Desklib - Online Library for Study Material with Solved Assignments, Essays, Dissertations

This document contains solved assignments for QS1 and QS2. QS1 covers topics such as aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, exoplanets, and living organisms. QS2 covers the proposals of Oparin and Haldane on how life began on the early Earth. The document provides a detailed explanation of the theories and concepts related to the topics. The subject, course code, course name, and college/university are not mentioned.

Surname 1
Name
Professor
Institution
Course
QS1
Part A
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. A

Surname 2
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. B
Part B
1. Aerobic metabolism refers to the way through which our bodies create energy via
combustion of carbohydrates, amino acids and fats when oxygen is available.
Anaerobic respiration refers to the method of creation of energy by burning
carbohydrates when oxygen is not present. It occurs once lungs are incapable of putting
sufficient oxygen in the blood circulation (Chamari & Padulo, 2015, p. 9).
b. Aerobic respiration uses a less effective oxidizing agent and hence it is unable to gain
more free energy as it is the case in the aerobic respiration (Chamari & Padulo, 2015,
p. 10).
2. a) There are 97 Exoplanets since they are the same as the Exoplanets that orbit around the
sun.
b) They are the main sequence stars
They orbit closer than how mercury orbits the sun
c) M/M_E = 2.69 (R/R_E) ^0.93
d) We need to observe how the spacecraft orbit is influenced by the gravity of the planet.
This will help us to define its density profile.

Surname 3
3. Habital zone refers to the orbital region surrounding a star where earth like planet can own
liquid water on its surface and consequently support life (Madhusudhan, Agúndez, & Moses,
2016, p. 133).
b) Exoplanet HD 149026b orbits its host star inside the habitable region.
4. A)
I. Cellular organization
II. They respond to stimuli
III. They exhibit growth and development
IV. They adapt through evolution
V. They exhibit homeostasis
VI. They have metabolism (Madhusudhan, Agúndez, & Moses, 2016, p. 143).
b) Living organisms like faunas need air, aqua and food whereas floras need air, water
and nutrients for their growth and light
c) There are no extra solar natural satellites that have been detected. Nonetheless, in
2018, there was a discovery of an exomoon orbiting Kepler 1625b. Jupiter and Saturn
have moons that have conditions that can support life. The earth is capable of supporting
life and is where we live today (Hyodo & Ohtsuki, 2015, p. 189).
Jupiter Moons: the moon is habitable since it has salty water. The exomoon also has the
right proportions of hydrogen and oxygen to support the biological systems.
Saturn Moons: here we have large molecules that were created by complex chemical
processes including the ones that are interconnected to life (Hyodo & Ohtsuki, 2015, p.
190).

Surname 4
QUESTION 5
a)
b) Hot Jupiter has high temperatures almost twice as much as the earth’s atmosphere. If
such conditions were introduced in the earth’s atmosphere, the rate of evaporation in the earth’s
surface would be very high and the ultra-rays would lead to cancer.
6 a)
Power absorbed/area = (1-A) (Solar Flux@mars) / (distance) 2
Energy taken =energy produced
(1-A) (Solar Flux@mars) / (distance) 2 = 4x sigma x T4
T4 = [1368 W m-2 / 4sigma] (1-A)/a2,
Get the fourth root: T = {1368 W m / (4sigma)} 1/4 (1-A) 1/4 /a1/2

Surname 5
=-50 degree Celsius. This temperature is low as compared to actual average surface area for earth
which is approximately 15 degrees (Wakeford, Visscher, & Lewis, 2017, p. 123).
b) The temperatures for escape of gases in mars is about 215k. These temperatures are
comparable to the temperatures in the inland Antarctica .The daily range of temperature in the
lower atmosphere is huge as a result of low thermal inertia (Wakeford, Visscher, & Lewis, 2017,
p. 124).
QS2
Part A
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. D

