is operating optimally and
then store the blood in the required conditions in a refrigerator blood bank (Epstein, 2012).
Q4. What education will you give to your patient before you commence IV fluid
administration? Including possible side effects?
I will tell the patient the circumstances under which an IV therapy is done, and why it is being
performed to them. I will also inform them that the catheter is held in place using a transparent
dressing to facilitate the observation and monitoring of the IV site. I will urge them to alert me or
any other attendant in case they feel itched at the IV site, or when the site becomes red, or it
swells. I will tell them that the swelling, redness, itching, bleeding, or pain are signs of
undesirable effects. Furthermore, I will say to them that, the IV pump has an alarm and informs
them the purpose of the signal. I will urge them not to reinsert the IV catheter back in place if it
is pulled out but should alert the doctor or myself immediately.
Q5. What are the common sites for jelco/cannula insertion? How are you going secure the
cannula in place?
The sites include metacarpal veins, the dorsal vein network axillary basilic vein scalp veins such
as occipital veins and posterior auricular vein, the antecubital fossa, and the dorsal venous arch
and venous plexus of the foot. The cannula will be held in place by using a sterile tape. It will be
attached to the skin in such a way that it does not cause discomfort to the patient, and also stays
in place( lopez and Reyes-Ortiz, 2010).

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
Q6. What are the nursing considerations before IV medication administration?
Prior to an IV administration, the nurse in charge should be well informed on the patient’s
medical history (Dabliz and Levine, 2012). The considerations include allergic reaction to the
drug, possible local reaction, urticaria, dyspnea, angioedema, and nasal congestion (Carlson,
1986). The nurse ensures that the IV catheter is placed correctly, to avoid irritation and vascular
damage caused by the push drugs. The nurse should also confirm that the right dosage is
administered and monitor the patient since IV medications tend to act rapidly ( Trim and Roe,
2004).
Q7. What are the 8 Rs for IV medication administration?
The rights of medication administration are recommendations that have been put in place to
minimize medical errors. They are: right patient, which ensures that the is medication is given to
the right patient; the correct route, where the nurse checks the order appropriateness of the path
of drug administration and ensures that they can receive the medication by the ordered route; the
right time of administration; the correct documentation to eliminate confusion; the right reason;
the right dosage; the right medication; and right response, where the patient is monitored for the
desired outcome (Kuperman et al., 2001).
Q8. What is the checking procedure for IV medication administration to prevent
medication error?
The checking procedure is a guideline that helps nurses to avoid medication errors. To ensure no
mistakes occur during IV medication administration, ensure that; the five rights of medication
administration are followed, proper medication reconciliation procedures are followed, double-
check the process before drug administration, IV medications are appropriately stored before,
and after use, the needles and catheter tubing to be used are new and sterile, and document

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
everything clearly, always have a drug guide and in the correct manner (Alsulami, Choonara and
Conroy, 2014)
Q9. Before you administer IV medication what risk assessment you need to perform?
Evaluation of risks is done to point out the causes of errors and to establish an appropriate
preventive mechanism. Risk assessment helps the nurse avoid human errors that often occur
during drug administration (Cohen, 2007). It is carried out prior to IV medication, to ensure that
the medication is administered successfully to prevent any form of discomfort or even death to
the patient. The following will be checked; the volume of the medication, drug compatibility, the
rate at which the medication will be administered, the type of solvent used, and the additives
included (Westbrook et al., 2011).
Q10. How are IV medications stored? Include schedule drug 8.
Medicines are poisons and must be treated as such. All medications come with an expiry date
and guidelines for appropriate storage. Conditions for storage such as temperature, humidity,
duration should be adhered to for proper drug storage. The storage requirements for each drug
are to be applied to that drug alone because different drugs have different constituents which
confer various properties to the drug. Schedule 8 drugs are controlled medications. These drugs
have a high likelihood of being abused and causing addiction and must be appropriately secured
from the reach of patients, medical practitioners, and visitors ( Ewen et al., 2015).
. Q11. IV medication has 100% availability, why may doctor prescribe to monitor “trough
and peak” of a particular IV medication? Explain what the terminology means? Give 2
examples of drugs which require trough and peak levels.
The trough phase is the lowest concentration of a drug in a patient’s blood. The peak on the other
hand refers to the highest level a drug in the patient’s blood. For adequate medical care,

