Study to Mitigate Accidents in the Construction Sectors

Running head: Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Major Research Project: Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Acknowledgement
Conducting the research study enhances me to improve my knowledge as well as analytical
ability. It gave me the chance to face challenges all the while and conquer them. It will not be
possible to conduct the research without the significant direction of my professors, companions
and every one of who have added to this advancing knowledge. I will also want to thank my
supervisor ________________ for helping me in my research work as well as given me his full
support during the research process. I would also thank all the participants within this study for
giving their time and helping me out. From the support of people, I am inspired to work on the
research in this subject area. Finally, thank you to my family members those help me and
encourage me. I would like to thank Swinburne University of Technology to carry out my
research work.
Thank You.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Abstract
As the growth of the construction industry in Australia is blossoming, it causes an increase into
competition of the projects to execute among the construction firms. Those are achieved at
expense of the workers for their safety. Identification of various causes of the incidents into the
construction sites and means to reduce of those incidents are being acknowledged. This
particular study acknowledges the main causes of the accidents and suggested ways to mitigate
the accidents into the construction sectors. The location of the project is South Australia and
Australian Capital Territory regions. SPSS software is used to analyze the obtained data. The
data are obtained from 10 years (2006-2016) of data on property damage. From the research, it is
seen that the main victim of the construction site incidents are construction workers. Loss of time
into the project execution is the major effects which caused by the accidents. In order to ensure
safety and reduction of occurrence of incidents, proper strategies are used to minimize the
incidents and reduce the property damage. The construction firm must undertake as well as
implement of safety policies, gears and provide training on the safety measures. Accident
prevention methods are used to ensure a safe working environment to the workers.
Keywords: Property damage, Construction site incidents, SPSS software, Accident prevention
methods

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................8
1.1 Research Background............................................................................................................8
1.1.1 Serious claims by mechanism of injury..........................................................................9
1.2 Research Aim and Objectives..............................................................................................10
1.3 Research Questions..............................................................................................................11
1.4 Research Scope....................................................................................................................11
1.5 Research Outline..................................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................14
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................14
2.2 Overview of construction industry of Australia and its hazardous incidents......................14
2.3 Major incidents happened on the construction site..............................................................17
2.4 Analyzing the major causes of construction safety incidents based on its occurrences......21
2.5 Strategies to reduce occurrence of major causes and property damage..............................23
2.6 Summary..............................................................................................................................27
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................28
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................28
3.2 Research Philosophy............................................................................................................28
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................30
3.4 Research design...................................................................................................................32

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
3.5 Data collection.....................................................................................................................34
3.5.1 Data sources..................................................................................................................36
3.5.2 Data techniques.............................................................................................................36
3.6 Sample.................................................................................................................................39
3.7 Gantt chart for the research study........................................................................................39
3.8 Ethical considerations..........................................................................................................40
3.9 Summary..............................................................................................................................41
Chapter 4: Results and analysis.....................................................................................................42
4.1 Different mechanism of the property...................................................................................43
4.2 Different ownership of the plant..........................................................................................47
4.3 Mean estimated damage cost vs. Property Mechanism.......................................................49
4.4 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (being hit by falling objects)..................51
4.5 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (being hit by moving objects)................52
4.6 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (contact with electricity)........................53
4.7 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (contact with underground services).....54
4.8 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Explosion)............................................55
4.9 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Exposure with mechanical vibration)...56
4.10 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Flood damage (natural disaster))........57
4.11 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hitting of moving objects).................58
4.12 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hitting of stationery objects)..............59

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
4.13 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Loss)...................................................60
4.14 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to Roll over)................................61
4.15 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to slide or cave in)......................62
4.16 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to Theft)......................................63
4.17 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hit by Trailer accident)......................64
4.18 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hit by Vehicle accident).....................65
4.19 ANOVA: Property mechanism and time bracket..............................................................66
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................71
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................71
References......................................................................................................................................78

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Table of Figures
Figure 3.1: Types of research philosophy 29
Figure: 3.2: Types of research philosophy 31
Figure 3.3: Types of research design 32
Figure 4.1: Bar diagram of different mechanism of the property 45
Figure 4.2: Pie chart of different mechanism of the property 46
Figure 4.3: Pie chart of different ownership of the plant 48
Figure 4.4: Bar Diagram of Mean estimated damage cost vs. Property Mechanism 49
Figure 4.5: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism 51
Figure 4.6: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (being hit by
moving objects). 52
Figure 4.7: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (contact with
electricity). 54
Figure 4.8: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (contact with
underground services) 55
Figure 4.9: Bar Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Explosion) 55
Figure 4.10: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Exposure
with mechanical vibration) 57
Figure 4.11: Bar Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Flood damage
(natural disaster)) 58
Figure 4.12: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hitting of
moving objects) 58

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Figure 4.13: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hitting of
stationery objects) 59
Figure 4.14: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Loss) 60
Figure 4.15: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to Roll
over) 62
Figure 4.16: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to slide
or cave in) 63
Figure 4.17: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to
Theft). 63
Figure 4.18: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hit by Trailer
accident). 64

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Research Background
The research paper is based on analyzing the property damage due to construction safety
incidents. Verma et al. (2014) stated that the construction industry is being carried out of
hazardous environments which experiences of accidents into various levels of severity that cause
of minor as well as major injuries those results into a fatality. Ericson (2015) demonstrated that
tighten safety standards enhanced by better performance into the construction sites. Into the
construction sites, accidents are caused and due to its property is also damaged, therefore there is
a requirement of further research on this particular important subject. A lot of damages into the
property and taking of life into the construction industries are increasing due to an increase in
expenditure of the construction industry (Brauer 2016). Development of the project infrastructure
is a basic requirement of the world; therefore construction leads to unfortunate incidents. From
the point of view of the construction industry, accidents are unforeseen events in addition to
unintended cost. Therefore, accidents are such events those cause damage to the property.
Hughes et al. (2015) argued that within the construction sector, the accidents are unavoidable
which has a higher risk as compared to further occupants. The Higher rate of fatality into the
construction works is reported which causes industrial crisis because of accidents.
Ayyub (2014) mentioned that accidents are mitigated by the establishment of proper
safety management system (SMS) into the construction industry. The authorities are tightened
the safety standards in order to mitigate the accidents, but the problem is that it is still happening
which caused of property problems (Girgin and Krausmann 2016). Forecasting accidents into the
future construction project become advantageous into the required allocation of budget in order

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
to reduce the property damage into organizational financial stability. The description of each
accident was being reviewed in order to determine the working zone related factors which are
contributed to the construction safety incidents. Choudhry et al. (2014) highlighted that a
professional incident is investigated focused on the causes of the incidents. It enhances safety as
well as reduces the price. The employees complain that the compensation of workers is dived out
the business, but the research study shows that property damage, as well as downtime, is resulted
into accidents cost (Shen and Marks 2015). The key objectives of the management team are to
make sure that the accidents include of property damage incidents are being investigated. The
more construction safety incidents are reported; more issues are investigated and mitigated.
The construction organization can reduce people loss, property damage and
environmental damage. As per the accidental pyramid theory which was developed by Bird in
the year, 1969 showed that for each of the accidents there are less than ten serious accidents, 30
of the accidents due to property damage as well as 600 accidents with no visible damage (Gibb et
al. 2014). It is required to find out the cause as well solution for the property damage by
analyzing the past data as well as a pattern of the damaged caused. It analyzes to find out peak
time as well as the situation at which probability of the incidents is increased. In order to prevent
the incidents, it is required to decrease damage which affects the entire cost of the construction.
1.1.1 Serious claims by mechanism of injury
Over the last ten years, hitting by moving objects, hitting by stationary objects and hitting
by vehicle accident was the common cost mechanism of injury. It ends up incurring more cost
since there are huge into a number (Hughes et al. 2015). The hitting by moving objects as well as
falling objects is accounted for 44 percent and 29 percent respectively. Almost half of the serious
claims are caused by hitting by moving objects. During the last ten years in Australia, 27 percent

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
of fatal as well as 10 percent of the major injuries were related to the construction site (Girgin
and Krausmann 2016). As per the South Australian construction organization, experienced
workers have higher probable to cause of accidents, while the workers are employed by a smaller
organization is insecure. The accidents are also caused due to geographical location. The location
selected for this study in South Australia and Australian Capital Territory regions (Zhang et al.
2013). Major locations are taken for New South Wales, Queensland as well as Victoria. There
are significant reductions in the number as well as a rate of the injuries into the construction
industry over the last ten years.
1.2 Research Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research study is to get an understanding of the potential property damage
which is caused by the construction incidents. It also aims to provide relevant strategies for
effective management of the research study. Construction of the infrastructure is common
practice across the world; therefore various incidents are taking place in the construction sites
which lead to an increase in construction cost. The construction safety incidents are hitting of
moving objects, hit by falling objects, and contact with the electricity, explosion, flood damage,
slide, theft, exposure to the mechanical vibration and vehicle accidents. The main aim of this
research study is to investigate the construction sites accidents to analyze the critical causes as
well as effects. It establishes a relationship of the accidents with further project cost, time and
scope with influence on the national safety indexes. In order to attain the research aim, following
research objectives are required to achieve:
 To do content analysis of the data set of the property damage incidents case based on cost
estimation, property mechanize, property agency and type of equipment

