Supply Chain Management with Internet of Things in Sri Lankan Tea Industry

This research evaluates the impact of technology in supply chain management of the tea industry in Sri Lanka. It focuses on the supply chain management in small and medium-sized companies in the tea industry using information technology. The study identifies external and internal factors that have been helping in sustainable changes in the supply chain management system.

Running head: SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
Supply Chain Management with Internet of things– Using the Sri
Lankan Tea Industry as a Pilot Study
Name of the Student
Name of the University

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Abstract
This research has been focused on the supply chain management with Internet of Things
in tea industry of Sri Lanka. There have been various concepts of the supply chain management
discussed in the paper. The aim of the research is to evaluate supply chain management in small
and medium sized companies in tea industry in Sri Lanka using information technology. The
concept of sustainability and supply chain system have been derived from various other research
papers in the research. This research has helped in identifying external and internal factors that
have been helping in sustainable changes in the supply chain management system. The role of
the technology on the sustainable supply chain management has been analyzed in the research.
Various tools and techniques related to the continuation of the study have been analysed in the
chapter. Several scientific tools and techniques have been analysed in the research. The research
design used in the study has been described in the chapter. The chapter has helped in analyzing
data collection method used in the study. A proper data analysis method has been discussed in
the chapter. This research has followed all the ethical considerations in the study.
The research has followed a primary data collection method. The use of Likert scale has
been used for analyzing data and information. Charts, graphs and tables have been used to
represent data and outcomes. The last chapter deals with the conclusion and recommendations.
The conclusion of the whole research study has been discussed in the chapter. There are some
recommendations provided in the chapter that might help in proceeding for future work.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................3
1.2 Rationale................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Problem Statement...............................................................................................................10
1.4 Aim, Objectives and Research Questions............................................................................10
1.5 Research Structure...............................................................................................................11
2. Literature Review......................................................................................................................14
2.1 Concept of Supply Chain Management...............................................................................14
2.2 Agro-Supply chain Management.........................................................................................17
2.3 Sustainability.......................................................................................................................21
2.4 Sustainable Supply Chain management...............................................................................26
2.5 Implementation of IT in supply chain management............................................................33
2.6 Opportunities provided by new technologies in e-SCM......................................................40
2.7 Market basics of tea in Sri Lanka........................................................................................48
2.7.1 The Economics of tea.......................................................................................................48
2.8 Impact of IoT on Tea Industry.............................................................................................48
References......................................................................................................................................55

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1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Agriculture has been an important sector for the growth and development of any country.
Traditional agriculture methods have been used for many years in the market. Implementation of
new technology and the Internet of Things have been changing the scenario of the food and
agriculture industry in recent years. Tea has been an important agriculture product and playing
an important role in the economy of any country (Christopher 2016). Sri Lanka has been an old
producer of tea all over the world. The tea industry has been playing an important role in the
economy of the country and provide 15% of direct employment to individuals. It has been the
second largest tea producing country all over the world contributing 4% of the national GDP
(Monczka et al. 2015). Sustainability in tea production and transportation has been a major
development area for Sri Lanka. However, this sector has been facing major issues and
challenges in the market due to an increase in competition in the market. Global competition and
the cost of production have been increased that has caused a decrease in the export earnings of
tea for Sri Lanka. Tea has been introduced to Sri Lanka after coffee was destroyed by Coffee
Leaf Rust in the 19th century. James Taylor was a Scottish planter who first established
commercial tea plantation in 1867at Loolkandura Estate in Kandy District of Sri Lanka
(Christopher 2016). However, the great success of tea plantation has been attracting English
planters. The British initiated tea plantations that have been creating a huge opportunity for the
Sri Lankan tea industry during the 1970s. In the year of 1995, there has been 192,524 ha have
been under tea cultivation in low grown, medium grown and high grown in the country.
Therefore, tea has been a growing industry in Sri Lanka during 2000s. There have been gradual
changes in the economy of the country with the help of the tea industry. Various land distribution

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programs have been implemented by the government as land reform has been creating an
increase in the number of small tea holders in the industry. The contribution to the total
production of several groups has been changed over time. Therefore, the contribution to the total
economy of the country has been increasing with time (Hugos 2018). The tea industry has been
growing in the country with the implementation of various supply chain management system in
the market. However, there are various issues faced by the traditional tea industry. The demand
for tea has been increasing in the country. This has been creating issues in the supply of raw
materials in the tea industry.
This research has been done for notifying all possible issues and factors creating
challenges for the Sri Lankan Tea industry. The supply network of tea has been an important part
of the production of tea. Sustainable development of the tea industry has been a major concern
for the country (Jacobs, Chase and Lummus 2014). Therefore, various researches have been done
for the development of IoT devices in the market. The growth rate of fibre has been depended on
several systems used in the development if the tea production. The use of different techniques
has been dependent on technological intelligence in the market. There has been a typical lack in
supply chain management system of the tea industry. Supply chain management refers to the
flow of products and services in a managed way. It begins from the origin of products and ends
with the consumption of products. It also deals with the storage of products and raw materials
involved in the work progress and inventory control (Monczka et al. 2015). The main purpose of
the supply chain management has been monitoring relation among production, distribution and
transportation of products and services. Supply chain management generally merges with
demand and supply management. It has been using different strategies for working efficiently at
every step included in the chain.

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Sri Lanka has been experiencing an increase in growth rates in recent years. The
economy of Sri Lanka has worth $59 billion and power capita GDP has been around $7000
(PPP). Tea export, tourism, textile and rice production have been the main source of economy for
Sri Lanka (Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani 2016). The government has been looking for apparel,
textile and mass production of domestic goods after 2004. Agricultural products have been given
the highest priority in the country. The country has been looking forward to import and export of
agricultural products including tea. The overall changes in the economy of Sri Lanka have been
depdnde3d on the import and export of agricultural products. The GDP growth has been in
negative in 2001. However, after this, the country has been experiencing changes in the
strategies for claiming growth in the economy. In 2002, the economy has been recovering slowly
in the market. Sri Lanka has been able to maintain its socio-economic behaviour with citizens of
the country. Tea has been given the highest priority in the Sri Lankan economy and world
market. Sri Lanka has been the third largest producer of tea in the industry. Tea has been
accounting 15% of the GDP and generates $700 million annually. Sri Lanka has been the largest
tea exporter in the world in 1995 (Fredendall and Hill 2016). The sector has been providing
employment to more than 1 million people directly and indirectly. The climate of the country has
been providing a favourable condition for the production of tea in the country. A large quantity
of workforce has been majorly women. The tea industry has been growing over the years and
more workforce has been required by the country. Therefore, Indian Tamils have been brought in
Sri Lanka for providing employment in the tea industry.
The immigration of Indian Tamils has been increasing over the years. Tea production
workers have been genetically inherited in Sri Lanka. The housing system has been maintained
by income from the tea industry. The labourers have been helping in providing extra benefit to

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the country in the business market. The tea plantation has been involving several supply chains.
The supply chain management has been helping in maintaining a keen approach in the
production of tea in the country. The supply chain management system of the country has been
good. The wages of the labours have been increased with years (Stadtler 2015). The economic
condition of Sri Lanka has been increasing in years. The significant increase in the development
of the tea industry has been helping in providing a proper understanding of the growth of the
industry. The increase in poverty among tea workers have been helping in maintaining a keen
approach to the development of the tea industry. Poverty in the state sector has been creating
issues in the tea industry. Most of the workers in the tea industry have been poor and immigrated
Indian Tamils. Therefore, there always have been conflicting among tea workers and tea
companies. The paid structure of the workers has been not been good. Therefore, there has been
a requirement of increasing the production of tea in the industry. The technological impact on
the tea industry has been helping in increasing the production of tea in the market. This might
help in increasing the economic condition of tea workers. This research has been focused on the
impact of technology in supply change management of the tea industry in Sri Lanka.
1.2 Rationale
There have been massive dramatic changes including high competition and innovations
in the agriculture industry in Sri Lanka. Various organizations in the tea industry have been
facing competitive advantage for survival in the market. Organizations have been focusing on the
enhancement of their functions that might help in gaining additional competitive advantages in
their competitive marketplace (Hugos 2018). Outsourcing has been one of the strategies that can
be undertaken for improving key functions. Globalization has increased competition in the
market. Globalization has been affecting major organizations in the tea manufacturing unit in the

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market. Various large companies have been channelizing the market of tea industry for small
companies. Therefore, small companies have not been able to create a competitive advantage in
the market (Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani 2015). This has been also creating food loss in the
market. Many quantities of tea have been destroyed due to poor supply chain management
system. The use of technology in the tea industry has been helping in increasing the production
of tea in the market. Various companies are moving towards the implementation of the Internet
of Things in the tea industry. These technologies have been helping in maintaining the quality of
tea products in the market. The agricultural fields have been monitored by using IoT drones.
These drones have been helping in providing essential ingredients to the tea plant. The quality of
soil has been maintained and properly watered. Small tea companies have not been able to
implement technology in their companies. Therefore, small tea companies are not able to
produce a huge number of tea as compared to large companies (Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani
2015). The supply chain management of the companies has been not appropriate in the state.
The use of the supply chain system has been creating huge issues related to the production of tea
in the market. The techniques used in small tea companies have been the traditional method. Tea
leaves are still plucked with bare hands. Therefore, the workforce needs to be huge in the
traditional method. This creates issues in providing salaries to these workers. The number of
salaries used to below as there is a huge number of workers and low production. The supply
chain management system has been poor in small tea companies.
According to the Sri Lankan Tea Board (2015), the tea industry has been able to employ
13 million workers in which 9 million are small and medium-sized enterprises. The smallholders
have been vulnerable to poor yield and supply chain management system in the market.
Therefore, export and import of tea have been badly affected in Sri Lanka. This has also created

