Evolution of Community Colleges in the United States

Many graduate programs have been developed to prepare instructors for community colleges, with degrees tailored to the needs of these institutions. The Master's degree in Arts in Teaching, introduced in the late 1960s, was a significant source of well-qualified staff for community colleges. Community colleges in America are governed by a hierarchical structure with administrators receiving higher benefits than faculty and students. The administration of community colleges is complex, with presidents serving as institutional symbols, education leaders, and mediators. Faculty members are represented by union agents such as the Association of National Education and the Federation of Teachers in America. Community colleges offer various programs and services, including counseling, study skills, career planning, advising, and tutoring, to support international students. The colleges also provide cross-cultural programs to help students adjust to the U.S. academic pace and life.

Running head: STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
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STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
History and Evolution of Community College................................................................................3
Context and Leadership in Community Colleges............................................................................5
Vision Statement of Community College........................................................................................5
Local Environment of Community Colleges...................................................................................7
Open Access to Diverse Population................................................................................................9
Examination of Nature of its National Network............................................................................10
The nature of Associate Degrees, Certificates, Occupational Education and Community Service
.......................................................................................................................................................15
Community College Governance..................................................................................................16
Administration...............................................................................................................................16
Professional, and Programmatic Dimensions................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

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Executive Summary
In this paper, a comprehensive and overarching analysis and assessment of the most current
findings and updated information about the American Community colleges are described in
detail. How the community college have paved their way into the education system of America,
the services which they offer and the results they have over the community and students. In this
paper, latest data on curriculum, instructions, faculty and students are analyzed and assessed and
critique on the current trends of enrollment, academic programs and needs, instructional
techniques and methods, faculty issues and hiring practices are also discussed. The purpose and
role of two year institutions in the higher education of America will be analyzed.

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Introduction
Every Community College’s significant mission to transfer, personal satisfaction, general
development of education, literacy, career upgrading and job entry which can be examined
regularly and separately with the results which are daily communicated. The community colleges
of America also seemed to reflect upon the increasing authority of external power over each
individual’s life and the strange American citizen’s belief and thinking that individuals
legitimately cannot be healthy, ill, and observant religiously employed and educated unless any
of the institution sanctions or allows that aspect of the being. The intuitions of society which give
practical value to the society were formed. Perhaps, the simplest and overarching cause for the
increase and development of community college in America was the high demand of king that
was placed and kept on school at each of the level. All the personal or social problems were
supposedly to be solved by the school. In this paper, the history and evolution of the Community
College will be discussed which includes the vision, leadership and local environment, the
concept of courses and degrees (Bailey,et al., 2006).
History and Evolution of Community College
The community college of America dates back to the early annual years in the twentieth century.
Many forces of society gave their contribution in raising it. Out of those, the most significant
factors were the requirement for the workers who were trained to execute the expanding
industries of the nation, the extended duration of adolescent age which led to mandatory
custodial care for the young for an extended period of time and drive and need for equality in the
society which would supposedly be increased if high number of people had the access of higher

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education and knowledge. The community colleges of America also seemed to reflect upon the
increasing authority of external power over each individual’s life and the strange American
citizen’s belief and thinking that individuals legitimately cannot be healthy, ill, and observant
religiously employed and educated unless any of the institution sanctions or allows that aspect of
the being. The intuitions of society which give practical value to the society were formed.
Perhaps, the simplest and overarching cause for the increase and development of community
college in America was the high demand of king that was placed and kept on school at each of
the level. All the personal or social problems were supposedly to be solved by the school
(Barrow, et al., 2014). The legislature and courts have pressurized the schools to mitigate the
concept of discrimination through the merging of students all through the lines of ethics in the
various programs offered by them. The community colleges are given the expectation to solve
and clear the problems and issues related to unemployment with the process of preparation of the
students for the job. The means to award the subsidies to those businesses who train the own
workers can be considered as a direct approach, but community colleges have always preferred
to the pay the public fund for supporting the career and education of students in the schools. This
list can be extended for showing the responsibility to do something and take measures about
societal and individual ills, inequitable incomes, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism and drug abuse
which was assigned and accounted to the schools immediately after the issues were identified
and recognized. Schools were supposed even to amend the long extended issue of deaths on
highway. In the place of lowering the limit of speed and the need for compulsion to use the seat
belts of car in the year 1960, most of the states had enacted the laws which required the schools
to give the courses and education of driver courses (Bogue, et al., 1950).