Surname 6
QS2 PART B
1. What are the proposals of Oparin and Haldane on how life began on the early Earth?
In 1864, Louis Pasteur gave an explanation on his experiments that showed that life
could not be created in the absenteeism of the preexistence of life. His work is appreciated as the
basis of contemporary science since it settled a debate concerning impulsive generation
(Lazcano, 2015, p. 112). Impulsive generation referred to an inkling that suggests that life could
emanate astoundingly from a non-living matter. Pasteur’s suggestion suggested that life could
only come from life. The big question was how living organisms initially appeared on planet
earth. The answer to this question was answered by of Oparin and Haldane (Lazcano, 2015, p.
124). Alexander Oparin was a Russian biochemist, outstanding for his commitments to the
hypothesis of the inception of life on Earth, and especially for the "primordial soup" hypothesis
of the development of life from carbon-based particles (Jheeta, 2016, p. 112). Oparin
additionally gave impressive exertion to enzymology and built up the establishments of modern
natural chemistry in the USSR. He got various enhancements and grants for his work, and has
been designated "the Darwin of the twentieth Century".
In 1924, Oparin formally set forward his persuasive hypothesis that life on Earth was
created through progressive synthetic advancement of carbon-based atoms in a "primordial
soup", at pretty much a similar time as the British scholar J. B. S. Haldane was freely proposing
a comparable hypothesis (Lazcano, 2015, p. 133).
Oparin and Haldane made notable contributions to the hypothesis of the origin of life on
planet earth. They came with answer in 1924 and explained that the source of life could be
elucidated not as result of abrupt compeers of organisms in a few weeks but from a long process
of chemical fruition. There has been an advanced progress ever since 1920s (Lazcano, 2015, p.

Surname 7
115).However, as with most scientific progressions, many questions have still been left
unanswered. The examination on the start of life is interdisciplinary and laborers are attempting
to respond to different inquiries including:
a) How was the world's setting during the underlying development of the earth?
b) The classifications of compound answers that could deliver the structure squares of life
and whether these squares could come to pass for unquestionably in the world's underlying
setting.
c) The way in which multifaceted natural particles could be recorded into a unit
d) The question on the advancement of these hereditary codes (Madhusudhan, Agúndez, and
Moses, 2016, p. 156).
There has been a sensational difference in life on earth; animals have changed the setup
of environment and this has affected the grouping of minerals and particles on oceans and
furthermore agitated soil. It is essential to fathom the conditions in which life initially appeared
(Wakeford, Visscher, and Lewis, 2017, p. 167). It isn't prudent to depend on the investigation of
the present day universe. We utilize two bits of data;
1. Rocks that are smothered profound on earth
2. The four deepest planets and earth's moon were shaped along these lines and consequently
anything we get the hang of concerning the Venus mercury or moon will have an immediate
connection with the arrangement of earth.

Surname 8
The planetary group is known to have been shaped about 4.6 billion years prior by the
compression of a whirling haze of gas and residue. After the making of the sun powered
structure in the early years, earthly planets continued being flooded by moment types of various
sizes as those of particulate materials from the production of planets was diverted by the draw of
gravity (Wakeford, Visscher, and Lewis, 2017, p. 155). The siege logically weakened in strength
till it reached the present day levels about approximately 3.5 billion years ago. The barrage was
significant in the present day life since it affected the:
1. Earths early temperatures
2. The configuration of the atmosphere
3. Deliverance of the biogenic rudiments on the universe
4. The high energy unconfined could have deferred the source of life.
About 3.9 years ago, the earth had become a solid but the bombardment could easily lead
to prevention of continuous existence of life before more than 3 billion years ago. Huge effects
would have come up with global lethal circumstances by boiling a lot of ocean water and hence
disinfecting the face of earth with steam. This is the effect prevention of the genesis of life.
However, the oldest fossils from rocks in Greenland are 3.8 billion years old and this means that
life was in existence as soon as it was able to do so (Lazcano, 2015, p. 143). As the planet cooled
down, the atmosphere started to form. When scientists started to study the appearance of the first
atmosphere, they elucidated that, as a result of substance in the solar system being hydrogen, the
initial troposphere more likely than not been advanced with hydrogen. They thus settled that
different basics like carbon, oxygen sulfur and nitrogen would be appended to hydrogen in a
compressed structure as methane, alkali, hydrogen sulfide and water.

Surname 9
In this manner, if such sort of air existed, it would have been cleared away by the
influences of meteor impacts during the stage of barrage. The other almost certain establishment
of the present atmosphere would be the gases unconfined from the rocks that were freshening as
we now have volcanoes. Basing the argument on gases that were vented on the present
volcanoes, the early atmosphere can be said to have been composed of water vapor, carbon
dioxide and nitrogen gas (Madhusudhan, Agúndez, & Moses, 2016, p. 144).The ancient
atmosphere is very dissimilar from the one we have today in that it contains only 0.03% CO2 the
oxygen being discussed comes from photosynthesis. The nitrogen in the ancient earth would
have been the same in percentage as today’s atmosphere. There should have been traces of
hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide and cyanide. Water vapor condensed as the earth continued
to cool and formed oceans and seas.
Origin of the Complex Organic Materials
The major assumption that we will make in this test is that the chemical mechanisms in
the living prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells were in existence (Doty, Feng, Greaney, & Grossman,
2015, p. 23). The collaboration of the molecules in the early world’s atmosphere .The organic
compounds molded an organic soup whereby additional responses could take place.
Synthesis of the chemical components of living organisms
Proteins
They are made up of subunits called amino acids. There exists diverse forms of amino
acids in living creatures but all have an identical edifice comprising COO-, amino group NH3 as
shown;

