Sustainability and Risk Engineering

This study material explores the concept of sustainability and risk engineering. It covers topics such as green building construction, embodied energy, and more. Access solved assignments, essays, and dissertations on sustainability and risk engineering at Desklib.

Sustainability and Risk Engineering 1
Sustainability and Risk Engineering
By (Name)
The Name of Class (Course)
Professor
Institution
City and State
Date

Sustainability and Risk Engineering 2
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Selected Area- 10ha Urban Land...............................................................................................3
Location..................................................................................................................................3
Climate...................................................................................................................................4
Four corner Coordinates.........................................................................................................4
Terrain Layout........................................................................................................................4
BESIX Standards; Typical Residential Design..........................................................................5
Green Building Construction..................................................................................................7
Embodied Energy.......................................................................................................................9
GaBi Application to Measure the Embodied energy...............................................................10
GaBi Procedure....................................................................................................................11
The percentage of components energies of the commercial and residential structural
properties..............................................................................................................................15
The Required Operational Energy...........................................................................................15
Issues considered in the calculation of the energy consumed..............................................16
Commercial Building Energy Consumption........................................................................16
Total Energy required to sustain the Urban Centre in the next 50 years.................................18
Estimation.............................................................................................................................19
Total Run Off generated in the Selected Area.........................................................................20
MUSIC Estimation...................................................................................................................21
WSUD Technologies............................................................................................................24
Water Balance Development in the identified urban region................................................25
Conclusion and Recommendation............................................................................................27
Conclusion............................................................................................................................27
Recommendation..................................................................................................................27
References................................................................................................................................28
Appendixes...............................................................................................................................31
Appendix 1: Temperature.....................................................................................................31
Appendix 2: Kingaroy Weather Observations.....................................................................32
Appendix 3: BASIX Certificate Sample.................................................................................34

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Introduction
The future of engineering is highly dependent on the current operative use of
engineering resources to meet future sustainability needs. As the world transforms and
innovations intensify, resources are being depleted year after year; an indication that there
will be increased engineering threats in the future (Chitchyan et al. 2016). Other science
sectors are adopting the concept of sustainability to help manage the current resource usage
by employing innovative and effective engineering processes, edifices and models that will
ensure effective use of diminishing resource types to attain future sustainability needs.
In this project, a selected 10 ha urban land will be used to analyze the sustainability
needs and engineering risks by developing a viable edifice with minimal utilization of
resources in consideration of future engineering risks. The project study will take a wide view
of the situational setting in correlation with other aspects of engineering development
(Cheshire 2015). For instance, the green development of buildings is an engineering concept
protagonist in sustainable development (Kibert 2016). Also, sustainability is linked to societal
and economic issues and therefore, this research project will ensure that it includes the
concerns portrayed in the identified area of development and give a comprehensive analysis
on all sustainability aspects linked to the land selected environments.
Selected Area- 10ha Urban Land
Location
The area selected for this study is Kingaroy town. Kingaroy town is an inner-city
center in Queensland, the South Burnett Region in Australia (Whereis.com 2019).
According to the map dimensional measurement, the town is a strategic site built in the
connexion of two major Highways in South Burnett, namely Bunya and D' Aguilar
Highways(Kingaroy, 2019).

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Climate
The wider Queensland regional climate is classified in eight climatic zones whereby
Kingaroy town falls in zone 1 that has a high humid summer and warm winter(Australia
Building Codes Board, 2019). However, the climate varies, and in some season, King Roy
region experiences a warm, humid summer with warm temperate of up to 30degrees and mild
winter seasons(Climate Data Org, 2019).
Four corner Coordinates
The selected land map coordinates of the four corners are -26.532364, 151.840518; -
26.532656, 151.844353,-26.534614, 151.844325 and -26.534714, 151.840859(Dataandtime
Info 2019)
Figure 1: Map Image of the Town showing the selected land in a Satellite View. Source:
Google Maps.
Terrain Layout
The above image shows a flat catchment area with an increasing number of residential
and commercial property. The image below also shows the land terrain from an aerial view.