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Context and Leadership in Community Colleges
The ideas and notion which permeate the high education in the early period of the century led to
development and growth of all these new community colleges all through the country of
America. Science was observed to be seen as an enhancing development as the more the
individuals who may learn the principles of science, the more quick will be the development of
the nation. Many new and latest technologies demand skilled and educated executers and
operators. In order to train them, schools are required. The mobility of the individual was kept at
the topmost esteem as well as the belief was famous that the people who implemented over
themselves very diligently may enhance and advance most quickly. The information source
about many of the colleges are different as they may not or may involve few of the branch
campuses of two years in public universities and the schools which were accredited by Nation
based Technical and Trade schools and not by Associations for Region based accreditations and
various other technical institutes categories (Crisp, et al., 2014). The Community colleges of
America is defined as an institution which is accredited to the Associate in Science and
Associate in Arts as the highest degree. This definition involves the complete two year colleges
and many technical based institutes which include both private and public. It removes most of
the areas for vocational schools which are publically supported and centers of education for adult
and many trade colleges and proprietary business which are given the accreditations by the
Nation based Association for Technical and Trade (Fike, et al., 2014).
Vision Statement of Community College
Many studies are conducted about the students and children who want to get transferred from tej
community colleges for the institutions who grant baccalaureate. As the students come, they

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seem to perform well gradually like native juniors, though it may take long duration to get the
bachelor’s degree. Second continuous finding states that the students who get transferred with
high quantity of credits of community colleges do much better that all those who perform with
less number. The concept of transfer gives shock, the initial decline in the average of grade point
which is seen for past decades still continuous to be apparent (Crain, et al., 2015). The
consequence that the students who get transferred to the universities had a tough time and
duration which can be surmised only. Probably the native students and children were tied to the
informal network which advised them over which the courses and professors were likely and
mostly to yield the favorable results and outcomes. Transfers have completed satisfactorily their
requirement of the distribution at the community colleges of America but it did not do the same
as well when it entered and get into the specialized courses and programs at the universities.
The growth of the community colleges in America must be kept in the arena of the development
of high level education in later stage of twentieth century and the enrollments for secondary
school expanded quickly in 1900. The need and demand to access the college also raised. The
proportion of the students who graduated from the high school increased from 30 percent to 75
percent and approximately 60 percent of graduates from High school entered the college in the
year of 1960. In another way, approx. 40 percent of the eighteen year old students entered the
college in the year 1960 which was up as compared to five percent in the year 1910. Rubinson
has resisted that the increase of schooling in United States which he predicted with the help of a
model where the proportional variation in getting enrolled at any level of the schooling which is
simple working of the quantity of the individuals in relevant group of age in the earlier schooling
level. Green (1980) has put it very simply by stating that the major significance of the year of the
schooling is the ticket to the advance to further level (Cohen, et al., 2003).