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
 To develop of framework for summarizing damage by the identified attributes
 To develop strategies for efficient management besides the damage caused due to
property damage incidents on the construction site
1.3 Research Questions
This particular research study explores of following research questions such as:
1. What is the most common construction safety incidents happened into the construction
site leads to property damage?
2. What are the causes of the construction incidents?
3. What are the strategies used to decrease the occurrence of the major causes and decrease
of property damage?
1.4 Research Scope
In the current situation, Australia is facing a severe increase of construction cost due to
damage into the property incidents which are taken place into the construction site. In order to
decrease cost as well as damage to the construction infrastructure, various types of analysis are to
be carried out in this particular research. It finds out a pattern as well as a correlation between
estimated costs, property agency and mechanizes equipment types and others (Choudhry et al.
2014). In order to encounter the cost, there is a need to develop the strategies for the
management which are being obtained by analysis done for the data and findings of co-relation.
It also analyzes the damage as well as period and situation which are happened in the research
study.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
1.5 Research Outline
In order to conduct the study on analyzing of property damage due to construction safety
incidents, five chapters were being studied includes of:
Chapter 1: It includes the research background, aims, objectives and research questions
required to carry out the research paper. Research scope is also analyzed in the study for
identifying the purpose of this study. It also discussed the serious claims by the mechanism of
injury which is not followed into the research scope.
Chapter 2: The literature review summarized the most common construction safety
incidents happened into the construction site leads to property damage, causes of the construction
incidents and strategies used to decrease the occurrence of the major causes and decrease of
property damage.
Chapter 3: Research methodology is done by use of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social
Sciences) software used for logical batched as well as non-batched statistical analysis of the
collected data on the incidents caused property damage. Required information is collected from
the online sources which are published in the research papers. The obtained data are used to
identify the causes as well as effects into the construction industry. The information is also taken
from the case study and available data sources.
Chapter 4: In the result and analysis chapter, the collected data was used as input into
spreadsheet model named as property damage that includes ten years of data from the property
damage such as from 2006-2016. Tools used for data analysis is SPSS and use of excel
spreadsheets. The results of the research study are based on the 14005 construction incident
cases which are taken place in last ten years of time. Most of the property damage into the

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
construction industry is due to hit by the moving objects, hitting of stationary objects as well as
vehicle accidents. It discussed the results of the obtained data using data analysis tool.
Chapter 5: Conclusion chapter concludes the research study by focusing on key
significant points obtained from the results. It concludes of the strategies used to reduce the
damage caused due to 3 causes which are mentioned in the result part help to lessen the
construction safety incidents.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
Accidents are causing construction delays, overrun of the cost and ruining the reputation
of the organization and loss of confidence among the workforces. It causes a lot of dissatisfaction
among the stakeholders. Financial losses due to damage of property cause a lot of issues within
the construction industry (Love et al. 2015). Further study is also conducted to investigate the
global tragedy into the industry. Accident causation model is used as a systematic way to
ascertain the causes into the accidents. Jablonowski (2014) believed that human failure is
considered as the main reason for the accidents which is termed as man failure. As per the
outcome of a study on accident databases, 88 percent of the accidents are caused due to an unsafe
act of the workers, and 12 percent are due to an unsafe condition. The historical data based on
construction accidents which present light on causes of the fatal construction accidents. It gives
appropriate information for mitigation as well as methods on the sites (Zhang, Boukamp and
Teizer 2015). There is a superior deal of the research which alerted on causes of the construction
accidents, such as carry out research on heavy equipment, in addition to associated accidents.
2.2 Overview of construction industry of Australia and its hazardous incidents
Shen and Marks (2015) cited that construction industry is a dangerous industry. The
performance of this industry into occupational health as well as safety is poor. The standard of
the occupational health, as well as safety, is worse to the developing countries. The construction
industry of Australia is booming day-by-day, and there are no proper initiatives which are
undertaken by the Australian government in order to implement of OHS rules as well as
regulations. Wehbe, Al Hattab and Hamzeh (2016) analyzed the incidents which are caused due

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
to fall of the construction workers at the site, and the results show that most of the falling
incidents are taken place on new construction site and low cost residential construction project.
Cheng and Teizer (2013) concluded from this study that safety regulations and requirement of
environmental control reduce cost as well as increase the productivity. Hallowell et al. (2013)
suggested that the safety practices are varied with the construction sites, as each of the sites has
consisted of unique safety aspects. Larger construction projects are done better organized where
the small firms have no such adequate safety programs in order to oversee the safety criteria.
Park and Kim (2013) cited that into the developed countries, recent advancement of the
technology has contributed to the productivity of the construction industry. Each of the
construction workers is unfit for work at some time as result of injuries as well as health
problems for the construction site. Between the year 1989-1992, 256 people were injured into the
construction industry of Australia. Hardison et al. (2014) conducted a study on the Australian
construction industry and concluded that Australian contractor organized safety programs which
are less formal. The insurance costs of accidents were fixed because of the irrespective safety
performance of the contractor. Zhang, Boukamp and Teizer (2015) demonstrated that most
common cause of injuries into the construction site is falling from heights. The main causes of
this incident are working on a scaffold without the guard rails and safety harness. Slips, hit by
moving objects, vehicle accidents and others are largest causes of the accidents into construction
sectors. In Australia, departments under Ministry of Labor as well as Employment are dealing
with the OHS issues into the construction sector. Epstein and Buhovac (2014) concluded that the
technical support should draft of model rules, carrying out of surveys and conducting of training
into the construction sector.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
This particular paper depends on examining the property damage because of construction
safety occurrences. Wilson et al. (2014) expressed that the construction sector is being done of
risky situations which encounter of accidents into different levels of seriousness that reason for
minor and real injuries those outcomes into casualty. Longoni, Golini and Cagliano (2014)
exhibited that safety benchmarks upgraded of better execution into the construction sites. Into
this sector, accidents are caused and because of its property are likewise harmed; however there
is a prerequisite of further research on this specific essential subject. From the perspective of the
construction business, accidents are unexpected safety incidents and unintended cost.
Accordingly, accidents are such events those reasons harm to the property. Junior, Best and
Cotter (2014) cited that inside the construction area, the accidents are unavoidable which has
higher hazard when contrasted with facilitating inhabitants. The Higher rate of casualty into the
construction works is accounted for which causes an industrial crisis in light of the accidents
which are taken place.
Girgin and Krausmann (2016) highlighted that previous research on the construction
fatalities is focused on the causes as well as relationships into the site. It is shown that project
features and also various design preferences have effects into complex nature of the accidents.
Ahmadi, Kusi-Sarpong and Rezaei (2017) investigated as well as analyzed that historical data
related to construction accidents which provide light on causes of the fatal construction
accidents. It provides proper information for mitigation as well as techniques on the sites. There
is a greater deal of the research which focused on causes of the construction accidents, such as
conduct research on heavy equipment, in addition to related accidents. Longoni, Golini and
Cagliano (2014) defined that as the accidents are common by a hit with moving objects and
stationary objects, therefore accidents are given with greater attention for last ten years. On the