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Figure 2: Land terrain from an aerial view. Source: Google Maps
Number of Residential and Commercial Properties
The land is nearby different architectural structures and thus a viable location for
investment. In total, there are 30 residential structures and 8 Commercial structures summing
up to a total of 38 properties surrounding the land location.
Image showing close View of the development of the land and the surrounding residential
and commercial structures (Numbered)
Figure 3: Close view of the development of the land. Source: Google Maps

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BESIX Standards; Typical Residential Design
The concern on building design in New South Wales led to the need for the setting of
standards of a typical property to help regulate the use of energy in building construction. All
construction projects are to adhere to BASIX policy, which provides tools used to rate and
assess the performance of residential building projects. The ratting and assessment evaluate
the amount of energy used, the thermal comfort of the building as regards to weather changes
and also the water efficiency (Engineering and BIM, 2019). Therefore, the development of
the selected land was initially to look on how to meet the BASIX Policy; out of the 30
residential structures that surrounded the selected location, less than three of the structures
met the typical standard of a residential building as defined by BESIX policy.
Notably, the key objective of BASIX is to ensure effective use of resources in
building and construction of residential properties (NSW. Government 2019). The major
resources of concern given significance by BESIX in New South Wales location were water
and the general environmental resources natural resource safety needs (NSW Government,
2018). The policy ensures that there is reduced water consumption level and minimized the
emission of greenhouse gases and other effluents by 40% (BASIX 2019). Consequently, a
typical residential house, as relates to these projects, was required to meet the standards
mentioned earlier. The project included the construction of a residential green building by
using effectively the resources provided, that is, water, energy, and materials.
The overall development need was to ensure the effect on the surrounding ecosystem
is low, particularly the effect on environmental degradation and human health. In ensuring
sustainability, natural resources are essential, and most safety measures in land development
look on the effect that results on the natural resources; those that diminish on their usefulness
and consequently affect human living and ecosystem sustainability of other creatures (Hák et
al. 2016). The factors that were considered in this case were not only limited to specific

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issues, but they considered a wholesome set of aspects namely the construction and design,
operations, better setting of the structure, maintenance and removal of resources to ensure
that the project met sustainability demands.
Green Building Construction
The construction of a green building is one way of ensuring sustainability by the
effective use of resources for future profits/benefits. Green building construction is defined
in many ways, however, in this project the perspective of green building involved the
construction of a residential building by ensuring that there is minimal impact created on
human health and the environment at large (Liu and Lin 2016). Essentially, the construction
of green building needs to guarantee the efficient use of resources and safeguarding of the
environments surrounding the selected area(Hwang, et al., 2018). Caring for environmental
surroundings constitute the safeguarding of the health of Kingaroy town residents and as well
the larger sustainably of natural resources within the location.
The general productivity of the project also involved improving employee efficiency,
which retaliates in ensuring waste minimization and maximum/ effective use of resources.
These considerations largely involved the overall measures of ensuring low environmental
degradation and zero pollution level in the selected region. The designing process of the
building, therefore, took into consideration the techniques that were to realize the above
intentions. It incorporated the architectural design of a residential building which met all
environmental requirements detailed in BESIX policy and as presumed by the local
authorities in the selected region.
Here in, the project report prescription provided below includes a 3D visualization
and building plan of the residential structure that was set on the 10 ha land. The provided 3D
visualization shows timber as the building materials; Timber is one of the accessible building
material in Kingaroy. The roof of the building is a flat slab. A flat slab minimizes heat

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absorption and heat loss during the cold seasons; Kingaroy a time shows extreme weather
conditions, and with the continual degradation of the natural resources, the adversity of the
climate is likely to worsen and thus for future needs, a flat slab will ensure comfy the use of
the building structure in the future periods. The structure incorporates the future risks
identified with the change of environmental conditions. Also, the 3D visualization provides
an adequate lighting system which saves a lot of energy used.
3D Visualization
Figure 4: 3D Visualization

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Figure 5: Ground Floor Plan
Figure 6: 1st Storey Plan
The residential structure internal formation constituted of a ground floor with a
balcony, a dining room, kitchen, a lounge, and a garage with a variable measurement that
provided for roomy living comfortability. The first story shows three bedrooms with spacious
passages. The use of the building was assumed to be reliant on other variable reasons one
being the sustainable longevity use and immediate profitable use with reduced risks, that is,
the average dead and live mass sustainability and also the durability of the used timber.
BESIX Report on the Building Structure