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Local Environment of Community Colleges
The states may have arranged the accommodation for the maximum number of people who seek
the attendance of the college by simply having expanded the capacity of university. One of the
significant reasons for establishment of community college is that many of the prominent
educators in early twentieth century and nineteenth century required the abandoning of
sophomore and freshmen classes by the universities and also to relegate the means of teaching
the adolescents to the new institutional set, which was termed as Junior Colleges. Proposals
which the junior colleges must relieve the burden of university to provide general level education
to the young individuals were formed in the year 1851 by the President of Michigan University
(Jepsen, et al., 2008). He convinced that University may not become the real professional and
research Centre for development until they abandon their low divisional preparatory work. Rest
of the educators like William Rainey Harper from Chicago’s University and others gave
suggestions like emulations of the systems which were followed in the Universities of Europe
and Secondary schools. The universities of Europe will be accountable for higher level
scholarships and the low level schools will give the vocational and general education to the
students I the age group of nineteen and twenty (Chang, et al., 2005). Also, Harper resisted that
in place of doing wastage of money by conducting superficial work, the weaker college of four
year may better become the junior colleges. In reality, by the year 1940, 150 out of 203 colleges
which had enrollments of about 1900 or less students, approximately 40 percent of them perished
and 15 percent of them became the junior colleges. In California, the probability can be to have a
feasibility to limit the Stanford and the Californian University to the upper divisional and
professional and graduate studies due to the widespread and early development of the junior
level colleges in the state. Those proposals were several times made especially by the President

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of Stanford Jordan but were not implemented successfully (McCabe, et al., 2000). The
organizations which provide formal education in United Sates of America had undertaken
originally from the both ends and corner of the continuum. Starting from eighteenth century, the
elementary schools and four year colleges were established. And after that, in the nineteenth
century decades, the middle years arranged for the accommodation for the colleges which
organized the private preparatory schools and after that the public secondary schools were also
built. In the starting of twentieth century, the space was tilled. Had the universities closed down
their low divisional and surrendered the sophomore and freshman to the dual year colleges as
these new formed institutes who may have been a part of the convention. But it did not as well as
the community colleges endured adjunctive that was well in the middle of the century. Their
gesture of standing away in the traditional high level education initially with the exclusivity of
the students and then with the academic and scholarship freedom for the professors was bad and
good for the American Community Colleges. In the beginning, the Community colleges gained
good support from the influential leaders of university who welcomed a better institution that
may reject the students who were poorly prepared and only send the best to the upper divisional
level. It later enabled to capitalize on good amount and quantity of money that was available and
present for the programs and events in career based education to get the less of well prepared and
educated students and children who sought extended education as well as to organize the
continuous education actions for the people from all the age group. However, also it doomed the
community colleges to status of choice of institutions and organization. In various notably states
Texas and Florida as well as Illinois upper divisional universities were formed for the reason that
the American Community College may feed the students all across the junior level, although
some of the innovative structure had already survived.

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Open Access to Diverse Population
Community colleges have the procedures to pass the students who may have dropped or failed
out of sophomore and freshman classes in the high level institutions. In a group, the students of
Community colleges were operated undoubtedly too few degree as well as tend to confuse the
reasons and causes for the low and junior level failure and dropout. These factors are found
rarely in the community colleges. Some of the two year institutions have the residence halls and
in most of the states, especially the people with a hierarchy based public high level education
system and the students of community college are of less ability and most of them are part
timers, therefore, the combination of institutional and individual factors at level of community
college who executes the distinctively to lower the probability where any student is able to
complete dual year and give to institutions who grant baccalaureate. Determination of the intra
institutional ways who affect the dropout gives only small part of story. Efforts of the college to
enroll and recruit the sizable quantity of students should also be noted. Community colleges are
made the tremendous labors and efforts to get in a variety of students. They have established
recruitment centers of off-campus and have also sent a van that was staffed with the counselors
in the parks and shopping centers. They have given the advertisement in the newspaper as well
as conducted the solicitations in the telephone. Few of the campaigns of advertisement were
planned sophisticated and carefully because the marketing plans were used by the enterprises of
private business. Marketing is defined as an integration and consolidation of activities of
promotion with the programs which were designed specifically for specific segments of
population and at times offered the convenience of places to the groups. It is significant for the
managers of the college to get to know the marketing and convince other members of the staff
about its significance and put over all the elements of the institutions into the stance of