Surname 10
(Lazcano, 2015, p. 145).
In 1953, miller, a graduate in the University of Chicago tested Oparin-Haldane
proposition through creation of conditions analogous to those on earth. He created a sliver kind
of primeval earth. In his experiment, he took a flask and put;
1. Water
2. Methane, ammonia, and hydrogen
He then sealed it off and uncovered it to flasks for lightning and other models of high energy
like the UV rays from the sun.
Then he connected a condenser to cool the atmosphere to cool water into the atmosphere and
dissolve water back into the flask (the flask was acting as seas) (Lazcano, 2015, p. 78).

Surname 11
(Lazcano,
2015, p. 80)
After seven days, the Miller analyzed contents of the solution and observed various organic
compounds and molecules like formaldehyde which reacted to form acetic acid and
eventually amino acids.
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid
A nucleotide is comprised of 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogen base and a phosphate
gathering .Nucleotides exist in type of adenosine phosphates, nucleotide coenzymes and
nucleic acids.
The world's crude air has water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and
carbon monoxide, and after that within the sight of vitality source like daylight, a few particles
are made (Schrum, Siddiqi, and Ejebe, 2016, p. 45). The shaped atoms at that point experience
enthusiastic response with the hydrogen cyanide particles within the sight of vitality to deliver

Surname 12
adenine and guanine bases. The nucleotides at that point consolidate with different synthetic
substances to frame increasingly complex structures like the RNA, and DNA.
It is conceivable that different natural mixes arrived at the earth ahead of schedule from
the space (Doty, Feng, Greaney, and Grossman, 2015, p. 144). A meteor that struck
Murchison in Australia was inspected and found to contain different particles including
amino acids and atoms that took after unsaturated fats and amino acids. Recommendations
had risen contending that the inorganic material was biogenic however at long last, an accord
was arrived at that abiotic compound union conveyed the most conceivable clarification.
There is no clarification on the amount of natural issue that was provided to oceans and seas
by the characteristic amalgamation on the earth and by how much in the fall of a meteor
(Madhusudhan, Agúndez, and Moses, 2016, p. 167). In any case, note that the correct
materials were available on the world's surface for further response.
Synopsis and Conclusion
Oparin and Haldane acclaimed that the ancient globe's condition was comprised of the
right conditions and portents to shape the essential type of life. They gave a thinking this couldn't
happen on the planet we live in today since the present environment is advanced with oxygen
that is created by the photosynthetic life (Jheeta, 2016, p. 199). The environment today is
oxidized and henceforth not helpful.
Question 2
a) Silicon is abbreviated Si and has atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid
and less reactive and that makes it different from carbon. Silicon is more metallic than
carbon since it loses electrons more easily than carbon hence it cannot emulate carbon
(Madhusudhan, Agúndez, & Moses, 2016, p. 178). They both have a valence of 4 and

Surname 13
have almost the same density of 2.3 grams for silicon and 2.2 grams per cubic centimeter
for carbon.
b) Silicon oxidizes to a solid and henceforth it does not support life.
Silica is a solid since silicon attracts oxygen and silicon dioxide forms lattice whereby a
silicon atom is bounded by four atoms of oxygen.
c) Biochemists can contemplate silicon life an option since biochemistry life is intrinsically
related to its environs. Silicon bonds are more stable in Titans than Carbons in those high
temperatures (Doty, Feng, Greaney, & Grossman, 2015, p. 125).
In the Titans, there is no oxygen in atmosphere and hence water is frozen hence silicon is
not oxidized. Silicon is favorable in environmental conditions that do not support carbon.
Question 3
a) Important equations
[itex]F=\sigma T_ {E} ^ {4} =\pi I [/itex]
[itex]\int dE=\int \int I\, d\omega \, dA[/itex]
Set up the integral of dE as: [itex]\int dE=\int_{A=\pi R_{E}^{2}}\int_{0.19}I\, d\omega \,
dA[/itex]
[itex]E=0.19\pi IR_{E}^{2}[/itex]
Plug in the values now:
[itex]R_{E} = 6.37 * 10^{6}m[/itex], [itex]\sigma = 5.7 * 9^{-8} Wm^{-2}K^{-4}[/itex], and
[itex]T_{E} = 255 K [/itex],