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
other hand, some of the researches are conducted based on a type of accidents into construction
sites. Accidents and incidents are analyzed for various work sites with various sizes into the
construction industry (De Lange et al. 2015). It is crucial to investigate and establish risk
assessment models to mitigate the construction related issues. It is better to cite of recent studies
for construction of building, tunnelling as well as highway, as it will not only provide
characteristics of the accidents but also provide a relationship between accidents along with the
size of the construction site.
2.3 Major incidents happened on the construction site
Wehbe, Al Hattab and Hamzeh (2016) analyzed on the construction safety incidents
which are taken place in the construction industries. The construction site is surrounded by
building materials, tools as well as construction machinery; therefore the workers find them in a
hazardous situation at all moment. Most of the property damage into the industry is caused due
to following construction site incidents:
Hit by falling objects: From the stray tools to uneven the ground, there are various
hazardous materials which lead to dangerous slip and fall of the workers (Zhang et al. 2015). The
workers are needed to work at high heights such as the use of ladder, scaffolding; therefore there
are chances of a hit by falling objects. Since, higher elevation plays a role in fall, which results
into catastrophic to the workers those are sustaining with serious injuries (Cheng and Teizer
2013). The cause of falling objects into the construction site causes inadequate, and no fall
protection is done.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Hit by moving objects: The workers are hit by moving objects when the car is reserved
towards them being struck by a truck, lack of proper training and poor maintenance of a vehicle.
It leads to cause of construction accidents (Fang, Wu and Wu 2015).
Contact with electricity: Into the construction site which is under work in progress, the
site is exposed to unfinished electrical wires and electrical system, power lines and other
electrical materials (Debnath et al. 2014). When the workers are coming into the contact, it leads
to electrocution and shock.
Contact with undergone services: Into the construction site, there are some undergone
services and works are conducted (Hallowell et al. 2013). Therefore, when the workers come
into contact with those areas, there are chances of injuries.
Explosion: Due to unfinished piping, gas leakage and unfinished electrical system,
explosions are caused due to an occurrence of the construction sites (Zhang et al. 2013). The
major causes of an explosion are striking of heavy equipment underground pipelines, electrical
sparking, welding, and crashes of motor vehicles and drilling.
Exposure to mechanical vibration: Noise and use of mechanical vibration tool cause lot
of noise which causes hearing loss and problems into the ear (Park and Kim 2013).
Flood damage: Faulty connection of pipe into the construction site leads to flood damage
(Hardison et al. 2014). There is some system into the construction site causes flood damage.
Failure of the mechanical system, drainage system causes flood damage. It is one of the causes of
property damage.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Hit by stationary objects: Construction site is often filled with heavy machinery tools as
well as materials. Therefore, often the workers are stuck in between the immovable objects as
well as hit by stationary objects (Li et al. 2015). Cranes, bulldozers are the non-moving tools
which often caused accidents when the workers are used to that heavy machinery for the
construction work.
Roll over: Due to rollover of heavy machinery, it causes the death of the worker.
Therefore, working at the construction site is an inherently dangerous activity (Lingard et al.
2015).
Slide: When the workers are doing their work from a high height, there is a possibility of
sliding down from the height. It causes injury to the worker. As the construction site is a busy
place where the materials, as well as substances, are moved around, then it creates uneven
surroundings for the working there (Zhang, Boukamp and Teizer 2015). As a result, the hazards
into construction industry are trips over the materials. Oil, as well as grease spillages, are hazards
which causes a slip of the workers. Rain causes sliding of the worker's mischief.
Theft: There are chances of copper theft in the construction site, and there are issues of
metal theft (Fellows and Liu 2015). When the construction site is not locked up, then any
unauthorized person can get into the site and steal the metals and valuable materials from the
workshop.
Trailer accident: The construction worker was being knocked off the trailer, and they are
injured when they assist the co-worker in uploading the pipe from the trailer (Hinze, Thurman
and Wehle 2013). Overturned truck trailer is used for the construction which caused the
construction accident.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Vehicle accident: The site is often located near and adjacent to the highway. At the time,
when the driver is distracted by work or they are dark out at that particular time, then it is
possible that the worker is hit by the passing by vehicles (Wehbe, Al Hattab and Hamzeh 2016).
Wang et al. (2014) stated that the accident due to fall is more, and it is increasing day-by-
day. The reason is that more attention should be given to the employees with enhancement of
safety as well as heath into the construction site. There are huge accidents into the construction
site due to falling from the height, hitting by moving objects, stationary objects and vehicle
accidents are caused by misprision of the risks and unpredicted safety equipment (Coduto 2015).
The average of the work spread of one accident is based on a prediction of the total number of
accident cases and comparison of occurred accidents with the predicted one.
After analyzing the accidents into the construction sector, over 60 percent of the
accidents happen as wrong organized work are higher when the workers are not able to obey the
standards, rules and regulations (Richey and Klein 2014). Complex organizational tools,
technical as well as technological data are used to identify the risks and causes of the incidents
and reduction of a total number of accidents. Further study is also conducted to investigate the
global tragedy into the industry. Accident causation model is used as a systematic way to
ascertain the causes into the accidents (Hinze, Hallowell and Baud 2013). Higher rate of casualty
into the construction works is accounted for which sources as an industrial crisis in light of the
accidents which are taken place.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
2.4 Analyzing the major causes of construction safety incidents based on its
occurrences
Wang, Razavi and Brilakis (2017) stated that severity of the accidents is increasing with
the involvement of experienced workers in the accidents, the workers at smaller companies are at
high risk to meet with accidents, and medium size company's workers are safe. Occupational
Health and Safety Assessment (OHSA), the leading causes of the death of the worker into the
construction site were hit by moving objects, hit by stationary objects as well as vehicle
accidents (Alarcon et al. 2016). The construction site is dangerous, but it ensures that it reduces
the workplace safety as well as accidents. The research study is based on analyzing 14005
incident cases which are taken place in Australia from the last ten years, i.e. from 2006-2016.
Accident causes tracing model is used to introduce three major causes of the accidents:
Hit by moving objects: The construction workers are hit by moving objects when a
vehicle is saved towards them or being struck by a truck, an absence of appropriate preparing
and poor support of vehicle (Marks, Teizer and Hinze 2014). It prompts reason for accidents in
the construction sites. The numbers of cases of a hit by moving objects are 1851.
Hit by stationary objects: The construction site is regularly loaded with heavy equipment
and additional materials. Along these lines, frequently the construction workers are stuck in the
middle of the steady objects and also hit by stationary objectives (Khosravi et al. 2014). Cranes,
bulldozers are the non-moving devices which regularly caused mishaps when the labourers are
utilized of that substantial heavy machinery for the construction work. The numbers of cases for
a hit by stationary objects are 4496, which is the highest number of cases among all the causes of
construction site incidents. Therefore, there is 40 percent of the cases which are caused due to hit
by stationary objects.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Vehicle accident: The site is frequently situated close and nearby the roadway. At the
time, when the driver is occupied by work or they are dim out at that specific time, at that point,
it is conceivable that the worker is hit by the going by vehicles (Khosravi et al. 2014). The
numbers of cases for vehicle accident is 3010.
Putting off the cost as well as working schedule ahead of the safety of the worker is a
factor for construction accidents. Hinze, Hallowell and Baud (2013) stated that when the
employer pushes of the worker into the completion of their job; an initial consultation is
provided to discuss the accidents. The management team of the construction projects works with
the experts to identify the causes of the incidents. Prompt investigation is done on the
construction accidents that can uncover violations of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) safety rules. Adams et al. (2016) mentioned that accidents are
moderated by a foundation of legitimate security administration framework into the construction
business. The experts are fixed the security guidelines to moderate the accidents, yet the issue is
that it is as yet happening which caused of property issues. Determining accidents into the future
construction project is turned out to be worthwhile into a required designation of spending plan
with a specific end goal to decrease the property harm into organizational financial stability
(Landsbergis, Grzywacz and LaMontagne 2014). Each of the construction accidents was being
surveyed with a specific end goal to decide the working zone related elements which are added
to the safety incidents into a construction site. Martínez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes (2014)
highlighted that incidents are researched centred around the reasons for the occurrences. It
improves safety and also decreases the cost.
In Australia, the number of fatalities as well as a share of the total death into work site is
responsible for reflecting poor conditions into the construction site. Research on causes of the

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
construction accidents into Australia is very huge (Appleman, Appleman and Holmes 2016). The
analysis of the historical incidents into construction sites is facilitated a better understanding of
the nature of safety into the sector. Ying, Tookey and Roberti (2015) analyzed that hospitals
records and then evaluated the occupational injuries from the forensic medicine. The medical
researchers conducted a study on the industry fatalities by investigating the records of the
occupational deaths. Fatal occupational injuries in the construction sector are being investigated
into details by evaluation of the records based on collected data (Moon 2015). The construction
association can decrease individual's misfortune, property harm and natural harm. It is required
to discover the main driver for the property damage by breaking down of the past information,
and example of the harm caused. It breaks down to discover peak time and circumstance at
which likelihood of the incidents are expanded (Park et al. 2015). To keep the incidents, it is
required to diminish harm which impacts the whole cost of the construction.
2.5 Strategies to reduce occurrence of major causes and property damage
It is identified that there are some strategies that are helpful in reducing or minimizing the
risks associated with property damage. Most of the construction safety incidents are prevented by
a deployment of proper safety management system (Akintola et al. 2016). The human factors are
caused by the accidents. Therefore, proper prevention strategies are used to minimize the causes
and take proper steps.
Hit by falling objects: The property damage that is occurred due to hit by falling objects
can be reduced by adopting some of the strategies. According to Hinze, Hallowell and Baud
(2013), when workers are mainly working on the site where the potential of falling objects is
present then it is quite important to provide proper warning to both the people as well as the
employer so that the chances of hitting the falling objects reduces. In addition to this, other