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a loss of 4% in the export of tea product all over the world. The GDP of the country has been
decreased gradually. The International Tea Committee (ITC) has been a result of these
negotiations and has been organized in 1933 by representatives of tea planters in India, Ceylon
and Dutch East Indies (Brandenburg et al. 2014). The tea industry has been playing an important
role in the economy of Sri Lanka. Though there has been a decline in the contribution in recent
years. Tea has been using a large area of wet zone land that is available for agriculture. Sri
Lanka has been producing 280 kg millions of black tea in 1998 and about 10% of the total world
black tea production. Sri Lanka has been able to export more than 90% of its annual production.
Therefore, foreign exports earnings have been of an amount of Rs.42.5 billion and about 15% of
the total export earnings of Sri Lanka.
Figure 1: Sri Lankan Tea marketing chain
(Source: Wang et al. 2016)
This figure describes about the marketing chain of the Sri Lankan tea industry. Tea plants
are grown in the agricultural fields. After that leaf supplier bought tea leaves from small holder
leaf. The leaf supplier send tea leaves industry for filtration process. After that, tea leaves are
send to the market or private sales. The local buyer bought these tea leaves from the secondary

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market at low cost. After that they distribute the product to different distributor agencies in the
market. The shop owners used to buy final tea products form these local distributors and sell it to
consumers in the market. The overall supply chain management system contains various steps
that create complexity in the system. The use of the technology can help in minimizing these
complexities in the system. The initial stages of the supply chain include several sub parts.
These sub sections can be reduced by the use of the IoT services (Genovese et al. 2017). The
robots and other IoT devices can take care of the tea leaves and packaging system. Therefore,
there will no requirement of huge number of workers at that stage. The use if the rebuts and
other IoT devices will replace human from monitoring and caring tea leaves. This might help in
increasing the production of tea leaves in the market. The use of the IoT based supply chain
management system help on automated system of tea making system.
This research has been focused on issues for poor supply chain management system of
the tea industry. There have been proper explanation of challenges faced by the tea
organizations in the market due to globalization. The changes in the sustainable development of
the tea industry has been explained. The implementation of IT and IoT in the supply chain
management for enhancement of tea industry in the market has been critically analyzed in the
research. This research has been accomplished for telling every conceivable issue and factors
making difficulties for the Sri Lankan Tea industry. The supply system of tea has been a critical
piece of the creation of tea. Reasonable improvement of the tea business has been a noteworthy
worry for the nation (Jacobs, Chase and Lummus 2014). Thusly, different inquires about have
been accomplished for advancement of the IoT gadgets in the market. The development rate of
fiber has been relied upon a few frameworks utilized in the improvement if the tea creation. The
utilization of various methods have been reliant on the mechanical insight in the market. There

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has been normal need in production network the board arrangement of the tea business. Store
network the board alludes to the stream of items and administrations in an oversaw way. It starts
from the inception of items and finishes with utilization of items. It manages the capacity of
items and crude materials engaged with the work advancement and stock control. The principle
motivation behind the inventory network the board has been observing connection among
creation, appropriation and transportation of items and administrations. Store network the
executives for the most part converges with interest and supply the board. It has been utilizing
diverse methodologies for working productively at each progression incorporated into the chain.
1.3 Problem Statement
The major problem in the tea industry has been poor supply chain systems of the tea
organizations in the market. The supply chain of the tea organizations in Sri Lanka has been
declining. This research has focused on the tea industry of Sri Lanka. The tea industry of Sri
Lanka has been profitable in mid 90s. However, due to logistical and poor supply chain
management system, the revenue of Sri Lankan tea industry has been decreasing. This has create
negative impact on the economy of Sri Lanka. Globalization has been affecting by increasing
competition in the market. SMEs are not able to compete with the large tea companies in the
market. There have been significant loss in the revenue of the small and medium sized
companies in tea industry of Sri Lanka. With the changes in the economy of Sri Lanka since
1980s, the value of industrial export has been decreased gradually. The increase in the
competition in the tea industry market, various huge companies have been in the market. There
has been significant loss in the tea industry of the Sri Lanka. Therefore, this paper focuses on
sustainable issues and their impact on performance of the agro-supply chain.

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1.4 Aim, Objectives and Research Questions
This study aims at evaluating supply chain management in small and medium sized
companies in tea industry in Sri Lanka using information technology.
Following are objectives of the research:
 To explore the enablers to support enhanced efficiency and reduction of waste in the
supply chain of tea production within an Sri Lankan context
 To evaluate supply chain management in tea industry using Information technology in Sri
Lanka
 To identify issues and factors affecting supply chain management of tea industry in Sri
Lanka
 To implement information technology in supply chain management system for mitigating
issues in tea industry in Sri Lanka
Following are the research questions:
 How to evaluate supply chain management in tea industry using Information technology
in Sri Lanka?
 What are issues and factors affecting supply chain management of tea industry in Sri
Lanka?
 How to mitigate issues in tea industry in Sri Lanka by implementing Information
technology?
1.5 Research Structure
This research include five chapters including Introduction, Literature review, Research
Methodology, Data findings and analysis and Conclusion and recommendation respectively. This

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research has helped in analyzing the impact of the IoT in supply chain management system in Sri
Lankan Tea industry. The first chapter introduces the research study. A basic information about
the research and overview of the Sri Lankan tea industry have been provided in the chapter. This
chapter helps in deciding the aim, objectives and research questions. The problem statement has
helped in understanding the main problem of the context for what the research has been done.
The use of the research objectives have helped in maintaining as smart approach in the
development of the research.
Figure 2: Research Structure
(Source: Created by Author)
The second chapter discusses about literature review of the research study. Various
research papers have been studied to collect data and information about the tea industry of Sri
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Chapter 4: Data Findings and analysis
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recomendation

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Lanka. The concept of sustainability and supply chain system have been derived from various
other research papers in the chapter. This chapter has helped in identifying external and internal
factors that have been helping in sustainable changes in the supply chain management system.
The role of the technology on the sustainable supply chain management has been analyzed in the
chapter. Opportunities related to the e-SCM has been depicted in the chapter. The importance of
technology in the tea industry has been reflected in the chapter. The use of various theories and
models related to the supply chain management have been analyzed in the chapter.
The third deals with research methodology. Various tools and techniques related to the
continuation of the study have been analysed in the chapter. Several scientific tools and
techniques have been analysed in the chapter. The research design used in the study has been
described in the chapter. The chapter has helped in analyzing data collection method used in the
study. A proper data analysis method has been discussed in the chapter. This research has
followed all the ethical considerations in the study.
The fourth chapter deals with data findings and analysis of the data. The research has
followed a primary data collection method. The use of Likert scale has been used for analyzing
data and information. Charts, graphs and tables have been used to represent data and outcomes.
The last chapter deals with the conclusion and recommendations. The conclusion of the whole
research study has been discussed in the chapter. There are some recommendations provided in
the chapter that might help in proceeding for future work.

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2. Literature Review
2.1 Concept of Supply Chain Management
As commented by Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani (2016), supply chain management
refers to a combination of integrated planning, coordination and control over all processes and
activities in the supply chain. It helps in providing extra value added services by reducing total
cost of all stakeholders in the supply chain. According to the supply chain management, it has
been a series of processes and activities that helps in sharing and transferring physical methods
across a chain system. Supply chain management has been process-oriented approach that
focuses on sourcing, producing and delivery of goods to end customer. In globalized business,
supply chain management system has been playing an important role in increasing growth in
revenue and performance of companies. Supply chain management has been moving towards the
strategic alliances between supplier and company officials. The competition based on flexibility
in time and production with few inventories (Wang et al. 2016). There have been increase
customer awareness, delivery free products and on-time delivery. Efficient Customer Response
(ECR) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) have been important focal point of
supply chain management. CRM has been trying to increase relationship with major customers
by increasing value offered to both customers and suppliers. Management of supply chain risks
has been imposing pressure with enhancement in globalization. In order to improve the business
resources with raw materials and accuracy of the deliverable order, Supply Chain Management
has a huge impact in it. While considering the operations of supply chain management for the
service of any particular business there are several important establishment in it which includes
product manufacturer, wholesaler, product distributer and retailers (Wang and Cullinane 2015).
As the supply chain management provides the businesses an advance synchronized way to

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enhance their business platform, thus it is an important aspect of modern business. According to
many studies supply chain management helps to provide extra value added services by reducing
overall cost of all the stakeholders present in the supply chain, boost client services and the
financial position of the business in the market as well. The fundamental concept of supply chain
management is to provide an organized sequence of operations and activities that provides a
facility to share and transfer manual methods across the chain system. The supply chain
management is an active management operation of any supply chain in order to provide high
priority to customer values and attain retainable ambitious benefits to the supply chain. As the
supply chain system is based on the concept of process oriented approach it basically focused on
implementing, sourcing, manufacturing, logistics as well as the final delivery of the product to
the consumer (Touboulic and Walker 2015). While considering the global business platforms the
impact of supply chain management has a significant influence in order to increase the work
efficiency and business growth of that mentioned business. The supply chain management has
taken a step towards improving the alliance strategy the suppliers and consumers. There is a
fundamental strategy in order to practice the supply chain management. As there are unique set
of operational activities and market value for each business present in the supply chain the
companies present in the supply chain must take collective and individual decision with respect
to five aspects with are mentioned below:
Manufacture: This particular aspect is about the demands of product in market and the
manufacturer’s productivity ratio of that particular product. It also helps to monitor few aspects
which are quality control, requirement maintenance and workflow structuring. Being the primary
part of business in every company that operates successfully and continues to do business in the

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market, the manufacturing part of that company must be stable enough to make the company
prevent from crippling down in their segment of manufacturing.
Inventory: The aspect of inventory act as a moderator against the supply chain’s
uncertainty. It helps to decide what action should take in order to optimize the inventory level of
any stage of that mentioned supply chain (Brindley 2017). It is the current asset of any
company’s balance sheet and plays a significant part in the operations of any ongoing business.
Inventory in any manufacturing company includes the raw materials used for assembling
products and finishing it as per the needs of the company’s demands, which further relates to the
demand of the market as a whole.
Information: this aspect of supply chain opt to provide the supply chain managers the
facility to analyze the product information in order to make best decision about what information
should be collected and what information should be shared. Management of supply chain risks
has been imposing pressure with enhancement in globalization. In order to improve the business
resources with raw materials and accuracy of the deliverable order, Supply Chain Management
has a huge impact in it. By analyzing these information it is very easy to make effective decision
about the productivity and inventory of that particular product. Information can play a significant
role for the growth of any company existing with supply chain management as it creates a
platform for the supply chain management processing and transactions based on them (Jabbour
and de Sousa Jabbour 2016). It is on the basis of this information of demand and position of the
market that a particular business holds, the managers take decisions effecting for the growth of
the company.
Transportation: While comparing the truck and air freight delivery transit with rail and
sea transit it is visible that there is a significant difference between their price demands. Thus,