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Required Score
Water 40 46
Energy 40 49
Thermal Comfort Pass Pass
Embodied Energy
Embodied energy for the selected residential building includes energy from natural
resources processes, transportation and product delivery, mining operations, and resources
manufacturing (Dixit et al. 2015). All the building construction processes were estimated to
consume significant energy except the life cycle approach that includes the material
collection and disposal process in the construction exercise. The total energy consumed, the
embodied energy, constituted the factor of the life cycle effects of the building identified at
the front –end. Assumingly, the total embodied energy of commercial and residential
building structures in the selected 10 ha land was to include the combination of the above
processes. The combination is complex, but it varies with reasons involved in the design of
the building, that is, long-life adaptability and durability. These reasons involve the
combinations and use of the building materials, which adds up to include the embodied
energy of the building.
On the other hand, in areas of construction, as identified with the 10 ha land in
Kingaroy, some activities should be performed to make the land usable, and they include
renovations and maintenance that will ensure the area attains the required embodied energy
of a typical residential and commercial building. Therefore, the architectural methods and
materials that were used were carefully selected to ensure that they maintain the average
required embodied energy of the building structure. Note that the selection was deemed

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appropriate since different construction materials constituted different embodied energy
measurements.
GaBi Application to Measure the Embodied energy
GaBi methods provide an estimate of the embodied energy of a typical residential
building (Azari and Abbasabadi 2018). The technique put into consideration of the following
aspects;
a. Construction materials types- This aspect includes all materials used in the construction
of the building shell and the completion of the building section such as the bathroom
accessories, the pavements and the kitchen fittings (Salcido et al. 2016).
b. Workers and material transportation Energy
c. Upstream Energy
d. Water, road networks, drain, and supply system energy supply
The total embodied energy of GER included the summation of the above details of
GaBi program. Process Energy Requirement included all the quoted estimates of the
embodied energy. PER included the total energy that was used in the transportations and
movement of the construction materials to different building sites (Zhou et al. 2016). The
estimation of the embodied energy factor was 10. This factor led to the quotations of the
figures, as narrated in this report that was not 100 percent correct. The used estimates in this
report were carefully derived in consideration of the change of figures in the individual
materials and assemblies.
Building
Element
Component Thickness Are
a
Volume Density Tonnage Distance
(mm) m3 kg/m3
Envelope Plaster Board 12 75 1.1 568 600.68 4.0km

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Wall
Timber Stub 50 74 4.0 500 1658 2.6km
Brick 108 78 8.7 2000 1500 2.0km
Floor Concrete Slab 196 54 16 1850 20,000 5.0km
Roof Plaster Board 15 45 1.0 600 416 4.0km
Timber
Framing with
Insulation
50 60 3.0 500 1300 2.2km
GaBi Procedure
a. Login and opening the folder Hierarchy
b. Creation of a Plan ( The plan as named Embodied Energy)

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c. Dragging completed process to the new plan ( The processes were first created before
being dragged)
d. Creating a new process by entering the selected area data

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e. Entering data on life cycle working information and life cycle costing information for the
selected urban location
f. Creating GaBi Model ( A GaBi balance used to calculate the results was developed)
g. Displaying the embodied energy (A balance window displays the measurements and
embodied energy is selected from the list. The output and input display also shows the
embodied energy graphs)

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The percentage of components energies of the commercial and residential structural
properties
Components Percentage
Structural Beams, Columns 34%
Reinforcement Bars 22%
Wire 45%
Decking 33%
Other Structural Components
Slabs 45%
Foundations 24%
Precast 75%
Embodied Energy (MJ/ft2) and Embodied Carbon (lb CO2/ft2) (From tables and