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
strategies include secure loads, properly move loads as well as the use of protective equipment
like wearing a hat and steel shoed toes will be beneficial in minimizing the occurrence. The
falling objects are tools and machinery which give fatal threats to the construction workers.
Wearing of safety gear reduces the occurrence of accidents (Popat et al. 2017). Fixed guardrails
to the scaffoldings are required when it comes to the safety of the workers into construction site
and prevention of worker from falling off. Installation of safety nets should be there for catching
falling worker.
Hit by moving objects: In order reduce property damage due to hitting by moving objects
proper strategies are required to be adopted. It is stated by Khosravi et al. (2014) that proper
traffic management tool including signage, safety cone, flag, barricade as well marking must be
utilized on construction site for reducing the occurrence of incidents. Moreover, use of reversing
cameras, speed control bumps, elevated walkways as well as bollards are also useful in
minimizing the chances of incidents. A simple strategy can reduce the chances of the workers
from being injured by hitting with moving objects. The vehicle only areas should designate with
proper signage of vehicle. Before use, the vehicles should be checked such as its brake, reversing
light and beeper.
Contact with electricity: In order to reduce the incidents related to electricity, it is quite
important to reduce the issues by adopting proper strategies. The site must not be exposed to
unfinished wires as well as the electrical system as well as power materials. They must be kept
properly so that it does not cause any issue.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Contact with undergone services: The workers must avoid undergoing services as much
as possible in order to reduce the incidents that are mainly occurred due to contact with various
undergone services.
Explosion: Explosion can be reduced in the construction site by minimizing the
utilization of various types of flammable materials. If it is not possible, then it is very much
significant to avoid proper as well as effective sources of ignition (Mark, Teizer and Hinze
2014). It is identified that the adoption of this strategies is quite helpful in minimizing the
chances of occurrence of the incidents.
Exposure to mechanical vibration: The mechanical vibrations can be reduced by
adopting different types of equipment including auto balancers, anti-vibration handles, mass
balancing, suitable tool attachments as well as reduction of feed and grip forces. In addition to
this, anti-vibration gloves must be used as they lessen the high-frequency vibration.
Flood damage: The flood damage reduction can be minimized by selecting proper
materials including resistance to water damage or water tolerant, resist mold growth as well as
maintaining strength as well as stiffness after exposure (Wang, Razavi and Brilakis 2017). In
addition to this, construction of structural system must be done properly.
Hit by stationary objects: The hitting by stationary objects can be reduced by adopting
proper methods or strategies. It is identified that utilization of different tool lanyards for avoiding
knocking tools or materials helps in lower levels. The workers must also avoid wearing loose
fitting clothes and always keep their hat at the site of the job for minimizing the chances of
incident occurrence.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Roll over: This type of incidents can be lowered by adopting proper strategies. It is
opined by Ying, Tookey and Roberti (2015) that carrying heavy objects while climbing must be
avoided by the workers. They should not overextend for making sudden movements for avoiding
strains or sprains. In addition to this, it is quite important to limbering up the stretch before a
shift is initiated.
Slide: This incident can be reduced by making sure that proper fall protection is provided
when the staffs are working at particular heights. It is also important to inspect various arrest
systems in order to ensure that connecting devices, harnesses, as well as lifeline, are in good
order. In addition to this, it is quite significant to keep walking surfaces clean of various types of
construction debris.
Theft: The incident of property damage can be reduced in the construction sites by
adopting proper strategies. According to (Appleman, Appleman and Holmes (2016), setting up
proper alarm system or video surveillance would be helpful in monitoring the site for reducing
the construction equipment theft. In addition to this, the site must be kept lit; aware of latest
technologies as well as proper understanding of the risk also helps in minimizing the incidents.
Trailer accident: The workers should be careful at the time of installation of the pipe
from the trailer. They should be maintained properly.
Vehicle incident: The incidents that are occurred due to the vehicles can be reduced by
adopting proper strategies. It is opined by Peng and Gan (2017) that vehicular incident can be
minimized by blocking off areas where heavy vehicles or machines are being used whenever
possible. It is identified that allowing licensed people to operate different vehicles or machines
will be also beneficial in reducing the chances of occurrence of this incident.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
2.6 Summary
Since the construction sector is exposed to different types of hazards and safety incidents,
there are high possibilities of accidents which are analyzed in this paper. The exposure is differed
from one sector to another, based on the hour. This particular study puts the main incidents and
its causes, way of occurrence and insufficient conditions for occupational hazards and injuries
with in-depth analysis of the accident types. It is known that sets of hazards are occurred and in-
depth analysis is done to recognize the nature of those construction incidents. Learning from the
past experiences is important for the accident prevention as each of the construction projects
have similarities into the past projects. The main causes of the incidents are hit by moving
objects, hit by stationary objects and vehicle accidents. The obtained data and statistics on the
construction accidents are required to estimate the risk, identify, evaluate and implement a risk
management plan. After analyzing the obtained data, the causes are mitigated using respective
strategies to reduce occurrence of major causes and property damage. With the historical data on
the accidents, the safety professionals are identified as the hazards on the construction site and
plan to search for best method to eliminate and control the hazards.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The chapter of research methodology is found to be clear in articulating the reasons
behind the selection of particular data collection technique and procedure. The reader wants to
make a proper identification of the collected data in a method that is very much consistent with
accepted practice. It is identified that the selected methods are quite appropriate in fulfilling the
aim of the research. Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault (2015) stated that the research methodology
mainly defines the issues as well as challenges that are quite predictable and the steps as well as
procedures that are undertaken in order to stop their occurrence. It is found that utilization of
proper research philosophy is quite helpful in comprehending the strategy that is adopted in order
to investigate the property damage due to construction safety incidents. It is opined by Flick
(2015) that there are some errors which are pointed with the help of the research methodology. In
addition to this, the specialist has tried a lot of being relevant in examining approach that would
be helpful in analyzing the investigations of property damage construction safety incidents.
3.2 Research Philosophy
The term "research philosophy" is mainly related to the development of both pieces as
well as nature of knowledge. It is identified that research philosophy mainly helps in adopting
significant assumptions that are dependent on the selected research topic. According to Gast and
Ledford (2014), the various types of assumptions that are made of conducting the research study
so that proper outcome can be achieved successfully. The research philosophy that is adopted
will be helpful in influencing the various practical considerations. It is found that the critical
thinking procedure is needed for evaluating the selected topic of the research. The research

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Research
Philosophy
Positivism Interpretivism Realism
philosophy is mainly divided into three categories that include positivism, realism as well as
interpretivism.
Figure 3.1: Types of research philosophy
(Source: Dumay and Cai 2015, pp.122)
Positivism: It is one of the research philosophies that help in building one of the logical
statements on the research topic for analyzing various hidden facts as well as information. It is
identified that the philosophy of positivism is used in order to conduct a research study. The
philosophy mainly uses the proper structured methodology in order to facilitate replication.
Interpretivism: It is one of the epistemological that assists in supporting the various
concepts about the complex structure of the research. It is stated by (Tarone, Gass and Cohen
(2013) that in the business as well as management world, it is quite difficult to lend itself. It
provides clear idea about the differences between conducting research among various people
rather than the objects.
Realism: According to Tuohy et al. (2013), realism is defined as an epistemological that
helps in relating to the scientific investigation. The theory of realism is very much related and is

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
quite independent. It mainly involves in assuming one of the scientific approaches to knowledge
development and the assumptions that are mainly made assists in underpinning the data
collection as well as in understanding the data.
Justification for the selection of research philosophy
It is identified that the research philosophy is mainly selected as it assists in analyzing the
hidden information that is associated with property damage due to construction safety incidents.
It assists in identifying information that is helpful in measuring the effectiveness of the
investigation of property damage due to construction safety incidents. Further, the study is found
to be time-limited, and thus the philosophy helps in limiting the role of researcher for evaluating
the data that leads to a reduction of data error. As this particular research is dependent on the
feasibility study on identifying the property damage thus proper as well as accurate information
must be gathered that helps in overcoming the monitoring issues as well as risks of the proposed
system.
3.3 Research Approach
According to Reynolds et al. (2014), research approach is needed for this particular study
so that appropriate format must be followed by the researcher in order to carry out the study
properly. The research approach is mainly categorized into inductive approach as well as
deductive approach.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Research Approach
Inductive Approach Deductive Approach
Figure: 3.2: Types of research philosophy
(Source: Tuohy et al. 2013, pp.19)
Deductive Approach: It is identified that deductive approach is considered as one of the
testing theory. It is mainly worried about the development of the hypothesis that is mainly
dependent on the accessibility theory and then a proper research strategy is considered that helps
in analyzing the hypothesis (Dumay and Cai 2015). This approach is mainly concerned with
deducting various conclusions from the prepositions, and the test which is undertaken is mainly
completed from the observations of the researcher.
Inductive approach: Inductive approach is considered as one of the building theory
which is mainly stated as per the observations as well as theories that are mainly associated with
the research topic. It is mainly proposed towards the end of the research and this it helps in
providing proper results from the observation.
Justification for the selection of selected research approach
In the present study, a deductive approach is mainly selected in order to analyze the
investigations of property damage construction safety incidents in order to minimize the number