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this aspect will help to determine the optimal solution of the occurred issue. Statistics show that
when a company is able to make effective strategic changes for the company by decreasing the
cost price and increasing the service levels of the customers, it is assured that the company
possesses a network of economical transportation that proves to be highly responsive usually.
Location: This aspect helps to provide the supply chain a facility to enhance their
production and inventory storage location in order to improve their work efficiency and prefers
most feasible product delivery paths for the ordered product. Collectively these five aspect will
define the worthiness and effectiveness of the supply chain present in a business. In most of the
cases of a successful company that deals with supply chain management is found to be located in
such a place from where it is economical to continue with the process, which in turn creates a
massive impact for the growth of the company (Formentini and Taticchi 2016). There are several
other advantages of location for a company dealing with supply chain management as there is an
evident growth of logistics and if the location is feasible, enough it is often found that the
availability and cost of the labor is effectively low in such cases.
2.2 Agro-Supply chain Management
The concept of supply chain management has been a critical topic in manufacturing
sector for gaining competitive advantage. In recent years, agro-supply chain management has
been gaining more attention in research field works for gaining awareness and knowledge.
Agriculture sector has been playing an important role in the development of the country. It has
been major source of income for a developing country (Fredendall and Hill 2016). The
agricultural industry has been in middle of major structural changes over various geographical
context. It has been helping in food quality, food security uncertainty with weather changes and
other issues included in agro-supply chains. Traditional agriculture processes have been focused

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on harvesting and growing crops. However, with time, these goals have been changed.
Agriculture has been considered with tradable product and focuses on wider area of several
activities including farming inputs, value added activities and distribution.
Figure 2: Tea Value chain and consumption
(Source: Wang and Cullinane 2015)
The agro-supply chain has been related with value creation process. There have been
many technology advances in the supply chain management including research and development
ion tools and techniques used in agriculture sector. These practices have been gaining advantage
in the agriculture sector with the use of information technology systems (Wisner, Tan and Leong
2014). Various opportunities and competition have been faced in the process creating values for
the country. Increase in competition have compelled organizations to maximize their production
and customer service. The shop proprietors used to purchase last tea items structure these
neighborhood wholesalers and pitch it to buyers in the market. The general inventory network
the board framework contains different advances that make multifaceted nature in the
framework. The utilization if the innovation can help in limiting these complexities in the
framework (Ross 2016). The underlying phases of the production network incorporate a few sub
parts. These sub segments can be diminished by the utilization of the IoT administrations. The
robots and other IoT gadgets can deal with the tea leaves and bundling framework. In this way,
there will no necessity of colossal number of specialists at that arrange. The utilization if the

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refutes and other IoT gadgets will supplant human from checking and minding tea leaves. This
may help in expanding the creation of tea leaves in the market. The utilization of the IoT based
store network the executives framework help on computerized arrangement of tea making
framework.
This research has been centred on issues for poor production network the executive’s
arrangement of the tea business. There has been appropriate clarification of difficulties looked by
the tea associations in the market because of globalization. The adjustments in the reasonable
advancement of the tea business have been clarified. Its execution and IoT in the production
network the executives for improvement of the tea industry in the market has been basically
dissected in the research. This research has been cultivated for telling each possible issue and
factors making challenges for the Sri Lankan Tea industry. The supply arrangement of tea has
been a basic bit of the making of tea. Sensible improvement of the tea business has been vital
stress for the country (Jacobs, Chase and Lummus 2014). Therefore, unique asks about have
been practised for headway of the IoT contraptions in the market. The advancement rate of fibre
has been depended upon a couple of structures used in the improvement if the tea creation. The
usage of different techniques has been dependent on mechanical understanding in the market.
There has been an ordinary need underway system the board course of action of the tea business.
Store arrange the board suggests the flood of things and organizations in a directed way. It
begins from the origin of things and completions with the usage of things. It similarly deals with
the limit of things and rough materials connected with the work progression and stock control
(Schönsleben 2016). The standard inspiration driving the stock system the board has been
watching association among creation, apportionment and transportation of things and
organizations. Store organize the administrators generally unites with intrigue and supply the

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board. It has been using different systems for working gainfully at every movement joined into
the chain. As a result, agro-supply chain management system has been gaining importance in the
market. Tea as a product has been increased in developing countries (Pagell and Shevchenko
2014). The export and import of agriculture product have been increased in modern times. The
performance of the logistics value chain has been helping minimizing complexities in this sector.
These issues have given rise to sustainable agriculture tools and techniques. The expanded
engrossment in supply chain management has been stimulated by involving the information and
communication Technology which has offered a various way of exchanging the significant
amount of information among the participants of the supply chain in order to enhance the
coordination between them. In order to establish an effective and improved supply chain system,
it has a significant approach towards the business partners.
While considering the global business platforms the impact of supply chain management
has a significant influence in order to increase the work efficiency and business growth of that
mentioned business. The supply chain management has taken a step towards improving the
alliance strategy the suppliers and consumers. While discussing the Agro-industries, the concept
of supply chain management has significant application in the field of agricultural products in
order to grab the customer interest and to improve their productivity (Meixell and Luoma 2015).
In order to provide the enhanced market accessibility from developing countries, regional and
local markets the Agro-supply chain and network offers significant beneficiary functionalities. It
also helps to establish an impact of the business in a competitive field. As the supply chain
system follows a simple work sequence, at the organizational level within the chain networks. It
is often found that in the case of a successful processing-based supply chain management
company a stable relationship exists with the transportation and warehousing of the particular

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company as well as other companies too. This healthy relationship usually results in less
consumption of time in the processing of a service request and reduced inventories as well. With
the improvement in the existing supply chain came the logistics stage where different other
significant functional areas within a company started collaborating with the working departments
of the company to ensure manufacturing, control over the inventories, transportation and even
distribution to maintain a stable position in the market and to compete with the rivals too
(Cooper 2017). The company supports the logistics segment with suitable telecommunications,
electronic data interfaces and other latest technological updates based on the respective part of
the logistics that made sure that the transmission of information between the departments stays as
clearer as possible.
2.3 Sustainability
Sustainability can be defined as a phenomenon, which makes sure that the development,
which covers the needs of the current generation, does not only limit to them but also save for
the future generations as well. The modern concept of sustainability has been published in the
World Commission on Environment and Development. As commented by Beske, Land and
Seuring (2014), sustainability refers to the development of an environment that can meet
requirements without harming the environment for the future. The triple bottom lines have been
referred to as the environment, economic and social equity as pillars of sustainability. Therefore,
sustainability can be achieved when all the three pillars including social, economic and
environmental aspects have been moving together for achieving long-term performance related
to the economy and its benefits. Supply Chain sustainability has been a business issue that is
affecting the supply chain of an organization with frequent changes in SECH ratings. These
ratings have been defined as ethical, social, cultural and health footprints (Rajeev et al. 2017).

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
Customers have been aware of the impact on the environment for their purchases and SECH
ratings. There are many organizations that are included under privatization and government.
Different chances and rivalry have been looked in the process making esteems for the nation.
Increment in the challenge has constrained associations to boost their generation and client
administration. Thus, agro-production network the executive framework has been picking up
significance in the market. The climb in the tea business showcase has been kept up by executing
data innovation. The web office has been helping in interfacing with various accomplices by data
stream. This assistance in better arranging and basic leadership framework in the associations.
The utilization of web has been helping in actualizing a few traits in specialized perspectives.
There have been colossal enthusiastic changes including high test and headways in the
cultivating business (Gonella et al. 2018). Diverse relationship in the tea business have been
standing up to high ground for survival in the market. The sustainability factors have been
derived from various elements that can be based on organically grown foods and tea industry.
Supply chain acquires around 75% of the carbon footprints of the company. Optical properties of
tea grounds and techniques for estimation of tea grounds nature of estimation exactness. Thusly,
for improving proficiency of tea generation, forms should be overseen by Geographical
Information System (GIS) based framework. Hence, different inquires about have been
accomplished for improvement of the IoT gadgets in the market. The development rate of fiber
has relied upon a few frameworks utilized in the improvement if the tea generation. The
utilization of various procedures has been reliant on the innovative insight in the market. Remote
systems have been created so as to improve and screen tea generation in the market
(Rostamzadeh et al. 2015). New open entryways have been ascending under e-business
approach. These open entryways have been making colossal advantage to the business affiliation.

24
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
Because of the tea industry, store arranges the board system has been a fundamental part. The
supply of tea grounds and unrefined materials need to of good quality and on-time transport. As
needs are, automated structures have been exhibited that help with proper checking and
managing unrefined materials in the tea business. The quick headway of information
development and electronic information trade among associations and suppliers have been
making improved information the board in supply chains. The joint exertion with various
accessories in the tea industry has been helping in giving an authentic generation to organize the
system in the market. The use of information development has been helping in keeping up an
astute methodology in the dependence with various brands in the tea industry. Distinctive shots
and competition have been looked in the process making regards for the country. Augmentation
in ion has obliged relationship to intensify their creation and customer organization.
Appropriately, agro-creation organizes the administrator's system has been getting essentialness
in the market (Ptak and Schragenheim 2016). The move in the tea business publicize has been
kept up by executing information development. The web office has been supporting in
interfacing with different assistants by information stream. This help with better orchestrating
and fundamental administration structure in the affiliations. The usage of the web has been
supporting in realizing a couple of properties in particular points. There have been gigantic
enthusiastic changes including high test and degrees of progress in the developing business. The
assorted relationship in the tea business has been going toward the high ground for survival in
the market. Affiliations have been concentrating on the improvement of their capacities that may
help in growing extra focal points in their mighty business center (Hugos 2018). Redistributing
has been one of the frameworks that can be gotten a handle on for improving key points of
confinement. The globalization has expanded the test in the market. Globalization has been