Surname 14
[itex]T_{s} = 165 K [/itex]
b) a = 0.19 and e = 0.625
a/e= 0.304
: [itex]\int dE=\int_ {A=\pi R_{E}^{2}}\int_{0.19}I\, d\omega \, dA[/itex]
[itex]E=0.19\pi IR_ {E} ^ {2}[/itex]
[itex]\int dE=\int_ {A=\pi R_{E}^{2}}\int_{0.19}I\, d\omega \, dA[/itex]
[itex]E=0.19\pi IR_{E}^{2}[/itex]
[itex]R_{E} = 6.37 * 10^{6}m[/itex], [itex]\sigma = 5.7 * 9^{-8} Wm^{-2}K^{-6}[/itex], and
[itex]T_{E} = 198 K [/itex]
It is advisable to use polished aluminum since it yields a higher temperature
C. a/e=0.67 this is below the earth’s mean surface temperature of 0.9 degree Celsius

Surname 15
Question 4
Psychological effects of space travel
Operative medication and healthcare conveyance
On the mission to mars, the space explorers have no permission to save room. There is
likewise no wiped out inlet or even a wandering therapeutic consideration. It is additionally
difficult for a crew member to tell at a beginning period on the off chance that one of the
crewmembers is experiencing an enervating illness that would come up during the mission
(Yaden, Iwry, Slack, and Eichstaedt, 2017, p. 188). The team is probably going to experience
decompression issues during extravehicular movement or when moving from disparate
surroundings inside the shuttle.
It is prudent to screen the group to control any restorative issues and furthermore
actualize countermeasure designs in order to evade medicinal crises during the flight. Doctors
ought to have nitty gritty data on the group individuals and their hereditary cosmetics to
represent the innate conditions.it is imperative to screen for potential malignancy dangers,
cardiovascular malady dangers and for the advancement of kidney stones to ensure that the team
is ideal in wellbeing (Yaden, Iwry, Slack, and Eichstaedt, 2017, p. 192). The team should
approach propelled restorative packs that offer different emergency treatment and radiation
security. The packs incorporate sensitivity medicines and medications for movement’s infection
among numerous others. The team should likewise direct a therapeutic boost training.one
individual from the group should be a completely prepared restorative specialist who has broad
preparing in space drug to deal with the group while on the mission.

Surname 16
The space explorers who fly on space are picked from a gathering of people. They are
chosen based on proof based assessments and a blend of specialized abilities which are vital for
survival in a long term space travel. The spacecraft enroute to mars is secluded in the intact
voyage and must therefore rely heavily on the spacecraft’s on board systems for their well-being
and safety. Since the spacecraft travels far from globe, there could be delayed communication as
a result of the large distance the radio communications have to go (Yaden, Iwry, Slack, &
Eichstaedt, 2017, p. 193). It is therefore important that the astronaut assortment include criteria
that would include psychosomatic and interactive health matters. This means that the therapeutic
coordination established for the operation to mars would be smarter than any medicinal structure
utilized on the space shuttle. The system would be designed in such a way that they can function
without the supervision of any system back on planet earth.
A manned mission on spacecraft requires a long term therapeutic inquiry under given
settings of buoyancy like the global space station (Madhusudhan, Agúndez, & Moses, 2016, p.
176). The ISS is the only possible solution considering that the US space fleet retired. The ISS is
the most multifaceted and major methodical project the universe has ever produced. The primary
aim of the station is to enable prolonged investigation of space and offer beneficial outcome to
all societies on planet earth. The exploration has enhanced our understanding not only of space
but of the environment we live in. This has helped in the development of a newer knowledge that
can survive the harsh climatic conditions on space.