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Research Design
Exploratory Explanatory Descriptive
of accidents. Various types of measurement analysis techniques are utilized for selecting the
research approach as it helps in providing a clear understanding of the approach. The selected
approach is found to be appropriate as it is helpful in relating the selected topic with various
theories. The researcher also completes practical analysis on the data that is gathered. It is
identified that inductive approach is not effective for this existing study as no new models are
utilized in the literature review.
3.4 Research design
According to Jaggar (2015), research design is defined as one of the plans that help in
conducting the research study with the maximization of control over various factors that may
obstruct the strengths as well as weaknesses of the findings. It is opined by Mansell (2015) that
research design is a plan that helps in illustrating the procedures of data and analyzes it properly.
It is identified that there are three categories of research design that include exploratory,
explanatory as well as descriptive.
Figure 3.3: Types of research design
(Source: Dumay and Cai 2015, pp.122)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Exploratory: The exploratory research design is undertaken when a new idea is mainly
investigated. This technique of research design is mainly utilized in order to investigate the
nature of the phenomenon and its different factors which are associated with the research study.
This research study is mainly dependent on the attempt to lay the entire groundwork which will
be done in future studies.
Explanatory: It is opined Bauman, Cross and Walker (2013) that explanatory research
design is one of the attempts that helps in connecting ideas in order to understand the various
causes as well as impacts. The research mainly investigates how various procedures are utilized
for completing the activities. It is one of the researches which are mainly conducted on a
research problem that is not descried, but it relies on the technique of secondary research.
Descriptive: The descriptive research design is mainly designed for providing a proper
image of the circumstance that occurs. It is mainly utilized for rationalizing the existing practice
as well as for creating proper decisions on the topic that is selected with the development of
theories (Reynolds et al. 2014). It is identified that there are three ways through which
descriptive research study is mainly conducted, and the ways include case study, survey as well
as observational.
Justification for the selection of research design
In the existing study, descriptive research design is mainly selected that helps in
providing a proper detailed process that is involved with the feasibility analysis for measuring
the effectiveness of the investigation of property damage due to construction safety incidents.
The utilization of proper monitoring procedure must be utilized for minimizing the construction
related incident. For this specific exploration study, proper design is mainly used for finishing

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
the structure of the study by identifying different areas of improvement in the construction safety
incidents. Use of this examination plan helps in enabling the selection of data on the attributes to
do a proper essential task. It is found that this specific research is used for designing as well as
for undertaking components that are justifiable as well as clear.
3.5 Data collection
In order to get the general solution of the SPSS data analysis, we have facilitated a few
methods. At present huge amount of constructions are being made in Australia. For decreasing
the cost and damage to the infrastructure, we have analyzed the construction data and tried to
find out the research elements. The research is consists of finding the patterns, plots, correlations
and regressions between many factors. Estimated cost, property mechanism, property agency,
type of equipment is some of them. To counter the excessive costs, we need to develop strategies
for management that can be obtained by the analysis done for the data due to finding the co-
relation and cause of the major damage and the period or situation in which it is most likely to
occur.
The method or procedure of data collection is considered as one of the significant aspects
of the research study. It is identified that it is one of the processes that is utilized for gathering as
well as for measuring the information that is dependent on the selected topic of the research
(Dumay and Cai 2015). It is found that the major location of the existing study is dependent on
the purpose of the research that includes both Australian Capital Territory as well as South
Australian regions. The major locations that are taken up include rail group, infrastructure group
as well as building group. Moreover, different data that are needed for calculations of co-relation
are obtained from the northern sewer project, Nebo-Mindi 132KV transmission as well as
Melbourne airport taxiway and more. In addition to this, it is identified that the selected sample

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
size is about 14005 accident cases. Major location on which the report is based for the necessity
for research includes South Australia and Australian Capital Territory regions. Major locations
are New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. In these provinces, Major business units are
taken up by rail group, infrastructure group and building group.
Besides, various data required for calculations of co-relation was obtained from Northern
Sewer project, Melbourne airport taxiway, Nebo-Mindi transmission line project etc. Note that,
the sample size is taken up as 140005 accidental cases.
A) Collected data is used as input in spreadsheet model named property damage
that includes ten years of property damage data from 2006 to 2016
inclusively.
B) Output mechanism and cost involved damage are the main outputs.
C) Information on selection of a particular set of property damage data required
for the study and its calculation procedure is found in subsections below.
D) Statistical tools and packages used for the analysis are SPSS (Statistical
Package for Social Sciences) and excel spreadsheets.
In SPSS, we calculated different types of measures and companion products that are used
in the same family for survey authoring and development. The SPSS package also helps in data
mining, text analytics, collaboration and deployment.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
3.5.1 Data sources
In this existing study, it is identified that there are two categories of data sources that are
primary data sources as well as secondary data sources. It is identified that primary data sources
are considered as the original information by which the entire research study is dependent. There
are some sources of primary data (Flick 2015). On the other hand, secondary sources of data help
in offering the analysis on various primary sources. It is mainly utilized in order to support
specific thesis for persuading the audiences for accepting a certain point of view.
Justification for the selection of the selected data sources
In the existing study, secondary sources of data are utilized. It is identified that data that
are needed for calculations of co-relation are obtained from the northern sewer project, Nebo-
Mindi 132KV transmission as well as Melbourne airport taxiway and more. In addition to this, it
is identified that the selected sample size is about 14005 accident cases. It is found that this
method is quite appropriate for providing a proper outcome.
3.5.2 Data techniques
There are mainly two types of data techniques that include qualitative as well as
quantitative data technique. It is identified that this technique is quite time-consuming and the
data that is collected in a smaller sample. The main benefit of this approach is that the gathered
information is of high quality and it has proper insight (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). It is
identified that the data that is obtained is generally utilized as input within the model of
spreadsheet named property damage that mainly includes data of 10 years of property damage
that is from the year 2006-2016. It is analyzed that one of the output is property mechanism as
well as the cost that is mainly involved with the damage. It is identified that the information

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
related to the selection of a proper set of data of property damage for the study as well as its
calculation is sub-sectioned. SPPSS, as well as excel spreadsheet tools, are mainly used for
analysis.
Justification of the utilized data technique
It is identified that SPPSS is utilized in the existing study. SPSS is one of the software
packages that are mainly utilized for both logical as well as non-logical batched for statistical
analysis. The SPSS products in the same family are mainly utilized for the survey for authorizing
as well as deploying.
Pearson’s correlation
Correlation is one of the techniques that are utilized for investigating the relationship
between two of the quantitative continuous variable including age and blood pressure. The
correlation coefficient helps in measuring the strength of the entire association by utilizing both
the variables. The first step that helps in studying the relationship between two continuous
variables for drawing a scatter plot of the variable is completed. The correlation coefficient must
be calculated if the relationship is not linear. It is identified that for correlation purpose, the
position of the variable on the axis does not matter. However, conventionally it is found those
independent variables are plotted on the x-axis whereas dependent variables are mainly plotted
on the y-axis. It is analyzed that if the scatter points are nearer, then the straight line and the
strength of association that is present between the variables is quite high. In addition to this, it
also does not matter, the type of units that are utilized.
Correlation coefficient techniques are the investigating methods the relationship between
two quantitative and continuous variables. For example, smoking status and a probability of

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
coronary heart disease are two correlated variables. Pearson’s correlation coefficient is one of the
popular correlation measures. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of the strength of
the association between the two variables.
The first step in analyzing the relationship between two variables is to draw a scatter plot
of the variables to check for linearity. The correlation coefficient should not be calculated if not
the relationship is linear. The cause and effect relation would be better for two variables that are
continuous. For only correlation purposes, we can plot any variable in any axis as per our
preference. Dot plot and scatter plot show similar types of behaviour. However, according to the
convention, the independent (or explanatory) variable is plotted on the x-axis and dependent (or
response) variable is plotted on the y-axis.
The nearer the scatter of points is to a straight line, the higher would be the strength of
association between variables. Also, it does not matter what measurement units are used.
Values of Pearson’s correlation coefficient: Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) for
continuous (internal level) data ranges from (-1) to 1. The results would be between (-1) and 1.
The interpretation of the values are given in the following-
Positive correlation: 0 to 1. (High correlation: 0.5 to 1.0, Moderate correlation: 0.3 to 0.5,
Negative correlation: 0 to 0.3).
Negative correlation: 0 to (-1). (High Correlation: -0.5 and -1, Moderate correlation: -0.3 to -
0.5, Negative correlation: (-0.3) to 0).