25
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
influencing significant relationship in the tea making unit in the market. Differing clearing
affiliations have been channelizing the market of tea industry for little affiliations. Accordingly,
little affiliations have not could make high ground in the market (Fahimnia, Sarkis and
Davarzani 2015).
Sri Lanka has been encountering increment in development rates as of late. The economy
of Sri Lanka has worth $59 billion and power capita GDP has been around $7000 (PPP). Tea
trade, the travel industry, material and rice creation have been a primary wellspring of the
economy for Sri Lanka. The legislature has been searching for attire, material and large scale
manufacturing of household merchandise after 2004. Horticultural items have been given the
most astounding need in the nation. The nation has been searching forward for import and fare of
agrarian items including tea. The general changes in the economy have been depdnde3d on the
import and fare of agrarian items. The GDP development has been in negative in 2001
(Schoenherr and Speier Pero 2015). Be that as it may, after this the nation has been encountering‐
changes in the methodologies for asserting development in the economy. In 2002, the economy
has been recouping gradually in the market. Sri Lanka has possessed the capacity to keep up its
financial conduct with residents of the nation. Tea has been given the most noteworthy need in
the economy and world market. Sri Lanka has been the third biggest maker of tea in the business.
Tea has been bookkeeping 15% of the GDP and produce $700 million every year. The area has
been giving work to more than 1 million individuals specifically and in a roundabout way. The
atmosphere of the nation has been giving an ideal condition to the generation of tea in the nation
(Giannakis and Papadopoulos 2016). A vast amount of the workforce has been significantly
ladies. The tea business has been becoming throughout the years and more workforce has been
required by the nation. In this manner, Indian Tamils have been acquired Sri Lanka for giving

26
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
work in the tea business. The migration of Indian Tamils has been expanding over the years. Tea
generation laborers have been hereditarily acquired in Sri Lanka. The lodging framework has
been kept up by pay from the tea business. The workers have been aiding in giving additional
advantage to the nation in business advertising. The tea estate has been including a few supply
chains. The inventory network the board has been aiding in keeping up a sharp methodology in
the generation of tea in the nation. The store network the board arrangement of the nation has
been great. The wages of the works have been expanded with years. The critical increment in the
improvement of the tea business has been aiding in giving appropriate comprehension in the
development of industry (Wang et al. 2015). The expansion in the neediness among tea
specialists have been aiding in keeping up a sharp methodology in the advancement of the tea
business. A large portion of the laborers in the tea business has been poor and moved Indian
Tamils. Along these lines, there dependably have been strife among tea specialists and tea
organizations. The paid structure of the specialists has been not been great. Hence, there has been
a prerequisite of increment the creation of tea in the business. The innovative effect on tea
industry has been aiding in expanding the generation of tea in the market.
This may help in expanding the monetary state of tea laborers. This exploration has been
centered on the effect of innovation in supply change the executives of the tea business in Sri
Lanka. Horticultural items have been given the most elevated need in the nation. The nation has
been searching forward for import and fare of rural items including tea. The general changes in
the economy have been depended on the import and fare of horticultural items. The GDP
development has been in negative in 2001 (Chin Tat and Sulaiman 2015). Be that as it may, after
this the nation has been encountering changes in the techniques for asserting development in the
economy. In 2002, the economy has been recouping gradually in the market. Sri Lanka has

27
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
possessed the capacity to keep up its financial conduct with subjects of the nation. Tea has been
given the most astounding need in the Sri Lankan economy and world market. Sri Lanka has
been the third biggest maker of tea in the business. Tea has been bookkeeping 15% of the GDP
and produce $700 million yearly. Sri Lanka has been the biggest tea exporter on the planet in
1995. The part has been giving work to more than 1 million individuals specifically and in a
roundabout way. The atmosphere of the nation has been giving a positive condition to the
creation of tea in the nation. A vast amount of the workforce has been significantly ladies. The
tea business has been becoming throughout the years and more workforce has been required by
the nation. In this manner, Indian Tamils have been gotten Sri Lanka for giving work in the tea
business. The movement of Indian Tamils has been expanding over the years (Su et al. 2016).
Tea creation laborers have been hereditarily acquired in Sri Lanka. The lodging framework has
been kept up by salary from the tea business. The workers have been aiding in giving additional
advantage to the nation in the business showcase. The tea manor has been including a few supply
chains. The inventory network the executives has been aiding in keeping up a sharp methodology
in the generation of tea in the nation. The inventory network the board arrangement of the nation
has been great. The wages of the works have been expanded with years. The financial state of Sri
Lanka has been expanding in years. The huge increment in the advancement of the tea business
has been aiding in giving legitimate comprehension in the development of the industry. The
expansion in the neediness among tea laborers has been aiding in keeping up a sharp
methodology in the advancement of the tea business. Neediness in the state segment has been
making issues in the tea business. The majority of the laborers in the tea business have been poor
and moved Indian Tamils. Thusly, there dependably have been strife among tea laborers and tea
organizations (Kshetri 2018). The paid structure of the specialists has been not been great. Along

28
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
these lines, there has been the necessity of increment the generation of tea in the business. The
innovative effect on tea industry has been aiding in expanding the creation of tea in the market.
This may help in expanding the monetary state of tea laborers. This research has been centered
on the effect of innovation in supply change the executives of the tea business.
2.4 Sustainable Supply Chain management
Sustainable supply chain management can be defined as a transparent and strategic
integration of a company’s economic, environmental and social goals in a systematic way thus
coordinating with the main factors of the company’s business processes which aims for the
betterment in the long term economically stable performance of a particular person and their
supply chain. Supply chain and competitive strategy have been creating a strong relationship
with sustainability. Therefore, depending on the external business environment and supply
demands have been defining the external environment of business (Pathak, Hazarika and Pandey
2015). Therefore, for achieving competitive advantages, it has been necessary for defining
supply chain strategy implemented in the system. These supply chain strategy has been creating
issues in the business organization in order to maximize production. The need for additional
information as for the decline in the cost of improved strategies for broadening present-day
instruments. The usage of the IoT devices has been supporting in thinking high scale regard
included organizations in the business. The age business has been helping in keeping up sharp
philosophy in the improvement of the tea industry. New opportunities have been developing
under e-business approach. These open doors have been making colossal benefit to the business
association. On account of the tea business, inventory network the executives framework has
been a vital part. The supply of tea grounds and crude materials need to of good quality and on-
time conveyance. In this manner, robotized frameworks have been presented that assistance in

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
appropriate observing and overseeing crude materials in the tea business. The fast advancement
of data innovation and web based data exchange among organizations and providers have been
making improved data the executives in supply chains (Valverde and Saadé 2015). The joint
effort with different accomplices in the tea business has been helping in giving a legitimate
inventory network framework in the market. The utilization of the data innovation has been
helping in keeping up a savvy approach in the reliance with different brands in the tea business.
Affiliations have been focusing on the improvement of their abilities that may help in
expanding additional advantages in their forceful business focus (Hugos 2018). Redistributing
has been one of the strategies that can be grasped for improving key limits. The globalization has
extended the test in the market. Globalization has been affecting critical relationship in the tea
manufacturing unit in the market. Distinctive far reaching associations have been channelizing
the market of tea industry for little associations. Thus, little associations have not had the ability
to make the high ground in the market (Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani 2015). The utilization of
data improvement has been helping in improving the idea of things and associations of different
relationship in the market. The possibility of tea can be stretched out with the usage of data
created in the tea business. The Internet and e-business improvements have been helping in
drawing in affiliations everything considered and having a structure to be undauntedly related
along their partners for managing their embellishments in the market. The effect of
maintainability has been extending in the store network arrangement of the organizations (Hazen
et al. 2014). The horticulture business has been executing maintainable advancement of harvests
and nourishment in the field. On account of horticulture, maintainability manages rich soil for
the following harvests to be developed. The richness of the dirt must not be harmed for future
generation of tea and different harvests. The key yield of feasible improvement of monetary and

30
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
natural objectives in precise coordination have been kept up in long financial execution
(Touboulic and Walker 2015). Be that as it may, maintainable production network the board has
been considered as the most ideal route for improving effectiveness in the store network. In this
manner, production network chiefs have been thinking about stock decrease, CRM and ECR
rehearses immaterial advantages for monetary, natural and social parts of inventory network the
executives framework. An association, which applies manageability idea in their very own
business, considers it as an instrument that can accomplish an upper hand just as a chance to fit
the social needs. Viability can be described as a wonder, which guarantees that the improvement,
which covers the necessities of the present age, restrains to them just as set something aside for
the future ages moreover. The front line thought of viability has been dispersed in the World
Commission on Environment and Development. As commented by Beske, Land and Seuring
(2014), supportability implies the improvement of a condition that can meet necessities without
harming the earth for what's to come. The triple essential concerns have suggested condition,
budgetary and social incentive as pillars of viability. The utilization of various methodologies
has been reliant on innovative learning in the market. Remote structures have been made so as to
improve and screen tea age in the market. New open entries have been moving under e-business
approach. These open entryways have been making goliath favored viewpoint to the business
association. The use of computerization and digitalization has been supporting in modernizing
standard contraptions of cultivating. The forefront of IoT devices has been supporting in
watching and controlling tea creation in the business. The premium of the customers in the
market has been growing of late. As such, for getting together their essentials, the tea industry
has been executing IoT devices in the structure (Liou et al. 2016). The modified structure has
been helping in giving a sharp method to manage the age of tea. There has been a needing of

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
spryness and capability of relationship for responding to the solicitations of customers whose
demands are creating and growing wrangling power. This has been making issues in the
affiliation related to cost capability. There has been an effort for improving relationship by
increasing stock power in collecting and scattering. The quality and organizations of the
affiliation have been kept up in the affiliation.
The usage of information development has been helping in improving the nature of things
and organizations of various associations in the market. The idea of tea can be extended with the
utilization of information developed in the tea business. The Internet and e-business
developments have been helping in engaging affiliations everything considered and having a
framework to be immovably related along their associates for dealing with their accessories in
the market. The impact of sustainability has been expanding in the supply chain system of the
companies (Hazen et al. 2014). The agriculture industry has been implementing sustainable
development of crops and food in the field. In the case of agriculture, sustainability deals with
fertile soil for the next crops to be grown. The fertility of the soil must not be damaged for
future production of tea and other crops. The strategic output of sustainable development of
economic and environmental goals in systematic coordination have been maintained in long
economic performance (Touboulic and Walker 2015). However, sustainable supply chain
management has been considered as the best way for improving efficiency in the supply chain.
Therefore, supply chain managers have been considering inventory reduction, CRM and ECR
practices intangible benefits for economic, environmental and social aspects of supply chain
management system. An organization, which applies sustainability concept in their own
business, considers it as a tool that can achieve a competitive advantage as well as an opportunity
to fit the social needs. Maintainability can be characterized as a marvel, which ensures that the