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STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
marketing. It is also necessary to organize the task force of marketing to work with the
instructors and other members of the staff in promoting and devising the new programs.
Attracting the students to degree credit programs has remained as a high priority for the
institutions where the fiscal survival and existence was directly tied to the number of individuals
in the classrooms. Certainly, these efforts have given their contribution to maintain the
enrollments, but they are also intended to attract a good number of sizeable students only with a
casual commitment with the studies at college level. The procedures of admission alone, which
led the students to get into the classrooms at their own will, gave contribution to the rate of
dropout. The reasons which led to dropout of students from the college considered rarely the
strength of the initial commitment, but it likely seems that any student who give the petition for
the admission may take a bulk of entrance test and also signs for the classes for about six months
prior to the term is committed more genuinely to attend than the one who may appear on first day
of the class with no preliminary planning.
Examination of Nature of its National Network
Curriculum tracking in the colleges has fallen and risen along with time. All through the years,
the American Community Colleges administered typically the test for achievement to the
matriculate as well as attempted for placing the students in the courses which were presumed to
be consonants with the abilities. The students were disallowed to get transferred to the
occupational r remedial program which was a practice that led to rising of the thesis of “cooling
out”. If any of the institution is required to demonstrate the usefulness and importance to the
society, it expects the consistent support in return. When in a school, the people are not given
any obligation to attend it and the college still enrolls huge population segments , the

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administrators may also argue and comment that it should be offering and providing something
of the value to all those who are making investment of their own money and time. They also can
argue that enrollment of high percentage of population is a good cause of society as the more the
individuals are given the exposures towards schooling; the more is likely that the intellectual
leaders may emerge from that segment. If the distribution of intellectual ability and intelligence
in the population is on a probability basis, the intelligent people may come forth even if more of
them are given high access to the schooling. Because of that, any of the restricted system of
education run in opposition to the social policy either the restriction is because of scholastic test,
race, sex and wealth. In order to answer the question regarding the values which is the American
Community College to those individuals who may not transfer or graduate to a degree of
baccalaureate which grant the institutions? By the deliberate intent and their nature, the America
based community college becomes the institutions having open access. They recruited vigorously
the students working off Campus, commuting students and part-timers. In order to get the
attraction of the students, they restricted many of the punitive system of grading, class attendance
requirements, academic probation and any other regulation which was architecture for more
traditional students. In summary, the purpose of collegiate enterprise requires the students to pass
through the degree of baccalaureate and then the American Community College is not successful
by the design. The place of community college in aggregate scheme of high level education
makes sure that minimum percentage of the matriculates, majority and minority will give the
universities as well as to get the Baccalaureate. It gives its acceptation for poorly prepared
students as well as encourages the commuter and part time status. The students assume the
institutions being as readily accessible to drop out and in with no penalty. They also know that it
is not required to complete the program after leaving the secondary school. As the arbiters of

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STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
curriculum, faculty of community college transmit the ideas and concepts, decide on the level
and content, select the textbooks, evaluate and prepare the examinations and structure generally
the conditions of learning for the students. It is common for all the teachers and faculty, they’re
not self-governing practitioners and they execute in the institutions as well are subject to rules.
The workplaces do shape the behavior. Similarly, they talk with the colleagues and do take on
more of profession. The instructors in Community college rarely put in the publications and
when they do and speak at the conferences and give responses to the surveys, it often reveal the
concerns which were persistent about the workplace. In the issue of New Directions for the
Community Colleges over the theme to “Respond to the New Missions”, the instructor initiated
the article, being candid regarding significant Community College issues that are the low
achievement in academics of its student. The Demoralization of the Faculty members who
expected to teach the students at college level but identified the able students in the classes were
very few in numbers, she reported this concern which was felt by the instructors and the faculty
who believed that those decline in the ability of the students was given the encouragement by the
policies of the institution over which the faculty and instructors had no control. She also
deplored colleges and attempts to attain the rolls even on the students who not only show up to
class. Mooney (1989) rebounded the sentiment at the time when she gave the report regarding
the professors who are troubled deeply by the academic and attitudinal credentials of the
students. Similar attitudes regarding the uniqueness of the environment of the community college
which were reported by instructors that was interviewed by Seidnian in 1985. Those in academic
disciplines of tradition were likely most to feel it is out of place due to the institutional
commitment for students and to the curriculum along with which it had little level of affinity.
Many people feel that the community college provides a personal and satisfactory environment.