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
therapeutic agents must be monitored properly. A doctor will prescribe to monitor the trough and
peak of a particular medication to help in the evaluation of the dosage levels of the drugs to be
administered and to determine whether an IV medication is consistently within the therapeutic
range. To assess the concentration of a drug during the trough, a specimen is taken before drug
administration, whereas during the peak phase, specimen collection is dependent on the route of
administration. Examples of peak and trough drugs are phenobarbital and digoxin.
Q12. Your patient is complaining of pain at site of jelco/cannula insertion. What you going
to do? State your actions including documentation
Pain is an early symptom of phlebitis and is an indication that the peripheral intravenous cannula
(PIVC) has malfunctioned. In this situation, I will remove the PIVC. I will then consider
inserting another catheter, in case the patient is still in need of a cannula. I will then place the
arm on the pillow, so that it rests in an elevated angle, and apply hot or cold packs to relieve the
inflammation and also offer paracetamol to the patient. I will then continue to monitor the
progress of the patient and document the cause of the pain and the progress of the patient after
the corrective measure.
Q13. Explain the difference of these types of solutions and state reason why and when they
would be administered, give an example for each:
Isotonic Solution is a solution that contains the same amount of solutes and water relative to the
cell’s cytoplasm. Isotonic solutions are administered to increase the volume of the extracellular
fluid, for instance, after surgery, blood loss, dehydration, etc.
Hypotonic Solution: is a solution whose concentration is lower than that of the cell’s interior.
When placed into a hypotonic solution, the cell takes up water via osmosis and swells.
Hypotonic solutions are administered in circumstances of cell dehydration, to bring the osmotic

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
pressure of the cytosol back to normal, for instance when a patient develops diabetic ketoacidosis
(McNab et al., 2014).
Hypertonic Solution: this solution contains a higher amount of solutes as compared to the
cell’s cytosol. The cell, therefore, loses water by osmosis and shrinks. Hypertonic solutions are
administered mainly in the intensive care unit (ICU) to curb the rising side effects of pulmonary
edema (Wang, 2015).
Q.14.What are electrolytes? Explain the importance they play in the human body
Electrolytes are charged minerals that are found in the fluids, e.g., blood, urine sweat, semen, etc.
they are formed when essential minerals dissolve in the fluids, making them charged. Examples
of electrolytes include sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and magnesium. They
are obtained mainly through diet. Electrolytes serve the following functions in the body;
functioning of the nervous system, muscle function e.g., calcium is needed for muscle
contraction, ensure proper hydration especially sodium, which maintains the osmotic pressure of
the body. Electrolytes are also involved in the maintenance of a pH range that is optimum for the
functioning of body organs (Hoorn, 2017).
Q15. What is electrolyte imbalance? Where would you find the information and how can
the imbalance be corrected?
Electrolyte imbalance is the deviation of the amount of electrolytes in the body from the normal,
causing a lack of equilibrium ( Balci et al., 2013). Electrolyte imbalance is caused by many
factors, including sweat during exercise, diarrhea, vomiting, blood loss, in the urine, etc. the
clinical manifestations for electrolyte imbalance vary depending on the type of electrolyte
involved and the amount lost or gained. Examples are; general body weakness, bone disorders,
seizures, twitching, irregularity in the heartbeat, nervous system disorders, confusion, etc. the

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
condition is corrected by restoring the level of the electrolyte in question to normal, e.g., by
administration via IV.
Q16. What is electrolyte replacement solution? Explain and give an example of a situation
where replacement solution would be required.
Electrolyte replacement solution is a solution that is prepared by dissolving the appropriate
amount of the desired mineral into a proper volume of water and administered either orally or via
injection. It is delivered in circumstances of low electrolyte levels to bring the level back to
normal. It is also used to correct dehydration. Electrolyte replacement therapy may be needed in
a situation of excessive diarrhea. Diarrhea causes both electrolyte imbalance and dehydration.
Supplementing the body with the replacement 6therapy helps alleviate the symptoms of
electrolyte imbalance and dehydration (Suempelmann, 2010).
Q.17 Explain acid base imbalance, including laboratory results. What are the laboratory
findings in respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?
The acid-base imbalance is an anomaly in the normal equilibrium of acids and bases in the body,
which results in a deviation of the plasma pH out of the normal range. The normal plasma pH
range of the body is between 7.35 to 7.45. Laboratory results showing plasma pH below 7.35 or
above 7.45 indicates an acid-base imbalance. Acid-base imbalance causes either acidosis or
alkalosis. Acidosis and alkalosis can either be respiratory, which arises due to a problem in the
lungs, and metabolic, which arises due to a problem with the kidneys. Laboratory results for
respiratory acidosis are: excess CO2 retention, pH< 7.35, HCO3- > 28 mEq/L (if compensating),
and PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg. For respiratory alkalosis, the results are: excess CO2 excretion, pH >
7.45, HCO3- < 24 mEq/L (if compensating), PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg. The findings for metabolic
acidosis include HCO3- loss (acid retention), pH < 7.35, HCO3- < 24 mEq/L, and PaCO2 > 35