32
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
improvement, which covers the necessities of the present age, does restrain to them as well as put
something aside for the future ages also. The cutting edge idea of maintainability has been
distributed in the World Commission on Environment and Development. As remarked by Beske,
Land and Seuring (2014), supportability alludes to the improvement of a condition that can meet
necessities without hurting the earth for the future. The triple primary concerns have alluded to
condition, financial and social value as mainstays of maintainability. The usage of different
strategies has been dependent on inventive knowledge in the market. Remote frameworks have
been made in order to improve and screen tea age in the market. New open passages have been
climbing under e-business approach. These open gateways have been making giant preferred
standpoint to the business connection. Due to the tea industry, store orchestrates the board
framework has been an essential part. The supply of tea grounds and grungy materials need to of
good quality and on-time transport. As necessities are, mechanized structures have been
displayed that assistance with legitimate checking and overseeing foul materials in the tea
business. The snappy progress of data advancement and electronic data exchange among
affiliations and providers have been making improved data the board in supply chains. The joint
effort with different frill in the tea industry has been aiding in giving a valid age compose
framework in the market. The utilization of the data advancement has been aiding in keeping up
a shrewd technique in the reliance with different brands in the tea industry (Ho et al. 2015).
Particular shots and rivalry have been looked in the process making respects for the nation.
Growth in particle has obliged relationship to heighten their creation and client association.
Suitably, agro-creation sort out the directors' framework has been getting centrality in the
market. The move in the tea business announce has been kept up by executing data
improvement. The web office has been supporting in interfacing with various aides by a data

33
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
stream. This assistance with better coordinating and basic organizational structure in the
affiliations. The utilization of the web has been supporting in understanding two or three
properties specifically focuses. There have been immense eager changes including high test and
degrees of advancement in the creating business. The arranged relationship in the tea business
has been going toward the high ground for survival in the market. Affiliations have been
focusing on the improvement of their abilities that may help in developing additional central
focuses in their forceful business focus (Hugos 2018). Redistributing has been one of the systems
that can be understood for improving key purposes of control.
The globalization has extended the test in the market. Globalization has been impacting
the noteworthy relationship in the tea making unit in the market. Contrasting clearing affiliations
have been channelizing the market of tea industry for little affiliations. As needs are, little
affiliations have not could make high ground in the market (Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani
2015). Subsequently, supportability can be accomplished when all the three columns including
social, financial and natural perspectives have been moving together to accomplish long haul
execution identified with the economy and its advantages. Production network manageability has
been a business issue that is influencing store network of an association with continuous changes
in SECH evaluations. These evaluations have been characterized as moral, social, social and
wellbeing impressions. Clients have known about the effect on condition for their buys and
SECH evaluations. There are numerous associations that are incorporated under privatization and
government. The maintainability factors have been gotten from different components that can be
founded on naturally developed sustenances and tea industry. Store network secures around 75%
of the carbon impressions of the organization.

34
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
As per the Tea Board (2015), the tea business has possessed the capacity to utilize 13
million labourers in which 9 million are little and medium estimated ventures. The smallholders
have been defenceless against poor yield and inventory network the executive's framework in the
market. Along these lines, fare and import of tea have been gravely influenced in various
countries. This has made lost 4% in the fare of tea item everywhere throughout the world. The
GDP of the nation has been diminished steadily. The International Tea Committee (ITC) has
been a consequence of these exchanges and has been composed in 1933 by delegates of tea
grower in India, Ceylon and Dutch East Indies (Brandenburg et al. 2014).
As remarked by Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani (2016), production network the board
alludes to a mix of incorporated arranging, coordination and authority over all procedures and
exercises in the store network. It helps in giving additional esteem included administrations by
decreasing all out the expense of all partners in the inventory network. As indicated by the
production network the executives, it has been a progression of procedures and exercises that
help in sharing and exchanging physical strategies over a chain framework. Production network
the executives have been procedure situated methodology that centres on sourcing, creating and
conveyance of merchandise to end client. In globalized business, production network the board
framework has been assuming a critical job in expanding development in income and execution
of organizations. Store network the executives have been moving towards the vital partnerships
among provider and friends authorities. The challenge is dependent on adaptability in time and
generation with few inventories (Wang et al. 2016). There has been increment client
mindfulness, conveyance free items and on-time conveyance. Proficient Customer Response
(ECR) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) have been an essential point of
convergence of store network the executives.

35
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
CRM has been endeavouring to expand association with significant clients by expanding
esteem offered to the two clients and providers. The executives of production network dangers
have been forcing weight with the upgrade in globalization. So as to improve the business assets
with crude materials and precision of the deliverable request, Supply Chain Management has an
enormous effect on it (Quarshie, Salmi and Leuschner 2016). While considering the tasks of
store network the board for the administration of a specific business there are a few imperative
foundations in it which incorporates item maker, distributor, item distributer and retailers. As the
store network, the board gives the organizations a development synchronized approach to
improve their business stage, accordingly it is an essential part of present-day business. As
indicated by numerous researches inventory network the executives give additional esteem
included administrations by decreasing generally cost of the considerable number of partners
present in the store network, support customer administrations and the monetary position of the
business in the market too. The key idea of the production network the executives is to give a
composed arrangement of tasks and exercises that give an office to share and exchange manual
techniques over the chain framework. The production network the executives is a functioning
administration task of any store network so as to give high need to client esteems and achieve
retainable yearning advantages to the inventory network. As the store network framework
depends on the idea of procedure situated methodology it fundamentally centred on actualizing,
sourcing, fabricating, coordination just as the last conveyance of the item to the buyer (Laari et
al.2016). While considering the worldwide business stages the effect of inventory network the
executives have a critical impact so as to build the work productivity and business development
of that referenced business. The inventory network the board has made a stride towards
improving the union technique the providers and shoppers. There is a principal system so as to

36
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
rehearse the inventory network the board. The cabin structure has been kept up by pay from the
tea business. The specialists have been supporting in giving extra preferred standpoint to the
country in the business publicize. The tea bequest has been incorporating with a couple of supply
chains. The stock system the board has been helping in keeping up a sharp strategy in the age of
tea in the country. The store organizes the board course of action of the country has been
incredible. The wages of the works have been extended with years. The basic augmentation in
the improvement of the tea business has been supporting in giving proper appreciation in the
advancement of the industry. The development in the destitution among tea experts has been
helping in keeping up a sharp system in the headway of the tea business. Poverty in the state
division has been making issues in the tea business. An extensive bit of the workers in the tea
business have been poor and moved Indian Tamils. Thusly, there constantly have been struggling
among tea experts and tea associations. The paid structure of the experts has been not been
incredible (Fernie and Sparks 2018). Henceforth, there has been essential of addition to the
production of tea in the business. The inventive impact on tea industry has been helping in
growing the age of tea in the market. This may help in extending the fiscal condition of tea
workers. This investigation has been revolved around the impact of development in supply
change the administrators of the tea business.
2.5 Implementation of IT in supply chain management
The utilization of information technology has been considered as effective control in the
modern supply chain system. The role of IT in the supply chain management has been empirical
in nature. The flow of raw materials and information have been positively affected by the use of
IT. The IT systems including Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems have been playing an
important role in the development of supply chain system in the companies (Bag, Anand and

37
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
Pandey 2017). The agricultural sector has been depended in the supplier of raw material in the
market. Therefore, various IT framework have been included in the supply chain management.
The internet technology has been helping in channelizing the supply chain value system in the
market. Opportunities have been created for the companies for enhancing their supply chain
system in the market. The relationship between supplier and company has been improved by the
implementation of internet technology. The e-SCM has been helping in monitoring all processes
in the companies.
The idea of inventory network the board has been a basic theme in assembling division
for increasing upper hand. As of late, agro-inventory network the executives has been increasing
more consideration in research field works for picking up mindfulness and information.
Agribusiness segment has been assuming a vital job in the improvement of the nation. It has
been significant wellspring of pay for a creating nation (Fredendall and Hill 2016). The
horticultural business has been in center of major basic changes over different geological setting.
It has been aiding in nourishment quality, sustenance security vulnerability with climate changes
and different issues incorporated into agro-supply chains. Customary horticulture forms have
been centered around reaping and developing harvests. Notwithstanding, with time, these
objectives have been changed. Agribusiness has been considered with tradable item and
spotlights on more extensive territory of a few exercises including cultivating inputs, esteem
included exercises and conveyance. The agro-store network has been connected with esteem
creation process. There have been numerous innovation progresses in the production network the
executives including innovative work particle instruments and methods utilized in agribusiness
segment. These practices have been picking up preferred standpoint in the agribusiness division
with the utilization of data innovation frameworks (Wisner, Tan and Leong 2014). Different

38
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
chances and rivalry have been looked in the process making esteems for the nation. Increment in
rivalry have constrained associations to boost their creation and client administration.
Accordingly, agro-store network the board framework has been picking up significance in the
market. Tea as an item has been expanded in the creating nations (Pagell and Shevchenko 2014).
The fare and import of the farming item has been expanded in current occasions. The execution
of the coordination esteem chain has been aiding limiting complexities in this segment. These
issues have offered ascend to maintainable agriculture apparatuses and systems. The extended
engagement in store network the executives has been invigorated by including the data and
correspondence Technology which has offered different method for trading the critical measure
of data among the members of the production network so as to improve the coordination between
them. So as to build up a successful and improved inventory network framework it has a huge
methodology towards the colleagues. While considering the worldwide business stages the effect
of inventory network the executives has a huge impact so as to expand the work productivity and
business development of that referenced business (Azadi et al. 2015). The store network the
board has made a stride towards improving the union system the providers and purchasers. While
examining about the Agro-enterprises, the idea of inventory network the executives has critical
application in the field of rural items so as to snatch the client intrigue and to improve their
efficiency. So as to give the improved market openness from creating nations, local and
neighborhood advertises the Agro-inventory network and system offers huge recipient
functionalities. It sets up an effect of the business in focused field. As the inventory network
framework pursues basic work arrangement, at the authoritative dimension inside the chain
systems. Usually discovered that on account of a fruitful handling based production network the
executives organization a steady relationship exists with the transportation and warehousing of