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Value of person’s correlation coefficient
It is identified that the person's correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1 for the continuous
rages of data. The results are found to be between -1 to +1. It is quite rear to have outcomes in
values 0, -1, 1. It will always help in getting a number that is present between the provided
values. The closer the r is towards zero, the greater will be the variations between the data points.
 High correlation: .5 to 1.0 or -0.5 to 1.0
 Medium correlation: .3 to .5 or -0.3 to .5
 Low correlation: .1 to .3 or -0.1 to -0.3
3.6 Sample
In this existing research study, simple random probability sampling technique is mainly
used. With the utilization, co-relation is obtained from the northern sewer project, Nebo-Mindi
132KV transmission as well as Melbourne airport taxiway and more. It is identified that in order
to conduct the study the sample size is about 14005 accident cases.
3.7 Gantt chart for the research study
Main activities/ stages Week
1
Week
2
Week
3
Week
4
Week
5
Week
6
Week
7
Proposal and investigation  
Configuration implementation  
Writing rough draft 
Review of the supervisor 
Final editing 

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
3.8 Ethical considerations
During conducting the research, the research analyst requires some rules and regulations
that help in identifying the difference between the wrong as well as the right behaviour of the
individuals who are mainly involved in the research study. In order to conduct the feasibility
analysis on measuring the effectiveness of property damage due to construction safety incidents,
the research analyst follows some of the ethical consideration that includes:
Securing gathered data: The data and information that are collected from the study
must be kept secure so that the third party cannot access the data. The data are collected from the
northern sewer project, Melbourne airport taxiway, Nebo-Mindi132KV transmission line project
and others. Those obtained data are not shared with any other person.
Data application: The data which are gathered within the research study must be helpful
in understanding various aspects of property damage due to construction safety incidents. The
data must also be gathered for minimizing the construction incidents. Those data are used as
input into spreadsheet model named as property damage that is taken from property damage data
from last ten years.
Avoid mental harassment: The individuals who are involved in the research study must
not be mentally or physically tortured. Those individuals will not be forced to do the research
work without their desire. The participants should require encouraging into the study.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
3.9 Summary
It is summarized from the existing research methodology that the various selected
methodologies are quite beneficial for analyzing the topic properly. The researcher mainly tries
to analyze the study environment along with proper data sources as well as techniques so that
proper research methodology is selected. The tools that are selected help in investigating
different areas of improvement in the construction safety incidents.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Chapter 4: Results and analysis
Analysis of data on the safety incidents taking place on construction site causing the most
damage and contributing to the major and most common incidents taking place on construction
site are-
1. Hit by falling objects.
2. Hit by moving objects.
3. Contact with electricity.
4. Contact with undergone services.
5. Expression.
6. Explosion.
7. Exposure to mechanical vibration.
8. Hit by stationary objects.
9. Roll Over.
10. Slide.
11. Theft.
12. Trailer Accident.
13. Vehicle accident.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
We are eager to do the further analysis to uncover the major causes that should be focused on the
occurrence of –
1. Hitting the stationary objects.
2. Vehicle accident.
3. Hit by moving objects.
Different Types of causes are leading to above causes as following. Such as – Hit by
Stationary Objects. There are huge amount of construction safety accidents are occurring in this
category and the leading cause among the causes is “Struck against stationary object” (By Non-
moving objects). Firstly, when a worker stumbles over object and secondly, when moving and
non-moving objects falls on the workers.
4.1 Different mechanism of the property
Developing strategies to decrease the occurrence of the above mentioned three major
causes would lead to decrease in property damage due to construction safety incident.
Property_Mechanism
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Being hit by falling
objects
164 1.2 2.8 2.8
Being hit by moving
objects
1193 8.5 20.1 22.9

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Contact with electricity 68 .5 1.1 24.1
Contact with
underground services
377 2.7 6.4 30.4
Explosion 29 .2 .5 30.9
Exposure to mechanical
vibration
214 1.5 3.6 34.5
Flood Damage -
Natural disaster
4 .0 .1 34.6
Hitting moving objects 158 1.1 2.7 37.3
Hitting stationary
objects
2114 15.1 35.7 73.0
Loss 321 2.3 5.4 78.4
Roll over 75 .5 1.3 79.7
Slide or cave-in 25 .2 .4 80.1
Theft 329 2.3 5.6 85.6
Trailer accident 87 .6 1.5 87.1
Vehicle accident 764 5.5 12.9 100.0
Total 5922 42.3 100.0
Missing System 8084 57.7
Total 14006 100.0
Table no. 4.1: The frequency, percent and cumulative percent table of property mechanism

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The table indicates than valid frequency (5922) is lesser than system frequency (8084).
They are respectively 42.3% and 57.7%. In valid owner criteria, there are three types of
ownership and these are direct, indirect and external. Direct (21.5%) is maximum in percentage
followed by indirect (18.5%). External ownership of the plants is minimum in percentage
(2.6%). The maximum percentage of valid reason is hit by moving objects and stationary objects
with 20.1% and 35.7% in the valid reason.
Figure 4.1: Bar diagram of different mechanism of the property

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The above bar chart represents the number of cases in relation to type of construction
safety incidents. The data is the collection of 14005 incidental cases that has taken places in
Australia in the 2006 to 2016.
The bar chart indicates that most of the cases that have taken place because of the three
major cases that has occurred from higher order to lower- 1) Hitting by stationary objects
(frequency count: 4496). 2) Vehicles accidents (frequency count: 3010). 3) Hit by moving
objects (1851 cases). Explosion and slide or cave-in creates the minimum cases of injury.
Figure 4.2: Pie chart of different mechanism of the property

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The above pie chart represents the data facetted in percentage clearly indicating the high
number of construction safety incidents. There causes such as 40% cases because of incident
caused by hitting by stationary objects that is further followed by vehicle accidents which
contributes 26% of the total cases and the total cases. The third major cause is getting hit by
moving objects which accumulates 16% of the total number of cases. Similarly, the less cases are
observed by contact with undergone services and slide with less than 1% of the number of cases
occurred.
The major causes of damage are hitting by stationary objects, Vehicle accidents and hit
by moving objects together contributing (82%).
4.2 Different ownership of the plant
Owner_of_plant
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
Direct 2963 21.2 50.0 50.0
Indirect 2597 18.5 43.9 93.9
External 362 2.6 6.1 100.0
Total 5922 42.3 100.0
Missing System 8084 57.7
Total 14006 100.0
Table no. 4.2: The frequency, percent and cumulative percent table of Owner_of_plant.
The table indicates than valid frequency (5922) is lesser than system frequency (8084).
They are respectively 42.3% and 57.7%. In valid owner criteria, there are three types of
ownership and these are direct, indirect and external. Direct (21.5%) is maximum in percentage

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
followed by indirect (18.5%). External ownership of the plants is minimum in percentage
(2.6%).
Figure 4.3: Pie chart of different ownership of the plant
Type of ownership describes the construction of the projects that were directly owned
company or were further sub contracted to different company when these incidents occur. On

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
analyzing the case of ownership of plants, it is shown that there is not much external share of
ownership in the pie chart. Missing type ownership has a big share in pie chart area.
4.3 Mean estimated damage cost vs. Property Mechanism
Figure 4.4: Bar Diagram of Mean estimated damage cost vs. Property Mechanism
The above chart shows the mechanisms which were mainly responsible for the high cost
damage that is most in Explosion (mean estimated value of damage cost is over 100,000). Slide
or cave-in has significant mean estimated damage cost with over 40,000 AU dollars. Other
damage causes are insignificant with respect to other to factors in terms of mean damage cost.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Correlations
Estimated_Damag
e_Cost
Property_Mechani
sm
Estimated_Damage_Cost
Pearson Correlation 1 .004
Sig. (2-tailed) .736
N 5922 5922
Property_Mechanism
Pearson Correlation .004 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .736
N 5922 5922
Table no. 4.3: The correlation table between property mechanism and estimated damage cost.
The correlation table shows a very insignificant correlation coefficient of 0.004 between
property mechanism and estimated damage cost. We can infer that these two factors are almost
uncorrelated. The high significant p-value of 0.736 (>0.05) indicates that we can reject the
hypothesis of presence of significant correlation between these two factors at 95% confidence
interval. The correlation was calculated among 5922 variables.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
4.4 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (being hit by falling objects)
Figure 4.5: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism
The column diagram interprets that the maximum number of property mechanism is 9
and the minimum is 1. The minimum value is very frequent in case of event time whereas the
maximum number of property mechanism occurs only once. The maximum chance of being hit
by moving objects occurs at 11:30 a.m. The chance in terms of frequency is high in between
10:45 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. The term “frequency” means the total count or number of occurrences
of a particular event. The reason behind the high frequency of injury due to falling object at mid-

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
day may be the loss of concentration of the workers at mid-day scorching heat and temperature.
The chance is low at late-morning and afternoon.
4.5 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (being hit by moving objects)
Figure 4.6: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (being hit
by moving objects).

