Surname 18. Name. Professor. Institution. Course. Date.

Surname 1
Name
Professor
Institution
Course
Date
Task 1
Q1.
Mitochondrion

Surname 2
It is a small oval or sausage- shaped organelle comprising of wrinkles, which releases
energy during aerobic respiration for cellular activities. Where glucose which enters from starch
of the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe from surroundings are required to produce water,
carbon (IV) oxide and energy. Later, the energy is used to for cell actions for instance growth
and reproduction1.
Rough endoplasm
1 Arnold, Torey R., Rachel E. Stephenson, and Ann L. Miller. "Rho GTPases and actomyosin: partners in regulating
epithelial cell-cell junction structure and function." Experimental cell research 358, no. 1 (2017): 20-30.

Surname 3
Endoplasmic reticulum consists of layers of compacted spaces enclosed by membranes
that are not connected. Its role is to chemically change those substances produced by both
smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum2. It has another role of storing and also packaging these
reformed products into vesicles for secretion from the cell3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes fats and steroids and also it detoxifies harmful substances to harmless while rough
endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins produced by ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus for
further chemical modification.
Nucleolus
Nucleolus is located in the middle of nucleus, which take part in manufacture of proteins
in the cell. It has nuclear envelope which protects the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the
2 Brachet, Jean, and Alfred E. Mirsky, eds. The cell: biochemistry, physiology, morphology. Elsevier, 2014
3 Ibid,. p. 56

Surname 4
cytoplasm.4 The parts of a nucleus are more visible under electron microscope like nucleoplasm
which has a dense material within the nucleus5.
Task 2
Q1
4 Fleischer, Candace C., and Christine K. Payne. "Nanoparticle–cell interactions: molecular structure of the protein
corona and cellular outcomes." Accounts of chemical research 47, no. 8 (2014): 2651-2659.
5 Ibid,. p.67

Surname 5
Functions of plasma membrane
It regulates what enters the cell and what comes out of the cell.
It regulates molecular circulation in the cell.
It has protein deposits which act as pumps, receptors, or any operational components.6
Plasma membrane splits the contents of the cell from the outside atmosphere.
Has lipid bi layer which is semi permeable and permits molecules to diffuse across the
membrane.
6 Florencio-Silva, Rinaldo, Gisela Rodrigues da Silva Sasso, Estela Sasso-Cerri, Manuel Jesus Simões, and Paulo
Sérgio Cerri. "Biology of bone tissue: structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells." BioMed research
international 2015 (2015).

Surname 6
7
Structural Adaptations of Plasma Membrane to Its Functions
The basic membrane consists of amphiphilic and phospholipid particles. The hydrophilic
zones of these particles are in interaction with aqueous liquid both outside and inside the
chamber. A phospholipid particle comprises of three carbon glycerols with two fatty acid
fragments both devoted to carbon 1 then 2 and a phosphate comprising of group committed to
third carbon. When water is located in, hydrophobic molecules lean to make a cluster.8
The hydrophilic regions incline and results to hydrogen bonds with water and other polar
molecules. Phospholipids cause an outstanding fat cell sheath that splits fluid on the outer region
of the cell. Proteins add on to make the second module of the cell membrane. Essential proteins
assimilate entirely to form membrane structure and hence the hydrophobic membrane interrelates
7 Hannezo, Edouard, Jacques Prost, and Jean-Francois Joanny. "Theory of epithelial sheet morphology in three
dimensions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 1 (2014): 27-32.
8 Head, Brian P., Hemal H. Patel, and Paul A. Insel. "Interaction of membrane/lipid rafts with the cytoskeleton:
impact on signaling and function: membrane/lipid rafts, mediators of cytoskeletal arrangement and cell
signaling." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes 1838, no. 2 (2014): 532-545