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The students and the faculty feel the environment to be welcoming and highly involved in the
teaching. People endure willingly the incredible level regarding the discomfort and
dissatisfaction when they believed that individuals are striving and want a higher cause and
reason. The history of missionaries, monks, soldiers and saints reveal that superordinate
objectives and goals are predominant and participants also relinquish the awards which are
tangible. But when patriotism and faith wanes, the demands for the quick and immediate
advantages increase and raise and the groups should give external incentive for sustaining the
allegiance of its members. Gradually, the formal organization progress with the strict rules of
actions who guide the lives and attitude of the people, who may themselves have transformed
into the workers from the participants. Many of the dual degree colleges initiated as smaller
adjuncts into the publicized secondary schools and the organizational based forms have
resembled low level of schools more in place of what they did in the universities. Their work
curriculum and rules stemmed from the State codes of education. Mandated hours of On-campus
for the faculty members, assigning of the schedules of the teaching, selection of textbooks by the
community as well as the obligatory attendance and presence at the college level events which
were common. The size of the institution fostered a close contact in the administrators and
instructors. The administrators at the Community Colleges held the power and authority, but they
were easily accessible as well as the face-to-face bargains can be struck as per the committee and
teaching assignments. The time till which the institutions had enrolled the fresh students from the
high school, faculty of Community colleges may also maintain the expectations which were
consistent. The significant transformation in community college in America as a place of work
arrived when it enhanced in scope and size (Weis, et al., 1985). Sizes have caused the distance
between the members of staff and layers of level of bureaucracy have insulated the people all

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STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
through the levels. The Decision making has shifted from person to collectivity and the decisions
which are made by the communities have diffused the responsibility and accountability for the
outcomes. The staff has become isolated and the members of the faculty in the classrooms which
are protected by the academic freedom, administrators who are behind the desks which are
rulebook adorned. Whether the collective bargaining in the community colleges have resulted
out of this transformation and change, it has enhanced the well-being of the faculty, not
equivalent to the proponents of the same, it had hoped like its detractors who had feared and are
afraid of it. The conditions of the work place which are affected most obviously were size of
class and hour numbers, instructors should spend in campus of college, the responsibility which
was out of class which can be assigned to the students of the community colleges, the student
numbers which they should teach in a week, as well as the funds which are present for
opportunities of professional development. Often Work rules specify the time which can be
spent on the services by the committee, preparing new courses and media development.in short,
the contracts have solidified the conduct which was linked with teaching and binding them with
the rules which needed to be consulted every time a member of the staff consider for any kind of
change. As per the demo graphs, the faculty of community college is different from the
instructors in any other school types (Thomton, et al., 2008). The ratio of men is low as
compared to universities and high as compared to secondary schools. Many of the members of
the faculty hold the academic degrees of masters and have equal experience and skills in the
occupation which they teach. They do not generally hold the advanced degree of graduation as
compared to the professors of the university. Their sole responsibility is teaching. They usually
do not conduct any scholarly or research inquiry.

