Surveillance and Disaster Planning

This disaster management plan includes the preparedness, responses and the recovery to reduce the impact of a disaster. The study involves an analysis of a hypothetical case of earthquake and suggesting the ways of preparing the ways of managing the response towards the earthquake damage from the perspective of a head of an emergency response team.

Running head: SURVEILLANCE AND DISASTER PLANNING
Surveillance and Disaster Planning
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Executive Summary
This disaster management plan includes the preparedness, responses and the recovery to reduce
the impact of a disaster. The best way to plan for a disaster is before it strikes, however, the case
here lacks the disaster preparedness. It was reported that the for the past few days the city of Rio
de Janeiro was experiencing earth tremors and they were not that significant considering the
intensity of the tremors. The government authorities were aware of the situation but the
unwillingness to take the necessary step led to the deterioration of the situation after the
occurrence of the earthquake. Disaster management plans were suggested from the perspective
of a head of an emergency response team.

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Background......................................................................................................................................3
Critical analysis of the disaster scenario..........................................................................................3
Disaster response plan.....................................................................................................................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
Reference.........................................................................................................................................9

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Introduction
Earthquake can be described as the natural phenomenon that causes damage depending
on the intensity of the localized geological conditions. The epicentre of the earthquake faces the
largest damage that results in the immediate destruction of buildings, and along with the
extended damage to the infrastructure. The other indirect damages that occur are floods,
electricity supplies getting interrupted, ruptured gas and water mains, landslides and fires
(Tingsanchali, 2012). Earthquake is considered as an unavoidable event and due to this the
damage caused by the earthquakes can be minimized only by taking proper security measures
(Wex et al., 2014). The security measures will include avoiding the collapse of the buildings,
bridges, communication networks, power lines, reservoirs containing inflammable materials and
toxic materials, nuclear power stations, dams (Noyan, 2012). This study involves an analysis of a
hypothetical case of earthquake and suggesting the ways of preparing the ways of managing the
response towards the earthquake damage from the perspective of a head of an emergency
response team.
Background
In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the city was hosting Olympics and along with the residents, the
place was housing thousands of tourists and athletes from different countries. Over the past few
days, few earth tremors were noticed and the authorities took it lightly as it was not unwilling to
make an unnecessary chaos and thus took no further steps. On the evening of 17th August, an
earthquake occurred 10 km underground and 50 km away from the Rio de Janeiro city. As a
result, buildings collapsed and several tourists were injured and even more got killed.

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Critical analysis of the disaster scenario
Rio de Janeiro is a third most populous state in Brazil and it has beautiful cultural
landscape. After Rio de Janeiro was holding the Olympic games, there is no doubt that there was
a huge influx of tourist into the city irrespective of the huge number of the Olympics
participants. From the geographical point of view, the city was already hosting a huge number of
tourists since it is a tourist destination. The stadiums that were about the Olympic games were
much experiencing a space crunch due to the huge number of tourists looking for places to check
in. Holding an Olympic game is a cumbersome job for any developed country that is already
struggling with proper availability of space. Thus, management of the huge number of the
tourists that came to Rio de Janeiro is a humongous task (Xu et al., 2015). Hosting Olympic
games also involves major concern of providing security to the athletes, tourists from any kind of
terrorist activity. When the governments first came to know about the minor earth tremors in the
city, it was obvious for the government to not create a mess about the whole situation.
Considering from the point of managing the huge number of tourist population and providing
security to the athletes and at the same time shifting the Olympic venues is a feasible decision
(Johansson et al., 2012). Movement of such a huge of the tourist population along with the large
number of the residents of the Rio de Janeiro will create a lockdown of the whole city and the
neighbouring states as well. The government authorities of the Rio de Janeiro cannot jeopardise a
large amount of money spent on the construction of the Olympic venues.
It was reported that the for the past few days the city of Rio de Janeiro was experiencing
earth tremors and they were not that significant considering the intensity of the tremors.
Although the government authorities were aware of the situation but alerting the tourists,
residents and the athletes will lead to a major public outcry. This also hinders the proper hosting

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of the Olympics games. This is a major concern of the government and the idea of evacuating the
tourists and the athletes is not a viable option (Carley et al., 2016). Although, the government
authorities could have taken the precautionary measures but taking measures is in itself would
have hindered the normal functioning of the Olympic games. The government authority of Rio
de Janeiro could have taken a step of conveying that due to the occurrence of earth tremors in the
past few days, it will be mandatory for the tourists, residents and athletes follow the protocols
that are mandatory to avoid any major mishap occurring due to an earthquake (Zhang et al.,
2012). The aftermath of the earthquake highlighted that the number of people that died from the
earthquake is much higher than the number of people that are injured. This has been due to the
toppling of the buildings and the majority of the tourists were confused about how they react in
such to a situation (Moralista, Delariarte & Lamila, 2014).
Disaster response plan
Disaster management plan can be described as the management and the organization of
the resources and the responsibilities when dealing with the emergencies relating to the
humanitarian crisis and emergencies. This disaster management plan includes the preparedness,
responses and the recovery to reduce the impact of a disaster. The disaster management cycle is a
cyclical process which is deals with the pre-disaster preparedness and post-disaster (Coetzee &
Van Niekerk, 2012).
The list of the stakeholder that are involved in the response of the management of the
disaster will be: residents of Rio de Janeiro, tourists, athletes, the Olympic games organizers, the
disaster response team, the government authorities associated with the administration of the Rio
de Janeiro city, security personnel associated with the security of the Olympics hosting places
and security of the tourists, local municipalities, radio stations, news channels.