39
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
the specific organization just as different organizations as well. This sound relationship as a rule
results to less utilization of time in the handling of an administration ask for and diminished
inventories too. With the improvement in the current production network came the coordination
arrange where distinctive other critical useful territories inside an organization began teaming up
with the working bureaus of the organization to guarantee fabricating, authority over the
inventories, transportation and even conveyance to keep up a steady position in the market and to
rival the adversaries as well (Teixeira et al. 2016). The organization bolsters the coordination
portion with appropriate broadcast communications, electronic information interfaces and other
most recent mechanical updates dependent on the individual piece of the coordination that
ensured that the transmission of data between the divisions remain as clearer as could be
allowed.
Figure 3: Customer-centric e-SCM
(Source: Govindan et al. 2014)
The above figure describes about the working of e-SCM in the market. It can be observed
that e-SCM has been focusing in the customer. Therefore, it is a customer-centric model used in
the development of companies (Genovese et al. 2017). The e-SCM has been helping in
improving relationship with customer by providing them more priority in operations. It has been
helpful in increasing efficiency of companies in the market. The basic issue for supply chain

40
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management has been efficiency and integration of supply chain operations with various
marketplaces. The use of traditional supply chain systems have been definitely slow in recent
years. The growing in demand of tea in the market has been creating opportunity for the
companies to grow tea faster and efficiently than traditional method. Therefore, various modern
approaches have been implemented in the supply chain management system for meeting up the
demand of customers in the market.
The e-SCM has been able to maintain smart approach in meeting requirements of clients
and customers in the market. Therefore, e-Supply chain focuses on the business activities for
incorporating e-business approaches into supply chain processes. E-SCM involves integration of
internet of things and other advanced technology in the industry. Various value-added services
have been implemented in the supply chain management system. Implementation of e-business
approach in the SCM has been helping in competing with various value added services for
increasing efficiency of business operations in the market. The use of the e-SCM has been
helping in maintaining keen approach in the development of the company in the market.
Therefore, the implementation of the IOT has been helping in making various technology
implemented in the tea industry production. It has been helping in increasing speed, real-time
control and customer satisfaction ion the market. Companies have been gaining pace in the
production of tea in the market. The demand of tea has been improvising in the market. The
networked SCM has been helping in data flow from one end to other end (Silvestre 2015). This
network has been helping in maintaining transparency in customer demand data to any part of
supply chains. Horticulture has been an essential area for development and advancement of any
nation. Customary farming strategies have been utilized for a long time in the market. Usage of
new innovation and Internet of Things have been changing the situation of nourishment and

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
farming industry as of late. Tea has been an imperative agribusiness item and assuming a critical
job in the economy of any nation (Christopher 2016). Sri Lanka has been an old maker of tea
everywhere throughout the world. The tea business has been assuming an imperative job in the
economy of the nation and give 15% of direct work to people. It has been the second biggest tea
creating nation everywhere throughout the world contributing 4% of the national GDP (Monczka
et al. 2015). Manageability in the tea generation and transportation has been a noteworthy
improvement territory for Sri Lanka. Be that as it may, this segment has been confronting serious
issues and difficulties in the market because of increment in rivalry in the market. Worldwide
challenge and cost of generation have been expanded that has caused reduction in the fare
income of tea for Sri Lanka. Tea has been acquainted with Sri Lanka after espresso was
pulverized by Coffee Leaf Rust in the nineteenth century. James Taylor was a Scottish grower
who originally settled business tea manor in 1867at Loolkandura Estate in Kandy District of Sri
Lanka. In any case, the incredible accomplishment of tea manor has been drawing in English
grower. The British started tea estates that has been making tremendous open door for tea
industry amid 1970s. In the time of 1995, there have been 192,524 ha have been under tea
development in low developed, medium become and high developed in the nation.. There has
been slow changes in the economy of the nation with the assistance of tea industry. Different
land circulation programs have been actualized by the legislature as land change has been
making increment in number of little tea holders in the business. The commitment on the
complete creation of a few gatherings have been changed over the time. Along these lines, the
commitment in the all-out economy of the nation has been expanding with time. The tea business
has been developing in the nation with usage of different production network the board

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framework in the market. In any case, there are different issues looked by the conventional tea
industry.
The interest of tea has been expanding in the nation. This has been making issues in
supply of crude materials in the tea business. The use of data innovation has been considered as
successful control in the cutting edge production network framework. The job of IT in the store
network the executives has been exact in nature. The stream of crude materials and data have
been decidedly influenced by its utilization. The IT frameworks including Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) frameworks have been assuming a critical job in the advancement of production
network framework in the organizations (Bag, Anand and Pandey 2017). The farming segment
has been depended in the provider of crude material in the market. In this manner, different IT
system have been incorporated into the production network the board. The web innovation has
been aiding in channelizing the store network esteem framework in the market. Openings have
been made for the organizations for improving their production network framework in the
market. The connection among provider and friends has been improved by the execution of web
innovation. The e-SCM has been aiding in checking all procedures in the organizations.
There are various factors that have been contributing to new concept of e-SCM in
industries. These factors have been explained below:
 The need of additional information regarding reduce in cost of improved processes for
expanding modern tools. The use of the IoT devices has been helping in deducing a high
scale value added services in the industry. The production industry has been helping in
maintaining keen approach in the development of tea industry.
 The implementation of computerization and digitalization has been helping in
modernizing traditional devices of agriculture. The modern IoT devices has been helping

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in monitoring and controlling tea production in the industry. The demand of the
customers in the market has been increasing in recent years (Ahmi, Rahim and Elbardan
2018). Therefore, for meeting up their requirements, tea industry has been implementing
IoT devices in the system. The automatic system has been helping in providing a keen
approach to the production of tea.
 There has been need of agility and efficiency of organization for responding to the
demands of customers whose demands are growing and increasing bargaining power.
This has been creating issues in the organization related to cost efficiency.
 There has been effort for optimizing organization by getting inventory control in
manufacture and distribution. The quality and services of the organization has been
maintained in the organization. The use of information technology has been helping in
enhancing quality of products and services of various companies in the market. The
quality of tea can be increased with the implementation of information technology in the
tea industry.
 The Internet and e-business technologies have been helping in enabling organizations of
all sizes and having a network to be closely connected along their partners for handling
their partners in the market.
The e-SCM has been aiding in improving association with client by giving them greater need
in activities. It has been useful in expanding effectiveness of organizations in the market. The
fundamental issue for store network the executives has been proficiency and coordination of
inventory network tasks with different commercial centers (Sugiyama et al. 2017). The
utilization of conventional production network frameworks have been unquestionably moderate
as of late. The becoming popular of tea in the market has been making open door for the

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
organizations to develop tea quicker and effectively than customary strategy. In this way,
different present day approaches have been actualized in the store network the board framework
for satisfying up the need of clients in the market.
The e-SCM has possessed the capacity to keep up shrewd methodology in meeting
prerequisites of customers and clients in the market. In this manner, e-Supply chain centers on
the business exercises for fusing e-business approaches into store network forms. E-SCM
includes mix of web of things and other cutting edge innovation in the business. Different esteem
included administrations have been actualized in the store network the board framework.
Execution of e-business approach in the SCM has been aiding in rivaling different esteem
included administrations for expanding effectiveness of business activities in the market (Li,
Ghadge and Tiwari 2016). The utilization of the e-SCM has been aiding in keeping up sharp
methodology in the advancement of the organization in the market. In this manner, the execution
of the IOT has been aiding in making different innovation actualized in the tea business
generation. It has been aiding in expanding speed, continuous control and consumer loyalty
particle the market. Organizations have been picking up pace in the generation of tea in the
market. The interest of tea has been ad lobbing in the market. The arranged SCM has been aiding
in information stream from one end to opposite end. This system has been aiding in keeping up
straightforwardness in client request information to any piece of supply chains.
2.6 Opportunities provided by new technologies in e-SCM
New opportunities have been emerging under e-business approach. These opportunities
have been creating huge profit to the business organization. In the case of the tea industry,
supply chain management system has been an important part. The supply of tealeaves and raw
materials need to of good quality and on-time delivery. Therefore, automated systems have been

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
introduced that help in proper monitoring and managing raw materials in the tea industry. The
rapid development of information technology and internet-based information transfer between
companies and suppliers have been creating improved information management in supply chains
(Valverde and Saadé 2015). The collaboration with various partners in the tea industry has been
helping in providing a proper supply chain system in the market. The use of the information
technology has been helping in maintaining a smart approach in the dependency with other
brands in the tea industry. Various opportunities and competition have been faced in the process
creating values for the country. Increase in the competition has compelled organizations to
maximize their production and customer service. As a result, agro-supply chain management
system has been gaining importance in the market. The hike in the tea industry market has been
maintained by implementing information technology. The internet facility has been helping in
connecting with different partners by information flow. This help in better planning and decision
making system in the organizations. The use of internet has been helping in implementing
several attributes in technical aspects. There have been huge emotional changes including high
challenge and advancements in the farming business in Sri Lanka (Gonella et al. 2018). Different
associations in the tea business have been confronting upper hand for survival in the market.
Associations have been concentrating on the improvement of their capacities that may
help in increasing extra upper hands in their aggressive commercial center (Hugos 2018).
Redistributing has been one of the techniques that can be embraced for improving key capacities.
The globalization has expanded the challenge in the market. Globalization has been influencing
significant associations in the tea fabricating unit in the market. Different expansive
organizations have been channelizing the market of tea industry for little organizations.
Consequently, little organizations have not possessed the capacity to make the upper hand in the

46
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
market (Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani 2015). Inventory of the board has been a crucial theme
in social affair division for growing high ground. Beginning late, the agro-stock framework the
heads has been extending more idea in research field works for getting care and information.
Agribusiness divide has been tolerating a urgent action in the improvement of the nation. It has
been a basic wellspring of pay for a creation nation (Fredendall and Hill 2016). The plant
business has been in focal point of huge basic changes over different topographical setting. It has
been supporting in sustenance quality, sustenance security weakness with environment changes
and particular issues joined into agro-supply chains. Standard development shapes have been
rotated around obtaining and making harvests. Regardless, with time, these goals have been
changed. Agribusiness has been considered with tradable thing and spotlights on a logically
expansive zone of two or three exercises including creating data sources, respect included
exercises and transport. The agro-store compose has been related with the respect creation
process. There have been different improvement propels in the creation sort out the authorities
including innovative work particle instruments and methodologies utilized in agribusiness
section. These practices have been getting favored edge in the agribusiness division with the use
of data headway structures (Wisner, Tan and Leong 2014). Unmistakable potential outcomes and
rivalry have been looked in the process making respects for the nation. Expansion in the
challenge has obliged relationship to support their creation and client association. In like way,
agro-store sort out the square structure has been picking monstrosity in the market. Tea as a thing
has been stretched out really taking shape nations (Pagell and Shevchenko 2014). The entry and
import of the developing thing have been reached out in recent developments. This has been
additionally making nourishment misfortune in the market. Numerous amounts of tea have been
annihilated because of poor inventory network the executive's framework. The utilization of