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The nature of Associate Degrees, Certificates, Occupational Education and
Community Service
In spite of the title of the degree and the various type of the program, a good emphasis over the
preparation’s breadth and over the sensitivity for the objectives of the community colleges as
well as the concern of the student is the standard recommendation. Calls for all the various
people are not only made by the administrators of community colleges but also by significant
disciplinary and professional associations and relationships (Shea, et al., 2014). But some of the
instructors of community college were ready in the programs which were designed especially for
that teaching level. Many well integrated graduate programs which were school based to prepare
the instructors of community college have been developed especially the degrees which were
tailor made were also introduced at various occasions. The degree of Master in Arts in Teaching
has received the support in the late 1960s when the colleges were seeking the staff that was well
qualified and was rapidly expanding. The programs include preparation of Subject Matter in the
academic department, and duration of practice internship and teaching. No one has ever formed
as a significant source of instructors in the Community College (Rhoads, et al., 2016). The drive
for attracting a minor group of instructors has caused various efforts which were specialized. The
structural changes are formed to recruit the students for the profession of teaching; they have
recommended that community colleges offer the pre-education courses of the students
throughout the experience of associate degree. They also emphasized the transfer of the minority
students and learners to the institutes of baccalaureate granting.

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Community College Governance
The Community college of America is held together and collected by the authority which is
delegated and accounted for all the work from top to down, with the persons at top level getting
high benefits instead of those at the lower level which is occupied by students and faculty. The
political and bureaucratic models are observed to be most appropriate for the community
colleges in America (Mellow, et al., 2014). The institutions have been organized in hierarchical
form and have been compromised all through the contending forces which chart their ways and
directions. In spite of all the rhetoric regarding the satisfaction of students and the needs of the
community, the procedures which are maintained in the community colleges are intended to
protect the welfare, satisfaction and rights of the staff. Managers of community college conduct
the affairs which are embroiled typically in the complexity of the time, perhaps heartening to
golden era where administration was simple and rules were few. Single state board of
Community college which can put in the influence over legislature of state, compete with
university for funding who ensure the equal treatment to faculty, ensure quality based education
and harmonize s state level development system of college which seems appealing (Manzo, et
al., 2000)
Administration
With the roots in secondary schools, American Community College was usually managed by the
former instructor who became the initial part time and later the full time administration worker.
In the management of Community Colleges, there are twelve areas to be focused by president
which include serving like institution based symbol, acting like education leader, mediating
disputes. Till the diversification of collective bargaining in the America’s community colleges,

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STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
the department of academics has remained very popular in the unit of organization. The faculties
of community colleges were represented by the bargaining agent along with the Association of
National education and the Federation of Teachers in America as the two most significant agents.
As the faculty in community colleges is unionized at all in post-secondary education, it’s not
surprising that maximum number of faculties have come into existence in these colleges.
Professional, and Programmatic Dimensions
The innovative league in the American Community Colleges had issued a conceptual set
regarding the development of student. Approximately thirty directives were organized under
major headings which instructed the professionals for student developments to design and
formulate the processes that would have smoothed the placement and entry of student smoothly,
enhance the interaction of student with staff of college and the functions also to assist the
students to gain the support from all the types of services of colleges and make sure that the
development and learning of the students, coordination with other companies and maintain the
records of students and provide the assistance to select the members of college staff. Most of the
community college has the procedure which has associations with the colleges with the
surrounding high schools and colleges. The faculty of occupational and technical programs
conducts the activities of recruitment in their areas and region, but the staff of counselling is held
responsible for the recruitment.

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STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
Conclusion
Community colleges are helping to lead the America in making the students get educated in the
cutting fields like geographic information systems, computer and internet technologies, laser
optics, robotics, biotechnology and bio-medical technology. The small class size at the
community college is highly advantageous for the international students because they get
adjusted to the U.S. academic pace for academic practice and life of the skills of English
language. Community colleges do provide various cross-cultural programs and support services
which include counselling, study skills, career planning, advising and tutoring and all of these
are designed only for the international students. The Community college of America is held
together and collected by the authority which is delegated and accounted for all the work from
top to down, with the persons at top level getting high benefits instead of those at the lower level
which is occupied by students and faculty.

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