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The stakeholders selected in the disaster response plan are the ones that will be either directly
involved in the disaster or will impact negatively due to the disaster. The disaster response plan
will beneficial for the tourists, residents of Rio de Janeiro, athletes, and the local government
bodies (O'Sullivan et al., 2013).
Figure 1: disaster management cycle [source: Ndma.gov.in, 2018]
The disaster management plan encompasses a comprehensive approach to disaster
prevention, preparedness, response and recovery (Alexander, 2015).
Prevention- Prevention will be the highest priority to plan a disaster management even
before the consequences and possibilities. The authorised agency who are dealing with lacked
the disaster prevention plan should execute the error elimination procedure. Prevention is one of
the pre-disaster management processes and considering the fact that the prevention strategies
those will be undertaken by the government authorities of Rio de Janeiro if they felt earth
tremors for the past few days. The authorities and several volunteer groups and agencies will

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willingly take an essential step to minimize the impact of earthquakes. Government and non-
government organization should aware of the local and regional residents about disaster
preparedness to prevent those reasons that can cause an increased number of casualties (Edrissi
et al., 2013).
Preparedness- The government authorities of Rio de Janeiro will convey the information
to various supporting agencies and private organisations, regarding how to act during the time of
emergency. The authorised facilities will avoid any of preparedness, which will be evident from
the willingness of the government of Rio de Janeiro to consider the safety of the thousands of the
tourists (Kunz, Reiner & Gold, 2014). Thus, from the perspective of the government, emergency
response team will be prepared for the disaster management with will also be based on the
subsequent stages of responses and recovery.
Response- Response is one of the vital sections after the occurrence of the earthquake.
The responsible team should always keep the resultant situations in mind considering the
buildings collapsing and fatal injuries and death in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, the response team will
response internal and external communications supported by a huge team consisting of the NGO
workers, volunteers, disaster response team, logistics, local hospitals and state hospitals, military.
The local residents can also be involved in the rescue process (McEntire, 2014).
 Resources management is a wide term which will include materials and human
resources. After the occurrence of the earthquake, there will be aftershocks and
due to this the residents of the place, tourists will be evacuated from the affected
zone. This will require synchronized functioning of logistics (Othman &
Beydoun, 2013).

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 The factors that will impact the disaster plan is the movement of the resources
from one place to another, lack of funds and the access to the affected zones are
the probable barriers to the response plan (O'Sullivan et al., 2013).
 Management of the psychological stressors- teams of the first responders, red
cross personnel, medical teams and the personnel that are trained for the extreme
disaster situation can deliver the psychological first aid to the people affected
from the earthquake (Everly Jr & Lating, 2012).
 Strategies for evaluating the disaster response will include the effective
monitoring of the affected sites, active monitoring of the time period within the
response teams have acted and a number of lives saved that are trapped under the
rubbles (McEntire, 2014).
Recovery- In this phase the disaster response plan and it encompasses will implement the
strategies of recovering from the aftermath of the disaster and bringing back life to normal. The
recovery plan will entirely depend on the government healthcare facilities, paramedic teams, and
private healthcare organisation of Rio de Janeiro (Alexander, 2015). The stakeholders will be
work collaboratively and will collect adequate grand to initiate the recovery process immediately
after the disaster. The recovery procedure will include the strategic disaster management and
awareness plan to execute in future.
Communication plan:
Purpose of the communication Communication to Time of the communication

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Planning the disaster
management, Funding, Low and
enforce
Government Authority Before, after and during the
disaster
Taking emergency procedure,
rescue, damage recovery
Emergency Unit During and after the disaster
Providing healthcare and
paramedic support to residents
Government healthcare
organisations
During and after the disaster,
recovery phase
Providing healthcare and
paramedic support to residents
Private Healthcare Organisations During and after the disaster,
recovery phase
Funding and workforce NGO and Charity organisations During the emergency period and
immediately after the disaster
Finding, legal issues,
compliance, law enforcement
Central government Preparedness, response and
recovery phase
Financial Implication:
Resource/Investment Percentage
Inbound cash flow
NGO and Charity organisations 10%
Central government 65%
Local Authority 20%
Individual donations 5%
Outbound cash flow
Low and enforce 20%
Healthcare arrangement 30%

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Paramedics 10%
Food and medicines 20%
Payroll 10%
Awareness activities 10%
Conclusion
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that disaster management plan can be
described as the management and the organization of the resources and the responsibilities when
dealing with the emergencies relating to the humanitarian crisis and emergencies. Although the
government authorities were aware of the situation the unwillingness to take the necessary step
led to the deterioration of the situation. The disaster management plan encompasses a
comprehensive approach to disaster prevention, preparedness, response and recovery. While
from the perspective of the head of the disaster response team, the response section is the most
vital section.

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Reference
Alexander, D. E. (2015). Disaster and emergency planning for preparedness, response, and
recovery. Oxford University Press.
Carley, K. M., Malik, M., Landwehr, P. M., Pfeffer, J., & Kowalchuck, M. (2016). Crowd
sourcing disaster management: The complex nature of Twitter usage in Padang
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Coetzee, C., & Van Niekerk, D. (2012). Tracking the evolution of the disaster management
cycle: A general system theory approach. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 4(1),
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Edrissi, A., Poorzahedy, H., Nassiri, H., & Nourinejad, M. (2013). A multi-agent optimization
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Everly Jr, G. S., & Lating, J. M. (2012). A clinical guide to the treatment of the human stress
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McEntire, D. A. (2014). Disaster response and recovery: Strategies and tactics for resilience.
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