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit by
moving objects is frequent in the value of less than 10. The maximum time of hit by
moving objects is 45 with twice occurrence. The frequency of maximum hit by moving
object is in between the time 9:00 a.m. to 1:07 p.m. The maximum frequency (number of
occurrences) has occurred in foresaid two terminal time points. Besides, the number is
significant at 11: 15 a.m. and 12:05 p.m. The chance of being heat by moving objects is
low at early morning, afternoon and night. The reason is increase of hit by moving
objects could be same as falling objects.
4.6 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (contact with electricity)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Figure 4.7: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (contact
with electricity).
The most frequent occurrence of death due to electricity is with single time
occurrence. The maximum value of number of property mechanism is 5 with frequency
1. The maximum frequency has occurred in the time point of 2:50 p.m. Besides the
chances of occurrence is high in between the time period of 8:00 am. To 12:30 a.m.; that
is the chance is high at late morning and mid-day. Similarly, the probability of being hit
by objects is low at late night, early morning and evening.
4.7 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (contact with underground
services)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Figure 4.8: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (contact
with underground services)
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit by
underground services is frequent in the value of l. The maximum time of hit by moving objects is
18 with single occurrence. The maximum probability of injury due to underground services is
high at 10:00 a.m. followed by 9:05 a.m. The chances of injury increase in early morning and at
noon. The chance decreases at night.
4.8 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Explosion)
Figure 4.9: Bar Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Explosion)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The bar diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit by explosion
is frequent in the value of l. The maximum time of hit by moving objects is 2 with occurrence of
4 times. The hit by explosion is 4 in frequency and other is not hit by explosion with rest of the
frequencies. The more chance of injury due to Explosion occurs at 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., 12:00
p.m. and 2:30 p.m. The chances are comparatively low at night and early morning.
4.9 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Exposure with mechanical
vibration)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Figure 4.10: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism
(Exposure with mechanical vibration)
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit by
mechanical vibration is frequent in the value of l. The maximum time of hit by mechanical
vibration is 11 with single occurrence. The chance of injury due to mechanical vibration is high
at 10:05 a.m. followed by chances in 7:50 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. Like the previous graph, the
chance is high at day time rather than evening and night.
4.10 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Flood damage (natural
disaster))

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Figure 4.11: Bar Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Flood
damage (natural disaster))
The bar diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of suffered by flood
damage is frequent in the value of l. Every event time is equal with same chance or possibility.
We observe the equality in occurrence of deaths and injuries due to natural disaster at 7:00 a.m.,
8:30 a.m., 12:30 p.m. and 3:00 p.m.
4.11 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hitting of moving objects)
Figure 4.12: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hitting
of moving objects)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit by
moving objects is frequent with the value of event time l. The maximum time of hit by
moving objects is 7 with single occurrence. The maximum probability of injury due to
moving objects happens at 12:00 p.m. It is also high in the time span of 1:30 a.m. to 3:30
a.m. The reasons could be the loss of concentration of workers while working in the heat
of mid-day and noon. As per expectation, the probability is very low before 10:30 a.m.
and after 5:50 p.m.
4.12 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hitting of stationery objects)
Figure 4.13: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hitting
of stationery objects)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit by
stationery objects is frequent with the value of event time l. The maximum time of hit by
stationery objects is above 70 with single occurrence. The probability of hit due to
stationary object is high throughout a long time period of daylight from 7:50 a.m. to 3:45
p.m. The highest chance appears in 10:00 a.m. and 2:05 a.m.
The chance of injury is comparatively very low in early morning, evening and
night. The rate of work decreases at those time periods. Therefore, the chances of
occurrence is low than daylight hours.
4.13 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Loss)
Figure 4.14: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Loss)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being lost is
frequent with the value of event time l. The maximum time of hit by stationery objects is
10 with four occurrences. Loss is common in the time interval 7:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. The
frequency of occurrence is maximum in the time interval 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.
The chance of Loss is high in late morning and midday. The chance is low at
early morning, afternoon and night.
4.14 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to Roll over)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Figure 4.15: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to
Roll over)
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit due to roll
over is frequent with the value of event time l. The maximum time of hit due to roll over is four
with single occurrence. The probability of injury due to roll over is high at the time interval
11:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The maximum injury generally occurs at 1:00 p.m. The probability of
injury is low at early morning, evening and night.
4.15 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to slide or cave in)

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Figure 4.16: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to
slide or cave in)
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit due to
slide or roll in is frequent with the value of event time l. The maximum time of hit due to roll
over is three with two occurrences. The maximum probability of slide or cave in is high in the
time points 10:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. The probability of slide and cave in is low in morning,
afternoon and night.
4.16 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to Theft)
Figure 4.17: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Due to
Theft).

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit
due to theft in is frequent with the value of event time l. The maximum time of hit due to
theft is 14 with single occurrence. The probability of injury due to theft is high in the time
interval 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The risk of injury is extremely low at night. The risk is
maximum at 11:00 a.m.
The lesser number of workers working at night may be the cause of less
occurrence of injury due to theft at night.
4.17 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hit by Trailer accident)
Figure 4.18: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hit by
Trailer accident).

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit by
trailer in is frequent with the value of event time l. The maximum time of hit by trailer is
five with single occurrence. The risk of injury due to hit by trailer is high in the time
interval 7:00 a.m. to 2:25 p.m. The probability of injury due to hit by trailer is maximum
at 9:30 a.m.
The chance is comparatively low in the afternoon, evening and night.
4.18 Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hit by Vehicle accident)
Figure 4.19: Column Diagram of Event Time vs. Number of Property Mechanism (Hit by
Vehicle accident).
The column diagram indicates that number of property mechanism of being hit by
vehicle in is frequent with the value of event time l. The maximum time of hit by vehicle

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
is above 30 with single occurrence. According to the graph, the probability of hit by
vehicle accident is high in the daytime. The probability of hit by vehicle accident is
maximum at 1:50 p.m.
The probability of hit by Vehicle accident is very high in the time interval 7:00
a.m. to 4:00 p.m. The probability of vehicle accident is high in the evening and at night.
The vehicle accident has occurrences of ten times for the frequency more than or equal to
20.
4.19 ANOVA: Property mechanism and time bracket
ANOVA : Property mechanism and time bracket
Property_Mechanism
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 577.208 11 52.473 2.756 .001
Within Groups 112524.791 5910 19.040
Total 113101.999 5921
Table no. 4.4: The one way ANOVA table between property mechanism and time bracket.
The one-way ANOVA table of property mechanism shows that for F-statistic 2.756 and
significance level of 0.01 (<0.05). Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis of association
between significant associations among different types of property mechanisms at 95%
confidence interval.

67
Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Property_Mechanism * Time_Bracket Crosstabulation
Count
Time_Bracket Tot
al1.0
0
2.0
0
3.0
0
4.0
0
5.0
0
6.0
0
7.0
0
8.0
0
9.0
0
10.0
0
11.0
0
12.0
0
Property_Mecha
nism
Being hit
by falling
objects
2 6 3 20 23 24 34 22 18 5 4 3 164
Being hit
by
moving
objects
52 24 46
14
4
18
4
17
9
18
8
19
5
10
4
32 24 21
119
3
Contact
with
electricity
2 0 2 4 12 16 9 11 6 3 2 1 68
Contact
with
undergrou
nd
services
7 4 3 17 69 92 80 64 26 4 5 6 377
Explosion 1 1 1 2 7 8 5 2 0 2 0 0 29

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Exposure
to
mechanic
al
vibration
6 3 5 30 42 27 41 30 17 3 8 2 214
Flood
Damage -
Natural
disaster
0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4
Hitting
moving
objects
5 2 19 32 22 14 16 17 16 10 2 3 158
Hitting
stationary
objects
71 55 64
21
2
34
1
33
2
35
4
36
0
17
0
68 48 39
211
4
Loss 17 5 10 39 50 55 51 50 27 9 5 3 321
Roll over 2 1 1 5 8 11 13 17 9 5 1 2 75
Slide or
cave-in
1 0 1 2 6 2 3 5 2 0 3 0 25
Theft 48 18 35 81 33 27 18 24 17 7 5 16 329
Trailer
accident
1 2 1 6 18 16 16 15 10 2 0 0 87

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Vehicle
accident
12 12 27
11
3
11
9
12
7
12
5
99 74 33 15 8 764
Total
22
7
13
3
21
8
70
9
93
4
93
1
95
4
91
1
49
6
183 122 104
592
2
The table indicates than valid owner criteria, there are three types of ownership and these
are direct, indirect and external. Property mechanism and cross tabulation of time indicate that
weightage of hitting by moving and stationery objects are maximum such as 1193 and 2114.
The occurrence of all the injuries due to various types of time brackets is high at 4, 5, 6, 7
and 8th time bracket. Especially, 5, 6, 7 and 8th time brackets have maximum time brackets. The
occurrences of minimum time bracket are in the 2, 11 and 12th time brackets. It interprets that the
risk is high at the time interval 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 547.709a 154 .000
Likelihood Ratio 492.734 154 .000
Linear-by-Linear
Association
5.971 1 .015
N of Valid Cases 5922