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
mm Hg (if compensating), while those for alkalosis are: HCO3- retention (acid loss), pH > 7.45,
HCO3- > 28 mEq/L, and PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg (nurselearning.com, n.d).
Q18 What kind of documentation you need before you administer IV fluids/medications?
Before intravenous fluid administration can start a nurse must have necessary documents that are
required for the procedure to take place. The documents are; a record of the patient’s medical
history, laboratory results if any, and a document for monitoring and recording the progress of
the patient
Q19 Give an example and name of one drug from each group of medications that could be
administered IV:
 Beta-blockers: metoprolol, e.g., Toprol XL
 calcium channel blockers: verapamil, e.g., Calan
 Anti-hypertensives (other): enalapril
 Diuretics: Thiazide diuretics, e.g., metolazone
 Statins: lovastatin, e.g., altoprev
 Anticoagulants: thrombin inhibitors, e.g., Angiomax (Pro)
 Sedatives: benzodiazepines, e.g., Valium.
 Antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), e.g., Prozac
(fluoxetine)
 Antipsychotics: antipsychotic drugs used to treat bipolar disorder, e.g., aripiprazole
 Antimicrobials: streptomycin
 Vitamins/minerals: prenatal plus

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
 H2-inhibitors: Famotidine
 Proton pump inhibitors: esomeprazole, e.g., Nexium IV
 Antiemetic’s: antiemetic drugs for motion sickness, e.g., diphenhydramine
 Hypoglycemic agents: Sulfonylureas, e.g., glimepiride
 Respiratory medication: antihistamines, e.g., Allegra
 Analgesics: oxycodone, e.g., Roxicodone
 Narcotics: narcotic analgesics, e.g., morphine
 Steroids: corticosteroids, e.g., bethamethasone
 Anesthetics: barbiturates, e.g., methohexital
 Anticonvulsants: Depakene e.g., valproic acid.
Q20. Define following terms in one or two sentences:
· Drug toxicology is the study of adverse chemical substances and their effects on living
organisms.
· Anaphylactic reaction: is a severe allergic reaction to substances that occurs within minutes of
exposure to the allergen.
· Contraindications: are directives to medical practitioners not to administer a particular drug,
or undertake a certain procedure due to its potentially detrimental side effects to a patient’s
health.
· Precautions: precautions are measures which when taken, prevents harmful side effects of a
drug from occurring.
What is the difference between a side effect and an adverse reaction?

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
A side effect is an undesirable symptom resulting from substance administration. Side effects
arise when a treatment goes beyond the desired effect. An adverse reaction, on the other hand, is
an unintended therapeutic event that is usually either unforeseen or arises from a dangerous
reaction of the body to the drug (leaman et al., 2010).
Q21. IV tubing must be changed every 72 hours. True or False?
True. A catheter set that remains attached to the patient continuously must be replaced after
every 72 hours to breaks in the closed administration system (Nursing 2007, 2007). The IV
system should also be replaced whenever there is a cause to believe that the sterility of the fluid
pathway has been compromised. Changing the Catheter ensures that the safety of the patient is
upheld, and also prevents any possibility of infections to people visiting the patient. Furthermore
replacing the IV tubing eliminates any chances of blockage of the tubing that will compromise
drug administration.
Q22. It is not necessary to wear gloves when discontinuing an IV since there is no risk of
exposure to blood or other body fluids. True or false?
False. A nurse must always be gloved when handling their patients, especially where body fluids
are involved. Wearing gloves protects both the nurse and the patients from infection from the
other. Discontinuing an IV leaves a wound on the patient, which allows the flow of blood from
the patient before clotting kicks in. Gloves also protect the nurse from contaminations on the IV
system.
Q23. In order to prevent needle, stick and exposure to blood borne pathogens, it is of
utmost importance that health care professionals dispose of all used IV catheters and
cannulas in the proper container. True or False?