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
innovation in the tea business has been helping in expanding the creation of tea in the market,.
Different organizations are moving towards the execution of Internet of Things in the tea
business. These advancements have been aiding in keeping up the nature of tea items in the
market. The farming fields have been checked by utilizing IoT rambles. These automatons have
been aiding in giving fundamental fixings to tea plant. The nature of soil has been kept up and
legitimately watered. Little tea organizations have not possessed the capacity to actualize
innovation in their organizations (Musa and Iddris 2016). Consequently, little tea organizations
are not ready to deliver a tremendous number of tea when contrasted with expansive
organizations. The inventory network the executives of the organizations have been not fitting in
the state. The utilization of the inventory network framework has been making colossal issues
related to ti the creation of tea in the market. The strategies utilized in the little tea organizations
have been a conventional strategy. Tea leaves are as yet culled with exposed hands. In this way,
the workforce should be immense in the customary strategy. This makes issues in giving
compensations to these laborers. The measure of compensations used to be low as there is an
enormous number of specialists and low creation. The store network the board framework has
been poor in the little tea organizations.
The need for extra data with respect to a decreasing in the expense of improved
procedures for extending present day instruments. The utilization of the IoT gadgets has been
aiding in reasoning high scale esteem included administrations in the business. The generation
business has been aiding in keeping up a sharp methodology in the improvement of the tea
industry. The usage of computerization and digitalization has been aiding in modernizing
customary gadgets of farming. The cutting edge IoT gadgets has been aiding in observing and
controlling tea creation in the business. The interest if the cuisti8mers in the market has been

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
expanding lately. In this manner, for getting together their prerequisites, the tea industry has been
executing IoT gadgets in the framework (Joyce 2016). The programmed framework has been
aiding in giving a sharp way to deal with the generation of tea. There has been a needing of
spryness and proficiency of association for reacting to the requests of clients whose requests are
developing and expanding haggling power. This has been making issues in the association
identified with cost proficiency. There has been exertion for enhancing association by gaining
stock power in assembling and dispersion. The quality and administrations of the association
have been kept up in the association. The utilization of data innovation has been aiding in
improving the nature of items and administrations of different organizations in the market. The
nature of tea can be expanded with the usage of data innovation in the tea business. The Internet
and e-business innovations have been aiding in empowering associations all things considered
and having a system to be firmly associated along their accomplices for taking care of their
accomplices in the market. A huge measure of the workforce has been fundamentally women.
The tea business has been getting to be consistently and more workforce has been required by the
country (Luo et al. 2017). Thusly, Indian Tamils have been obtained Sri Lanka for giving work
in the tea business. The movement of Indian Tamils has been growing over the years. Tea age
workers have been genetically gained in Sri Lanka. The hotel structure has been kept up by pay
from the tea business. The laborers have been helping in giving extra preferred standpoint to the
country in the business promote. The tea home has been incorporating with a couple of supply
chains. The stock system the board has been supporting in keeping up a sharp philosophy in the
age of tea in the country. The store organizes the board plan of the country has been incredible.
The wages of the works have been extended with years. The financial condition has been
growing in years. The basic addition to the improvement of the tea business has been helping in

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
giving a proper understanding of the advancement of the industry. The development in the
destitution among tea pros have been helping in keeping up a sharp strategy in the headway of
the tea business.
Destitution in the state division has been making issues in the tea business. A huge bit of
the workers in the tea business have been poor and moved Indian Tamils. Thusly, there
constantly have been hardship among tea masters and tea associations. The paid structure of the
pros has been not been incredible. Thus, there has been essential of addition to the production of
tea in the business (Chong and Man 2017). The imaginative impact on tea industry has been
supporting in growing the age of tea in the market. This may help in growing fiscal condition of
tea workers. This investigation has been revolved around the impact of development in supply
change the officials of the tea business. Agricultural things have been given the most raised need
in the country. The country has been hunting forward down import and toll of provincial things
including tea. The GDP improvement has been in negative in 2001. In any case, after this the
country has been experiencing changes in the procedures for declaring improvement in the
economy. In 2002, the economy has been recovering step by step in the market (Chong, Bian and
Zhang 2016). The part has been offering work to more than 1 million people explicitly and
roundabout. The climate of the country has been giving a positive condition to the formation of
tea in the country. An immense measure of the workforce has been fundamentally women. The
tea business has been getting to be consistently and more workforce has been required by the
country. As such, Indian Tamils have been gotten Sri Lanka for giving work in the tea business.
The development of Indian Tamils has been growing over the years. Tea creation workers have
been innately procured. The hotel system has been kept up by pay from the tea business. The
specialists have been helping in giving extra preferred standpoint to the country in the business

50
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
exhibit. The tea house has been incorporating with a couple of supply chains. The stock system
the officials have been supporting in keeping up a sharp philosophy in the age of tea in the
country. The farming part has been depended in the provider of crude material in the market.
Hence, different IT system has been incorporated into the inventory network the executives. The
web innovation has been aiding in channelizing the store network esteem framework in the
market. Openings have been made for the organizations for improving their store network
framework in the market. The connection between provider and friends has been improved by
the usage of web innovation. The e-SCM has been aiding in observing all procedures in the
organizations.
Inventory arrange the board has been a fundamental topic in gathering division for
expanding high ground. Starting late, the agro-stock system the administrators has been
expanding more thought in research field works for getting care and data. Agribusiness portion
has been accepting a crucial activity in the improvement of the country. It has been a critical
wellspring of pay for a making country (Fredendall and Hill 2016). The plant business has been
in focus of significant essential changes over various geographical setting. It has been supporting
in sustenance quality, sustenance security powerlessness with atmosphere changes and
distinctive issues joined into agro-supply chains. Standard cultivation shapes have been revolved
around procuring and creating harvests. In any case, with time, these destinations have been
changed. Agribusiness has been considered with tradable thing and spotlights on a progressively
broad area of a couple of activities including developing information sources, regard included
activities and transport. The agro-store organize has been associated with the regard creation
process. There have been various development advances in the creation organize the officials
including inventive work molecule instruments and strategies used in agribusiness fragment.

51
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
These practices have been getting favored angle in the agribusiness division with the usage of
information advancement structures (Wisner, Tan and Leong 2014). Distinctive possibilities and
competition have been looked in the process making regards for the country. Addition in the
competition has obliged relationship to help their creation and customer organization. In like
manner, agro-store organize the block structure has been picking hugeness in the market. Tea as
a thing has been extended in the making countries (Pagell and Shevchenko 2014). The passage
and import of the cultivating thing have been extended in current events. The execution of the
collaborations regard chain has been supporting restricting complexities in this section. These
issues have offered climb to viable griculture devices and frameworks. The all-encompassing
commitment in store system the officials have been empowered by including the information and
correspondence Technology which has offered a distinctive technique for exchanging the basic
proportion of information among the individuals from the creation organize in order to improve
the coordination between them. To develop a fruitful and improved stock system structure it has
an enormous strategy towards the partners.
While considering the overall business organizes the impact of the stock system the
administrators have an immense effect in order to grow the work profitability and business
improvement of that referenced business. The store arranges the board has made a walk towards
improving the association framework the suppliers and buyers. While analyzing the Agro-
ventures, stock system the administrators have basic application in the field of country things in
order to grab the customer interest and to improve their productivity (Erceg and Sekuloska
2019). In order to give the improved market transparency from making countries, nearby and
neighborhood publicizes the Agro-stock system and framework offers tremendous beneficiary
functionalities. It like manner sets up an impact of the business in a centered field. As the stock

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
system structure seeks after essential work course of action, at the legitimate measurement inside
the chain frameworks. Generally found that by virtue of productive taking care of based creation
arrange the officials association a consistent relationship exists with the transportation and
warehousing of the particular association similarly as various associations too. This sound
relationship generally speaking outcomes to less use of time in the treatment of an organization
request and lessened inventories as well. With the improvement in the present generation
organize came the collaborations mastermind where particular other basic helpful regions inside
an association started collaborating with the working agencies of the association to ensure
manufacturing, specialist over the inventories, transportation and even movement to keep up an
unfaltering position in the market and to equal the foes also (Chen 2015). The association
reinforces the collaborations partition with fitting communicate correspondences, electronic data
interfaces and other latest mechanical updates subject to the individual bit of the collaborations
that guaranteed that the transmission of information between the divisions stays as clearer as
could be permitted. The stock system the board course of action of the country has been
extraordinary. The wages of the works have been extended with years. The money related
condition of Sri Lanka has been extending in years. The gigantic augmentation in the headway of
the tea business has been supporting in giving real cognizance in the improvement of the
industry. The extension in the destitution among tea workers has been helping in keeping up a
sharp philosophy in the progression of the tea business. Poverty in the state section has been
making issues in the tea business. Most of the workers in the tea business have been poor and
moved Indian Tamils. Along these lines, there reliably have been conflicting among tea workers
and tea associations. The paid structure of the masters has been not been incredible (Vlachos and
Gutnik 2016). Thusly, there has been a need for an addition to the age of tea in the business. The