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
a. 64 cells (35.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .07.
Table no. 4.5: The chi square test table between property mechanism and time bracket.
The chi-square table shows that value is maximum for Pearsonian chi-square with value
547.709 with degrees of freedom 154 followed by Likelihood ratio value of 492.734 with 154
degrees of freedom. Linear-by-linear association is 5.971 with significance level 0.015. With p-
value 0 in first two cases, we accept null hypothesis of association between time bracket and
property mechanism at 95% confidence interval.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
The entire research study was focused on analyzing the property damage due to
construction safety incidents. As it is cited from the study of this research paper, the causes of
the incidents are analyzed by the researcher to identify the causes of the accidents into
construction sites. It is concluded that hit by moving objects, hit by stationary objects as well as
vehicle accidents are maximum in number as compared to other causes of the incidents into the
construction site. Hit by the moving objects and hit by stationary objects are occurred maximum
during the daytime while vehicle accidents occur in the afternoon time. Most of the accidents are
caused when the sun is warm, and the workers tend to get distracted from their work due to
upcoming lunch break. Therefore, the workers are careless and lead to accidents.
The construction industry is contributed more than one third of fatalities out of all other
industries, and it proves that safety performance within the construction industry lags behind
other industry. This particular paper provides clear evidence that the industry is one of the
critical sectors of significant as well as a rapid overhaul to current safety of the construction site.
It is being believed that one of the causes result in an increased number of accidents at
construction sites. Due to lack of awareness of the workers and also organizational management,
there is an occurrence of more accidents into the site. The result is that there is increased in some
total deaths and accidents. The employers are focused towards safety, health as well as the
welfare of the workers. It is the responsibility of the party to take preventive actions to reduce the
accidents from the construction site by providing safety as well as health measures at the site.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
The quantitative data analysis with the help of Minitab indicates that the chance of injury
is high in the daytime. However, it is low in the evening and night. The causes may include the
loss of concentration of the workers while working in the heat and daylight. Another cause may
be the unconsciousness and casualty of workers in the daytime. More of it, the number of
workers in the evening and night is comparatively low. Therefore, the occurrences of injury in
daytime are high. Next, the probability of risk of injury is very high from all sources is at the
time interval late morning and noon.
5.2 Linking with objectives
Based on the process to collect and analyze the data, the researcher tries to identify the
links which are obtained between the research objectives as well as practical applications. Based
on the mentioned objectives of this research study in Chapter 1, the objectives are linked with
related data such that credibility in addition to a success rate of this paper study is being
improved.
Linking with objective 1: To do content analysis of the data set of the property damage
incidents case based on cost estimation, property mechanize, property agency and type of
equipment
The identified causes of the construction incidents are hitting of moving objects, hit by
falling objects, and contact with the electricity, explosion, flood damage, slide, theft, exposure to
the mechanical vibration and vehicle accidents. Those factors damage the property of the
construction sector. It is analyzed that this research study investigated the construction sites
accidents to analyze the critical causes and property damage. It establishes a relationship of the
accidents with further project price, schedule as well as a scope with power on the countrywide

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
safety indexes. The obtained data are generated based on the 14005 incident cases which are
being taken place in last ten years, i.e. 2006-2016. From the analysis, it is cleared that major
reasons of the incidents are hitting by stationary objects (4496 cases), vehicle accidents (3010
cases) and hit by moving objects (1851 cases). The mechanism which is responsible for higher
cost and property damage is more than 1 million AU dollars. The case where the total higher cost
damage is due to roll over as well as mixed cases that cost exceeds with 1 million AU dollars.
Non-powered hand tools are the major source of construction accidents and injuries. Cutting
tools, digging tools are leading sources of non powered hand tools. Complex organizational
tools, technical as well as technical data are used to identify the risks and causes of the incidents
and reduction of a total number of accidents.
Linking with objective 2: To develop of framework for summarizing damage by the identified
attributes
It is analyzed that health and safety management system (SMS) framework is used to
analyze the property damage by identifying the construction safety incidents. The safety of the
workers into the construction site is important. This framework ensures to assess and make the
changes in order to reduce the risks which ensure a safe working environment for the workers.
This particular management system is based on Australian standard. Development of this
framework forms systemized approach for improving health as well as safety. Most of the
accidents occur in the small and medium construction industry. It is required to discover the
main driver for the property damage by breaking down of the past information, and example of
the harm caused. SMS identifies the safety hazards related to activities within the industry and
assessment of associated hazards.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Risk management procedures help to identify the hazards and mitigate those using different
strategies. There are accidents in the construction sector due to falling from the height, hitting by
moving objects, stationary objects along with vehicle accidents are caused by misprision of the
risks furthermore unexpected protection equipment. The construction equipment causes health
injuries and death of the workers and creates uneven working environment for the workers.
Sometimes, the workers are distracted from their work when the sun is warm and after the lunch
break leads to accidents. As the construction site is filled with heavy machinery tools, equipment
as well as materials, therefore the workers are stuck in between moving objects as well as hit by
stationary objects and vehicle accidents. These are three major causes of the construction
incidents with the highest number of accident cases. When the workers are approach into contact
with those three causes, there are high chances of injuries.
Linking with objective 3: To develop strategies for efficient management besides the
damage caused due to property damage incidents on the construction site
It is analyzed from the research study is that simple strategies can reduce the chances of
the workers from being injured and meet with accidents. Safety gear, fixed guardrails to the
scaffoldings and installation of safety nets reduce the occurrence of accidents and provide a safe
working environment to the construction workers. According to the OSHS, the biggest sources
of accidents into the construction sites are materials as well as substances which are left on the
floor to slip over. In order to mitigate the risks, proper safety measures are used to reduce
property damage incidents on the construction site. During the work procedures, a setting of
safety tools and materials ensure of proper levelling off the floor surface which prevents the
worker from falling. Safety meetings are conducted with the workers to mitigate the risks.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
Everyone on the ground is wearing of higher visibility apparel so that there is a reduction of
injuries of workers.
Use of safety net system becomes safety measures for fall protection. The tag-based
system is being used when the worker is behind the vehicle, and it alerts the employees when
they are walked near the vehicle. The employer requires creating internal traffic control plans to
tell the drivers where to drive and reduce the requirement to back up. Internal control plans are
used to divide the workers on foot from working gears. Safety precautions are included of eye
protection, protection of ear as well as the harness. Heavy duty gloves, as well as masks, are also
safety standard which reduces the incidents to occur into construction sites. To protect the eyes
from the dust, the workers should wear safety glasses furthermore goggles. All the equipment, as
well as tools, are maintained in safe condition. It is also checked for the defects regularly and
taken out of services if the defects are found. Therefore, safety, as well as precautions, are
considered an integral part of the operations of construction sites. The entire staffs of the
company can review the site operational. It is also important to inspect various arrest systems in
order to ensure that connecting devices, harnesses, as well as a lifeline, are in good order. Anti-
vibration gloves must be used as they lessen the high-frequency vibration.
5.3 Recommendations
Achievement of significant reduction of the construction accidents will require of
concerted efforts directed to all levels of a hierarchy of caused. Most of the improvement into the
construction site is made due to an understanding of health as well as safety issues. Following
are the recommendations suggested by this research study to mitigate the accidents into
construction sites:

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
1. Construction safety needs are owned and also integrated across the team members,
engineers and workers throughout skilled trade personnel.
2. Proper communication in addition to coordination is required among the workers for
implementing a safe system of work.
3. There is a requirement to change in standards of the layout of a construction site. The
contractors should raise expectations of what constitutes are acceptable.
4. There is a requirement of proper risk management plan within the organization to
manage the construction incidents and help the workers from being injured due to hit by moving
and stationary objects, vehicle accidents, slip, flood damage and others.
5. Greater opportunity should be taken from the failure with an implementation of
procedures for investigation of accidents, structured to disclose contributed to factors previous
into a causal chain.
6. Education, as well as training, is required for the unskilled workers into the
construction site to aware them of the safety measures. It helps to reduce the occurrence of
accidents and reduce the property damage.
7. The workers should use of safety gear to reduce the occurrence of accidents. Fixed
guardrails to the scaffoldings and installation of safety nets are required for the workers as safety
equipment.
5.4 Limitations of the study
The data analysis, as well as results of this research study, is subjective opinion as well as
professional judgments. Their views are subjective to the limitation of professional knowledge

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
on the field. Time is limited that it does not allow the researcher to perform data analysis based
on construction type for better analysis of obtained data. Into this research study, a financial
budget is also a restriction which limits the quality of this particular study. It is required to
analyze the cost associated with the accidents at the construction site. Accident prevention
program into the site is initiated for each project to reduce the entire construction cost. An
effective way to justify the price is to compare the reduction of cost of accidents with accident
prevention program. The cost of the accidents consists of direct as well as indirect expenses are
incurred. The cost consists of compensation, legal payments in addition to insurance schemes.
5.5 Further research of the study
This research aims to find further causes of the construction accidents. Research is also
conducted to evaluate the measures for improving safety performance as well as the
effectiveness of the safety issues. It will also provide a scope to recommend on effectiveness to
improve the safety climate in Australia construction industry. Safety climate into working
environment is considered as key factors to affect safe performance in this research study. Some
of the factors are required to analyze more and in-depth to get better solutions. In this study, total
incidence rates are being analyzed. However, in order to develop strategies to reduce the rate of
accidents, further research is conducted to analyze the accident rate based on construction types.
The questionnaire survey is also possible to conduct to take feedback and suggestions of the
respondents from the construction industry. The comparative study should also become further
research to enhance chances to observe various construction industries' incidents which affect the
property of the organization.

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Analyzing the property damage due to construction safety incidents
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