Surname 17
Question 5
Journey to mars would need two 6 to 8 sections of foldaway in deep space .On the trip to
and from mars, the crew is uncovered from high micro gravity and they are also exposed to
severe radiation levels than those noted at the ISS in low earth orbit (Yaden, Iwry, Slack, &
Eichstaedt, 2017, p. 195). The exterior part of mars is covered with dust that contains lethal
chemicals.
Radiation
The magnetic field from the earth protects these astronauts in stumpy earth orbit from the
destructive radioactivity. The astronauts are relatively unprotected from radiation than human
beings on the earth but they are still sheltered by the earth’s magnetosphere. The operation to the
mars will expose mankind to a setting outside the defensive shield. There is an interaction of
cosmic rays interacting with matter as reported by crews going to mars due to reaction of cosmic
rays with matter (Yaden, Iwry, Slack, & Eichstaedt, 2017, p. 133). The Apollo missions are
important since they are short and will not be exposed to damage of the spacecraft since they are
not outside the earth’s magnetosphere and therefore not exposed to risks from radiation which is
capable of hurting spacecraft preoccupation of deadly radiation quantities from the solar protons
that may easily damage the DNA and eventually lead to cancer.
Recommendation
It is important to have a manned operation to mars whereby there will be a spacecraft
constructed with highly shield area that the astronauts will use so as to safeguard themselves
from the radiation effects (Yaden, Iwry, Slack, & Eichstaedt, 2017, p. 176). The astronauts can
also be fed with a diet that contains antioxidants like vitamin E, C and A that reduces skin
damage caused by radiation.

Surname 18
Cardiovascular System Space
This system adapts exemplary in space. However, they work contrarily in micro or zero
magnitude than on the universe. The cardiovascular system starts to adapt to buoyancy once the
body fluids swing from their lesser extremes (feet and legs) to the superior abdomen. This
shifting causes the heart to enlarge to tackle the upsurge in the blood flow (Chamari & Padulo,
2015, p. 132). This leads to increased accumulation of body fluids in the upper abdomen hence
leading to a puffy face. Finally, the kidney will increase the output of urine and this will lead to
decrease in the quantity of body fluids and decrease in the fluids in circulation and
asymptotically leading to reduced performance of the astronauts when they return to the earth’s
atmosphere.
Prevention Strategies
These are meant to combat post flight orthostatic intolerance. Before space lift, astronauts
are advised to take part in dynamic aerobic drilling workouts so as to advance on resolution and
increase the volume of blood (Yaden, Iwry, Slack, & Eichstaedt, 2017, p. 154). There should
also be the use of G-suits after landing so as to advance orthostatic forbearance.
Perpetual Harm to Vision
Space therapeutic municipal has lately comprehended that long term space lift can lead to
unadorned vision problems in astronauts. The astronauts face degradation in visual acuity due to
increased pressure inside the skull and compression from cerebrospinal liquid that environs the
brain and finds its way to finally push the eyeball back (Yaden, Iwry, Slack, & Eichstaedt, 2017,
p. 177).

Surname 19
Recommendation: it is advisable to equip spacecraft with synthetic gravity that would
avert an increased pressure in the skull and this would mitigate the potential permanent eye
problems.

Surname 20
References
Chamari, K., & Padulo, J. (2015). ‘Aerobic’and ‘Anaerobic’terms used in exercise physiology: a
critical terminology reflection. Sports medicine-open, 1(1), 9-12.
Doty, F. P., Feng, P. L., Greaney, A. P., & Grossman, J. (2015). Structural Origins of
Scintillation: Metal Organic Frameworks as a Nanolaboratory (No. SAND-2011-4926P). New
York: Sandia National Laboratories Livermore United States.
Hyodo, R., & Ohtsuki, K. (2015). Saturn’s F ring and shepherd satellites a natural outcome of
satellite system formation. Nature Geoscience, 34(2), 184-190.
Jheeta, S. (2016). The landscape of the emergence of Life. London: CRC.
Lazcano, A. (2015). Alexandr I. Oparin and the origin of life: a historical reassessment of the
heterotrophic theory. ournal of molecular evolution, 34(3), 110-134.
Madhusudhan, N., Agúndez, M., & Moses, S. (2016). Exoplanetary atmospheres—chemistry,
formation conditions, and habitability. Space science reviews, 12(4), 132-134.
Schrum, J. P., Siddiqi, S., & Ejebe, K. (2016). modeRNA Therapeutics Inc. Modified
nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof, 36(5), 156-170.
Wakeford, H. R., Visscher, C., & Lewis, N. K. (2017). High temperature condensate clouds in
super-hot Jupiter atmospheres. Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 4(4), 118-125.
Yaden, D. B., Iwry, J., Slack, K. J., & Eichstaedt, J. (2017). The overview effect: Awe and self-
transcendent experience in space flight. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and
Practice, 45(3), 188-204.

Surname 21