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Super Capacitor as Energy Storage Device

   

Added on  2020-05-28

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Super capacitor as energy storage device 1sSUPERCAPACITOR AS ENERGY STORAGE DEVICEBy NameCourseInstructorInstitutionLocationDate

Super capacitor as energy storage device 2ABSTRACT The power generated from the renewable sources of energy like wind is variable in nature and in most cases it contains unaccepted serious fluctuations of the electrical energy generated. This serious bottleneck is alleviated by using energy storage device system. And for so many years battery has been employed to do this storage. Nonetheless, the cost of these batteries, limited lifespan, and lower storage capacity has been a great concern to them. To help solve these problems of this battery, a supercapacitor storage device is used[CITATION Nih14 \l 1033]. In this paper, we will basically discuss on how supercapacitor is employed in the storageof electrical energy as well as why it is employed in the storage of electrical energy. This research paper will illustrate how this supercapacitor is employed in on-grid power generated by solar PV system for the storage. This storage device stores electrical energy for a relatively long time as compared to the normal battery. Energy obtained from PV panels are basically irregular sustainable electrical energy hence for a good and continuous supply of electrical energy supercapacitor which stores more electrical energy will be required[CITATION Jiu12 \l 1033]. And in the remote areas which area which is far from the national grid a standalonePhotovoltaic system is employed. These Super Capacitors are connected to the Photovoltaic panels which enable the storage of electrical energy immediately after the generation[CITATION Hui15 \l 1033]. This is employed to avoid the electrical energy which would have been wasted if not used at the point ofthe generation. And it also helps to ensure that there is a continuous supply of electrical energy even during that time with less illumination of radiation ([CITATION Elz13 \l 1033]).

Super capacitor as energy storage device 3Table of content Table of content...............................................................................................................................1ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................1INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................4Supercapacitor energy system......................................................................................................5Solar energy design of harvesting system....................................................................................7The microcontroller selection......................................................................................................7Energy harvesting circuit.............................................................................................................8Sepic DC-DC converter...............................................................................................................9Microcontroller software............................................................................................................10Power MOSFET selection and gate driver................................................................................11Supercapacitor energy estimation..............................................................................................11Supercapacitor overcharging consideration...............................................................................12Motivation and objective...........................................................................................................12Innovative contribution..............................................................................................................13Operation of the Super Capacitor...............................................................................................13Charging the Super Capacitor storage device............................................................................15Discharging the Super Capacitor storage device.......................................................................18Comparison between the supercapacitors and the battery.........................................................20RELATIVE DATA AND STATISTICS.......................................................................................24FUTURE ASPECTS OF SUPER CAPACITOR..........................................................................26CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................27REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................29

Super capacitor as energy storage device 4INTRODUCTION Energy storage system is required to help in the continuous supply of electrical energy after generation. And since the solar photovoltaic cells produce relatively less electrical energy, the storage is required to help reduce the power loss which might be realized in the generation when the electrical energy is not in use[CITATION Joh112 \l 1033]. This is because the electrical power demand always fluctuates highly and consequently power stations should be overdesignedwhich illustrates expensive and inefficient electrical system. Therefore energy production is made independent of the demand by this energy storage system. With the presence of large electricity storage capacity like for the Supercapacitor, the generating capacity could be designedin electrical average terms as opposed to electrical peak terms[CITATION Shi131 \l 1033]. Subsequently, electrical energy storage system could offer various merits over electrical peak terms, such advantages may be load following, standby reserve, and peaking power. In addition, the dangerous emission of the thermal power sources could be highly minimized with the improved efficiency of operation of the on-grid solar energy generation, thanksto the electrical energy storage system for providing dispatchable load and spinning reserve[CITATION Chr122 \l 1033]. Moreover, electrical energy storage system is a required technology for distributed energy resource system. A distributed energy resource system is meant to provide a sustainable and a highly environmental friendly alternative to the traditional energy system[CITATION Hui151 \l 1033]. Solar photovoltaic energy conversion mechanism has actually shown a great improvement in the way people adopt it. This is true due to the fact that the solar energy gives a free, clean and pollution-free energy. The solar energy also shows a relatively higher efficiency

Super capacitor as energy storage device 5of operation, the efficiency of the operation of solar PV generation system is further enhanced bythe incorporation of the Super Capacitor to help in the energy storage[CITATION Weg13 \l 1033]. For the standalone system, remote regions are supplied with either AC or DC power with converters and energy storage devices (Super Capacitor). And on the other hand for the on grid-connected, generated power supply to the utility services without any electrical energy storage components which have made added the advantage of this system of about 99% efficient than thestandalone system [CITATION Mic111 \l 1033]. For the grid-connected power PV generating plant, the power generated by the PV plant is directly by obtained by the transmission line and it is then distributed to the required places (places of demand). Hereafter the application of these Super Capacitors in the storage of electrical energy which hence helps in the better operation of the PV power supply[CITATION Edw132 \l 1033]. Because of the fluctuation of input supply at the side of the inverter, PV inverter topography and the control design should be done in line with the promising control structure. The DC voltage link is fixed to the supply constant voltage to the electrical inverter. The Super Capacitor storage device is employed and connected after the PV modules and depending on the how the electrical power is demanded the DC AC inverter is employed to help convert the DC power to AC power[CITATION Xuf141 \l 1033]. When a lot of power is demanded then the Super Capacitor storage device is automatically disconnected by a changeover from the system to avoid storage of any electrical energy[CITATION Min111 \l 1033]. But during those times when the electrical energy is not demanded, the electrical power is stored in the Super Capacitor and then it will be used during those times when there is no sunlight like the cloudy days or at night[CITATION Soc11 \l 1033]. This will hence promote a steady flow of electrical energy to the places where the power is