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comparisons)
Precast Concrete 174MJ/ft2
Cellular Steel 94MJ/ft2
Post- Tensioned Concrete 99MJ/ft2
The Required Operational Energy
In the contextual formation of this project, operational energy included the total
energy required for lightening, ventilation, cooling, appliances, and heating. The inclusion of
operation energy in these processes helped to make a comparative determination of the used
energy by different building processes. Note that the operational energy in the case of this
project did not include the energy of the total materials used. The Operational energy only
covered both the non-renewable and renewable energy used in the operations in the building
and as well as the assumed occupant activities. As relates to other building in Kingaroy, few
of the buildings were identified to relay in renewable energy. For sustainable purposes, most
of the building relied heavily on non-renewable energies.
Issues considered in the calculation of the energy consumed
a. The measure units are in Joules(J)
b. If operational Energy is High than estimated, PJ will be used (1015 Joules =IPJ). In a
broader estimate, a PJ is able to serve many households as relates to joules.
c. Types of Operational Energy – The major types of OE are two, and they are named as
primary and secondary operational energy.
In the case of this project, primary energy was considered to include the summation of
the requirements for those activities that need energy, namely, the non-energy activities,
final consumer, energy transformations, and intermediate activities. Departmental
activities that avail energy to consumers were also included in the primary energy

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category. The project also assumed the secondary energies to include end energy used in
home-based, industrial, commercial, and agricultural activities. The named activities vary
depending on the type of structure, whether commercial or residential.
The study in Kingaroy town showed that the consumption of energy was high (both
embodied and operational energy. The estimates on the consumer energy of both types of
buildings used the following formulae;
Commercial Building Energy Consumption
In an estimate, one household with 5 people in Kingaroy town consumes {(30 kW/H) X
3.6e+6} Joules. In a one year duration, the total energy consumed is equal to
Operational Energy Consumed = {(30 kW/H) X 3.6e+6} X 356 days
=3.942e+10
Commercial residence energy consumption varies due to different operational
activities identified with different business types In Kingaroy town. In an estimate, taking an
average flour of one commercial building as 100m2, the commercial building operational
energy can be approximated as follows
Operational Energy= approximation of the average of the OE of the residential
structures in a year multiplied by the area square meter. Assuming an approximation of 400
KWH/M2, the total energy consumed in a commercial building will add up to;
Operational Energy = (400 Kwh/ M2/ Year X 200M2}3.6e+6 = 2.88e+11
On the other hand, when using a parametric tool to measure the above energies, a
different calculation can be applied to determine onsite energy consumption, imported
energy, and exported energy of the residential buildings. The formulas are as shown below;

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Exported Energy = ∑
h 2
h 1
Max ( Energyproductioni ,h−Energydemandi, h ; 0 )
Onsite Energy Consumption= ∑
h 2
h 1
Max ( Energyproductioni ,hxEnergydemandi , h ; )
Imported Energy = ∑
h 2
h 1
Max ( Energydemandi ,h ;0−Energyproductioni , h )
In totality, the operational energy that was required for various component for the
total number of the residential and commercial buildings in Kingaroy is summarized in the
chart below.
Total Energy required to sustain the Urban Centre in the next 50 years
Urban Centre Building energy in Kingaroy Town constitute the larger percentage of
the total energy required in the Kingaroy area. To establish efficiency in the use of energy, it
will need a look at considerable consumption activities and the operational and embodied
energy requirements (Chel and Kaushik, 2018). Urban centers show high levels of energy
consumption, especially those with low-rise buildings (Güneralp et al. 2017). The high level

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of consumptions shows that such types of locations should include a close consideration on
the level of energy consumed in a total of all building development activities.
The studied situational conditions showed that Kingaroy town would have an
increasing requirement of more energy supply in the next 50 years. Overall sustainably
needs, as identified in other places of the world, will need the constructions of better
structures that will include high-density requirements such as apartment building based
structures (Anderson et al. 2015). In ascertaining the 50 year period energy requirement in
Kingaroy town, different assumptions were made, and this includes an increase in the
standard occupancy rate and related user behavior in both commercial and residential
buildings. On the same note, energy performance was considered as a function of the
building’s physical quantities.
To help get a clear estimate, a square meter was used as a functional unit, and other
issues such as users of the building were omitted since they were identified to result in biased
estimations on the actual energy required in one building with a specific number of
households in a given period. Also, actual consumption data did not help in providing a line
of distinction of behavioral variations and even help make a better contrast of the commercial
and residential buildings due to the lack of enough details. The key issue that was involved in
the estimation included the simple energy requirement and lifestyle –residential energy
relationships. Nonetheless, on a notable concern, the estimation did not provide a comparison
of the types of building design as identified with different residential and commercial
building types in the town.
Assuming the factual data sequence, commercial space occupied the larger sect of
energy use. In this case, the estimation will only consider the residential space.