53
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
inventive impact on tea industry has been supporting in extending the making of tea in the
market. This may help in extending financial condition of tea workers. This research has been
based on the impact of advancement in supply change the officials of the tea business.
2.7 Market basics of tea in Sri Lanka
2.7.1 The Economics of tea
The price of tea has been going down in recent years that has been creating pressure for
farmers. The income of farmers have been going down and they are facing high level of poverty
in the country. Since 1980, the price of tea has been fallen by 1.5%. In last two decades, the
annual price of the tea has been fluctuating between a high of 333 kg to a low 142 kg in 1980.
The instability index has been averaged 13 that means the price has been deviated from
exponential trend by 13 % annually (Eskandarian et al. 2016).
2.8 Impact of IoT on Tea Industry
Internet of Things has been creating several opportunities in business organizations all
over the world. Similarly, it has been affecting the tea industry positively. The agricultural
context of IoT has been focusing on the production of crops in the field. The environment
required for the production tea has been studied by various researchers. Therefore, according to
the environment of tea production, technology and IoT devices have been prepared for increasing
the production of tea. Total nitrogen content corresponds to amid acids that have been correlated
Theanine. 2-Amino-4-(ethyl carbonyl) butyric acid for tea leaves so that total nitrogen is highly
correlated to tea taste. Meanwhile fibre content in tea leaves has a negative correlation to tea
taste. New Infrared (NIR) camera data has been showing proper correlation to total nitrogen and
fibre contents in the tea leaves (Tooranloo, Azadi and Sayyahpoor 2017). Therefore, with these
cameras, the quality of tea leaves can be monitored in the field. It has been possible for

54
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
estimating fibre and nitrogen content in the tea leaves by remote sensing IoT devices. Visible and
Near Infrared (VNIR) radiometer, Vegetation Cover (VC), Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI), Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of tea leaves have been
good correlation for growth index of tea leaves in order to monitor expected harvest amount and
quality of tea leaves with help of network cameras and satellite data. The supply of tea grounds
and crude materials need to of good quality and on-time conveyance. Consequently, robotized
frameworks have been presented that assistance in appropriate checking and overseeing crude
materials in the tea business.
The quick advancement of data innovation and web-based data exchange among
organizations and providers have been making improved data the executives in supply chains.
The cooperation with different accomplices in the tea industry has been aiding in giving an
appropriate inventory network framework in the market. The utilization of the data innovation
has been aiding in keeping up a savvy approach in the reliance with different brands in the tea
industry. Different chances and rivalry have been looked in the process making esteem for the
nation (Chaffey 2015). The increment in rivalry has constrained associations to expand their
generation and client administration. Accordingly, agro-store network the board framework has
been picking up significantly in the market. The climb in the tea business showcase has been
kept up by actualizing data innovation. The web office has been aiding in associating with
various accomplices by a data stream. This assistance in better arranging and basic leadership
framework in the associations. The utilization of web has been aiding in actualizing a few
characteristics in specialized angles. There have been gigantic enthusiastic changes including
high test and progressions in the cultivating business. The distinctive relationship in the tea
business has been going up against an advantage for survival in the market. Affiliations have

55
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
been focusing on the improvement of their abilities that may help in expanding additional high
grounds in their forceful business focus (Hugos 2018). Redistributing has been one of the
procedures that can be grasped for improving key limits. The globalization has extended the test
in the market. Globalization has been impacting the critical relationship in the tea manufacturing
unit in the market. Diverse far-reaching associations have been channelizing the market of tea
industry for little associations. Thus, little associations have not had the ability to make high
ground in the market (Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani 2015). This has been also making
sustenance adversity in the market. Various measures of tea have been destroyed in view of poor
stock system the administrator’s structure. The use of development in the tea business has been
helping in growing the formation of tea in the market.
Distinctive associations are moving towards the execution of the Internet of Things in
the tea business. These headways have been supporting in keeping up the idea of tea things in the
market. The cultivating fields have been checked by using IoT meanders. These machines have
been helping in giving essential fixings to the tea plant. The idea of soil has been kept up and
really watered. Little tea associations have not had the ability to realize advancement in their
associations. Thusly, little tea associations are not prepared to convey a huge number of tea when
appeared differently in relation to broad associations. The stock system the officials of the
associations have been not fitting in the state. The usage of the stock system structure has been
making monster issues related to the making of tea in the market. The procedures used in the
little tea associations have been the traditional technique. Tea leaves are so far separated with
uncovered hands. Along these lines, the workforce ought to be monstrous in the standard system.
This makes issues in offering remunerations to these workers. The proportion of pay used to

56
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
below as there is a huge number of authorities and low creation. The store arranges the board
system has been poor in the little tea associations.
Optical properties of tea leaves and methods for estimation of tealeaves quality of
estimation accuracy. Therefore, for improving the efficiency of tea production, processes need to
be managed by the Geographical Information System (GIS) based system. Therefore, various
researches have been done for the development of IoT devices in the market. The growth rate of
fibre has been depended on several systems used in the development if the tea production. The
use of different techniques has been dependent on technological intelligence in the market.
Wireless networks have been developed in order to improve and monitor tea production in the
market. New open doors have been rising under e-business approach. These open doors have
been making tremendous benefit to the business association. On account of the tea industry, store
network the board framework has been a vital part. The supply of tea grounds and crude
materials need to of good quality and on-time conveyance. Accordingly, mechanized
frameworks have been presented that assistance in appropriate checking and overseeing crude
materials in the tea business. The fast advancement of data innovation and web-based data
exchange among organizations and providers have been making improved data the board in
supply chains. The joint effort with different accomplices in the tea industry has been aiding in
giving a legitimate production network framework in the market. The utilization of the data
innovation has been aiding in keeping up a savvy approach in the reliance with different brands
in the tea industry. Different chances and rivalry have been looked in the process making esteem
for the nation. The increment in rivalry has constrained associations to amplify their creation and
client administration. Accordingly, agro-production network the executive's framework has been
picking up significantly in the market. The climb in the tea business advertise has been kept up

57
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
by executing data innovation. The web office has been aiding in interfacing with various
accomplices by a data stream. This assistance in better arranging and basic leadership framework
in the associations. The utilization of web has been aiding in actualizing a few properties in
specialized angles. There have been immense passionate changes including high test and
headways in the cultivating business.
A diverse relationship in the tea business has been going up against high ground for
survival in the market. Affiliations have been focusing on the improvement of their abilities that
may help in expanding additional advantages in their forceful business focus (Hugos 2018).
Redistributing has been one of the systems that can be grasped for improving key limits. The
globalization has extended the test in the market. Globalization has been affecting a noteworthy
relationship in the tea creating unit in the market. Diverse sweeping associations have been
channelizing the market of tea industry for little associations. Thus, little associations have not
had the ability to make high ground in the market (Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani 2015). The
usage of data innovation has been considered as compelling control in the cutting edge
production network framework. The job of IT in the store network the board has been exact in
nature. The stream of crude materials and data have been decidedly influenced by its utilization.
The IT frameworks including Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) frameworks have been
assuming a critical job in the improvement of inventory network framework in the organizations
(Bag, Anand and Pandey 2017). The agrarian part has been depended in the provider of crude
material in the market. Along these lines, different IT structure has been incorporated into the
store network the board. The web innovation has been aiding in channelizing the inventory
network esteem framework in the market. Openings have been made for the organizations for
upgrading their inventory network framework in the market. The connection between provider

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
and friends has been improved by the use of web innovation. The e-SCM has been aiding in
observing all procedures in the organizations.
Inventory arrange the board has been a fundamental subject in amassing division for
expanding high ground. Starting late, the agro-stock system the officials have been expanding
more thought in research field works for grabbing care and data. Agribusiness section has been
accepting an imperative occupation in the improvement of the country. It has been a huge
wellspring of pay for a making country (Fredendall and Hill 2016). The agricultural business has
been in focus of significant fundamental changes over various geographical setting. It has been
helping in sustenance quality, sustenance security powerlessness with atmosphere changes and
distinctive issues consolidated into agro-supply chains. Standard cultivation shapes have been
revolved around procuring and creating harvests. In any case, with time, these destinations have
been changed. Agribusiness has been considered with tradable thing and spotlights on an
increasingly broad area of a couple of activities including developing sources of info, regarding
included activities and transport. The agro-store organize has been associated with the regard
creation process. There have been various development advances in the generation organize the
officials including imaginative work molecule instruments and strategies used in agribusiness
portion. These practices have been getting a favoured point of view in the agribusiness division
with the usage of information advancement systems (Wisner, Tan and Leong 2014). Distinctive
shots and ion have been looked in the process making regards for the country. Augmentation in
the competition has obliged relationship to help their creation and customer organization. In like
manner, agro-store organize the barricade structure has been picking noteworthiness in the
market. Tea as a thing has been extended in the making countries (Pagell and Shevchenko 2014).
The passage and import of the cultivating thing have been extended in current events. The

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
execution of the collaborations regard chain has been helping constraining complexities in this
portion. These issues have offered rise to viable agriculture devices and frameworks. The all-
inclusive commitment in-store system the administrators have been empowered by including the
information and correspondence Technology which has offered a diverse strategy for exchanging
the basic proportion of information among the individuals from the creation organize in order to
improve the coordination between them. In order to develop a fruitful and improved stock
system structure, it has a colossal technique towards the associates.
While considering the overall business organizes the impact of the stock system the
administrators have a colossal effect in order to grow the work profitability and business
advancement of that referenced business. The store organizes the board has made a walk towards
improving the association framework the suppliers and buyers. While inspecting about the Agro-
ventures, stock system the administrators have basic application in the field of country things in
order to grab the customer interest and to improve their productivity. In order to give the
improved market transparency from making countries, nearby and neighbourhood promotes the
Agro-stock system and framework offers enormous beneficiary functionalities. It like manner
sets up an impact of the business in a centred field. As the stock system structure seeks after
fundamental work course of action, at the definitive measurement inside the chain frameworks.
Normally found that because of productive taking care of based creation arrange the officials
association a relentless relationship exists with the transportation and warehousing of the
particular association similarly as various associations also. This sound relationship when in
doubt results in less usage of time in the treatment of an organization request and decreased
inventories as well. With the improvement in the present creation organize came to the
collaborations orchestrate where particular other basic helpful domains inside an association

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
started collaborating with the working departments of the association to ensure manufacturing,
expert over the inventories, transportation and even movement to keep up a relentless position in
the market and to match the foes too.
2.9 Conclusion
This section has able to discuss various aspects of the supply chain management in the
tea industry of Sri Lanka. Various concepts of the sustainable supply chain management has
been discussed. The role of supply chain management in the development of the tea industry has
been analyzed properly. The impact of technology on the sustainable supply chain management.
The impact of IoT in the tea industry has been critically analysed in this section.

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH INTERNET OF THINGS
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