Super capacitor as energy storage device 6demanded regardless of the time of the day and the nature of weather. And with the usage of the Super Capacitor storage device instead of the battery makes it so possible to store more electricalenergy through storage of electrical energy at an electrode-electrolyte interface. This interface consists of two plates of metal that are coated with a porous material commonly known as activated carbon hence they pose an increase storage area storing much more energywhich will help in the supply of electrical energy of equal amount as the one generated from the PV panels directly[CITATION Aar10 \l 1033]. And this being a renewable and a clean energy, it hence becomes highly accepted to the society and more electrical energy will be produced for a long time through using this Super Capacitor storage device[CITATION Alf13 \l 1033]. The power from the supercapacitor is in DC form thus if the appliance is operating on AC then an inverter will be used to convert it from DC to AC form. But in some cases the appliances may be operating in DC hence there will be no need for the inverter at that point since the power from PV is in DC form.LITERATURE REVIEWSupercapacitor energy systemAn efficient and reliable electric power storage system is essentially required in an industry for electrical power generation scheme and most importantly solar power generation scheme since it involves a highly fluctuating supply of electrical; power. Originally, dissemination and transmission of power involve power energy transportation from the source to the point of consumption in a unidirectional manner. As result of this, electrical power energy consumption must, therefore, comply with the demand and generation of the electrical energy

Super capacitor as energy storage device 7though, in contradiction, power demand constantly fluctuate leading adjustments in the design ofpower plants to meet the inconsistent demands from the consumer[CITATION Sup10 \l 1033].In the recent past, photovoltaic cells became more popular in increasing the independenceof systems which are embedded. The output features and reliability of photovoltaic cells differs none uniformly in relation to the prevailing environmental conditions which includes temperature and irradiations[CITATION Hui12 \l 1033]. In addition, power obtained or sourced fromthis cell dominantly rely on its point of operation for example when demanding sufficient energyamounts and quantity, it is maintained at its maximum operating point. Photovoltaic terminal voltage always falls to a negligible value whenever a high current is demanded from it whereas whenever there is no or limited demand of current from the cell, there is an increase in its terminal voltage towards the open circuit voltage[CITATION Ste123 \l 1033]. In conclusion, there is no generation of power at both extreme scenarios of the photovoltaic cell hence the urgency for coming up with an algorithm maintaining the cell at its optimum power point also known as power point tracking methods. Production of electrical energy in solar energy plants has been made reliable through use of supercapacitors as an energy storage system instead of the battery due to its high capability of storing and efficiently disseminating power when required[CITATION Vol15 \l 1033]. Due to large-scale storage capabilities of supercapacitors, generating a quantity of power in average electrical terms instead peak demand levels. In solving the highly varying and inconsistent source of energy in solar energy production, batteries are replaced with supercapacitors which facilitate power input and output cycles in a reduced amount of time of approximately 10 seconds thus charge and discharge cycles are made inferior[CITATION Pet12 \l 1033]. Operation of

Super capacitor as energy storage device 8supercapacitors is majorly considered when electrical power demands are high and adjustments on the supplied electrical energy are needed.Energy is stored in supercapacitors in conformity to two phenomena occurring at within the electrode and electrolyte interface, namely: electric double layer which enables supercapacitors store energy through charged layers of ions from the attracted electrolyte to the surface of the electrode by forces of electrostatic or selective adsorption of ions into the surface and pseudocapacitance which chemically enables supercapacitors to store energy just as batteries[CITATION Den101 \l 1033]. When compared to the conventional capacitors, supercapacitors possess greatly varying features of operation which must be necessarily being looked into whenever a power system is designed with them.The below figure shows a combination of eight 3000F supercapacitors in series connection with 2.7v maximum voltage and 21.6v of combined super capacitor block voltage. A sum of ½ *30008*2.7^2=1000935j of energy is thus stored in a single capacitor and a grand totalof 87840J of stored energy in all the eight block of supercapacitors[CITATION Kau12 \l 1033]. It is of importance to note that the estimates of this energy can in companion of errors originating from charge redistribution. Nevertheless, due to the capability of the supercapacitors to store such high energy amounts or quantity, more care should be implemented to avoid short-circuiting the capacitors.

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