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
True. The IV tubing system must be disposed of correctly and in the right container, to prevent
contamination. Needles and other sharp objects must be disposed of in a separate container from
blunt objects (Pat Crellin, 2015). The containers should be appropriately labeled, to avoid any
confusion that may lead to contamination. Fluid wastes should be disposed of down the sink,
which should then be sterilized. Collected solid wastes including used gloves should be
incinerated.
Q24. The doctor orders an isotonic fluid for a patient. Which of the following is not an
isotonic fluid?
A) 0.9% Normal Saline
B) 5% dextrose in water
C) Lactated Ringer’s
D) 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer’s
(D) 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer’s is a hypertonic solution (Perry and Ostendorf, 2016). It
contains Sodium chloride USP, Sodium lactate, potassium chloride USP; calcium chloride
dehydrate USP and hydrous dextrose USP. Administration of 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer’s is
given to replenish electrolytes and calories. It also acts as a source of water for hydration. It
contains lactate that produces a metabolic alkalinizing effect. It is given to both adult and
pediatric patients and is inadvisable not to administer in conditions where sodium, potassium,
calcium, chloride, or lactate are detrimental to the health of the patient.
Q26 A patient is being admitted with dehydration due to nausea and vomiting. Which fluid
would you expect the patient to be started on?
A) 0.225 Saline
B) 5% Dextrose

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
C) 0.45 Saline
D) 0.9% Normal Saline
(A). 0.225 Saline. This solution contains 0.225g salt in an appropriate volume of distilled water
and therefore has the lowest solute concentration. A patient suffering from dehydration has an
excess of solutes in the body and needs water to bring the osmotic pressure back to normal. A
hypotonic fluid is recommended, to ensure rapid uptake of water by the cells via osmosis.
Q27. Isotonic fluids cause shifting of water from the extracellular space to the intracellular
space. True or False?
False. Isotonic fluids are administered to replenish the extracellular fluids, following an injury or
surgery that results in loss of blood. It serves to prevent the flow of water from the cells into the
extracellular space by osmosis, which may result in dehydration ( Crawford, Ann and Helene,
2011).
Scenario 1
What are the legal implications in this scenario?
Theo being an EN, is less qualified to perform nursing duties, especially complicated procedures
such as removal of catheters, and the nursing laws stipulate that an EN must work under
supervision from an RN. May, the nurse in charge of the patient in question is, therefore liable
for any errors that Theo may perform while administering the medication. Such errors may cause
patient discomfort or even death. Theo will be at risk of never getting a license while May will
lose hers for this malpractice.
· With the view that medication error accounts for majority of reported mistakes find a
coroner case/serious drug error scenario related to IV medication error done by nurses.

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
You can locate this type of information on APHRA website. Give brief summary of the case
and include the article as an Appendix.
The case of Mayra Cabrera, a 30-year-old nurse, who died an hour after delivery is an example
of the consequence of tragic medication errors done by nurses. Cabrera died in 2004, after an
intravenous administration of bupivacaine, instead of being given a saline solution to restore her
blood pressure. Intravenous administration of bupivacaine caused toxicity that led to her
suffering a grand mal seizure and developed cardiac arrest. Investigations into the incident
showed that 150 ml of a 500 ml bag of 0.1% bupivacaine in saline had been dispensed
wrongfully, causing toxicity (Steven Morris, 2010).
Scenario 2,
Are Emilia’s vital signs within limits for her age?
Yes. The heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate of an infant aged between one month and
twelve months are 100-150 beats per minute, 80-100/55-65, and 30-55 breaths per minute. Her
blood oxygen level (SpO2) is, however, lower than the normal level. The normal SpO2 is usually
between 95% to 100% and around 95% for elderly people. Emilia’s SpO2 is 93%, which is very
low. That level of SpO2 is usually associated with asthma, heart diseases, and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (Judith Marcin, 2017).
· How you are going to administer the dose? State step by step the preparation and way of
administration.
I will first calculate the amount of drug to be administered. The doctor’s instruction is the
injection of 70mg of Flucloxacilin, which translates to 1.4ml in volume. using a new syringe and
needle, I will draw 1.4ml of the medication. I will then inject the liquid drug into the infusion

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
bag, so that the medication can be delivered alongside the 4% dextrose in normal saline infusion.
I will then monitor Amelia’s response to the medication, and document the observations.
· What education you going to give to Amelia’s parents?
To begin with, I will give a brief history of the disease from which their daughter suffers. I will
explain to Amelia’s parents the procedure to be followed, and why it is necessary. I will also
educate them about the deviation of the results in SpO2 levels showed in the laboratory report of
Amelia, and explain to them what it means. Finally, I will guide them through the signs and
symptoms of lung failure, so that they are prepared in case of a future recurrence.
Scenario 3
Explain PCA its use advantages and disadvantages.
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is an effective procedure that is increasingly being used to
achieve postoperative pain control. Analgesics are self-administered intravenously using a
programmable infusion pump (Soffin and Liu, 2018).
Advantages
 There is improved pain relief
 There are fewer postoperative complications as compared to oral or intramuscular
injection
 The chances of sedation are significantly reduced
 It offers a greater satisfaction to patients.
 The time spent by nurses in drug administration is lowered
 Painful injections are avoided in this procedure
Disadvantages
 There is increased responsibility for own care

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
 There is a lot of pain after surgery and before the method effects its action.
 The procedure takes a more extended period to bring about pain relief.
 There is fear of drug addiction
 A patient is denied the chance to sleep at night.
· How often do you do observations on patient with PCA?
I usually check on patients with PCA, after every half an hour especially during the first twenty-
four hours of using PCA, and during the night. I do this to eliminate the chances of
hypoventilation and hypoxia, which tend to occur in these periods. For other patients, I observe
them, after every two to three hours to evaluate the sedation level of the patients, and make sure
that they are as comfortable as possible, and that their vital signs are within the required range.
· What could be the reason for Mr Howard experiencing pain?
The dosage being administered may have been insufficient, due to incorrect calculations by the
doctor. Mr. Howard recently underwent a total knee replacement (TKR) surgery. The pain he
suffers is a direct consequence of the operation. The PCA method usually takes a while before
the medication can take effect. It also does not allow the patient to fall asleep since he is needed
to administer the medication. This means that he has to be alert at all times and therefore suffers
the pain of surgery.
· How is PCA prepared and managed?

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
Prior to PCA administration, the prescribed opioid is diluted accordingly with normal saline. The
amount of medication to be administered every time the patient presses the button is fed into the
pump. The doctor also sets up the time interval for the administration of the opioids. The patient
administers the prescribed medicine by pressing a button (Chen et al., 2011). The machine is set
to sound an alarm in case the volume of the opioid is below the minimum mark, or when it is not
releasing drugs.
· What education do you need to give to patient with PCA?
Before commencing the PCA, I will teach the patient how to operate the PCA pump. I will first
inform the patient of the reasons for using PCA. I will then tell them that the pump has an alarm
system that alerts the user in case the medication runs low. I will also inform the patient that the
machine will take a little while before the drug kicks in and that they should not administer
another dose. I will also tell them that they are required to stay alert to administer the medication
(Ossenkoppele et al., 2015).
· As you are assessing his vital signs he complains of nausea. What kind of medications he
may have prescribed PRN?
Nausea is a side effect of administration of some opioids via the PCA method. It may also have
arisen to the irritations of drugs used during surgery. To minimize the discomfort of the patient,
pro re nata (PRN) medications are used to lower the feeling of nausea (Smyth, toombes and
Usher, 2011). Reversing agents such as Narcan for narcotics and Rumazican for benzodiazepam
may be used to correct the nauseating effects of the drugs used.
· Describe health issue which may affect drug effectiveness.
The health of a person determines how effective the administered drug will be. Some health
complications adversely influence the way a drug works. Inflammations in the lining of the

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
stomach, for instance, cause ulceration of the mucosa membrane lining the stomach. Drugs
administered orally can, therefore not be efficiently absorbed. Such a situation lowers the
effectiveness of the medication, leading to the deterioration of the patient (Titus, Kestenmeier
and Otterson, 2013).
· What is your scope of practice as an EN in managing PCA?
I am able to set up the PCA pump correctly and educate the patient on how to use it. I am also
well informed on the side effects of the procedure and its management, and thus I can effectively
administer opioids and ensure that the pump operates as required. I am however not authorized to
prescribe the medications.

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT: TASKS 1 AND 2
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