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Estimation
The total area of the urban canter was approximated at 315 m2. The approximated
area is equivalent to the selected 10 ha area. If the ground floor of each residential property
is 10m2, the total surface area will add up to 200m2. Assuming that a commercial property
has aground flour area of 10m2 and a total surface area of 80m2 , then the total surface area
will be determined as 260m2; U value (W/M2K)= 10.6. The roof area is determined as 271 m2;
U-Value (W/m2K) = 4.2. The facades is determined as 47.2 m2; U-Value (W/m2K) = 2.29 and
the windows area 39 m2; U-Value (W/m2K) = 7.7. Other estimations still include natural
ventilation and heating and taps.
Using the tables, gas per year heating space tap water and auxiliary energy are
estimated to be 2453, 1928, and 1235 respectively. The estimations include 54772, 27553
and 6243 MJ of primary energy respectively. In a year, the estimated total energy to sustain
an urban center is estimated as 88,568MJ.
In a 50 year period, the energy will add to
(88568MJ X 50)
= 4428400mj, Primary energy.
Total Run Off generated in the Selected Area
Total runoff includes the function of the overland flow that may occur in the excess
rainfall season. The study in the selected area showed that most runoffs occurred due to easily
water-saturated soil, thus leading to overland water movement. Also, the Kingaroy land
surface in some sections was impervious, and as provided by the land terrain of the selected
region, water from other catchment region settled in a section of the selected land. But, a
considerable plan was considered to work following the change in hydrological. The plan was

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one technique that wad to help reduce the soil erosion, which was identified to alter the
building structure surroundings in the future.
The common runoff in the identified region is a non-point source; identified to occur
before reaching the mainstream in the surrounding. Research report showed that such type of
runoff risks creating human contaminants and many other forms of pollution, especially when
identified in an urban center such as Kingaroy. The land evaluation report showed that most
of the runoff was draining to drainage basin partly occupying the development region.
However, the land topography an increasing high, which showed the water t dry off in a short
duration even during heavy rainfall.
MUSIC Estimation
MUSIC program was used to estimate the surface runoff identified in the selected
area. The estimate includes a measure on the quantity of the water runoff discharged from the
surrounding urban locations(Ahammed et al. 2017). Different aspects were included in the
calculation, namely the interflow absorption rate of the soil surface and the identified
movement to the water basins (Imteaz and Ahsan 2015). The total runoff was also assumed to
include the sum of the received precipitation in the Kingaroy town fewer storages
evapotranspiration losses and other abstractions. Using BoM Website, the following
estimations were developed as follows
a. Primary Actions
The applications were opened, and Rainfall-Runoff library was created to identify each
catchment area. All the parameters that regulated the catchments were noted and transferred
to the MUSIC rainfall Runoff measurement page. After the transfer, a node was developed to
represent the selected area. Also, a routing parameter was developed to identify the
relationship identified between the receiving node and the source node.

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b. Observation and Data Entry
Sub-daily data was typed in the MUSIC rainfall page receiving node to help observe the
predicted runoffs as indicated in different time frames. The observation showed that the data
that was inserted in the storage properties and the custom outflow changed variably as shows
the ninth image below
c. Obtaining the Hydrograph
The following hydrograph was obtained;

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The entries were based on the Kingaroy Climate table that showed Historical weather
data changes obtained from the Climate Data Org Website. The data is provided in Appendix
1
d. Developing numerical estimation
The obtained result from above was transferred to Flux Files to help estimate the total
runoff in the provided region. The following estimates were recorded
Storage Properties
Surface Area (Square Meters) 50.0
Extended detection Depth( Metres) 1.00
Permanent Pull volume( Cubic Meters) 50.0
Initial Volume 50.00
Outlet Properties
Equivalent Pipe (MM) 200
Overflow w Width (metres) 3.0
Notional detention time (hrs) 0.149

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Calculation on the Estimation using a rational method of the total runoff involves the
determination of qn, which equaled 0.0028 CiA (m3s-1) resulting in 6.44x 10-3mm/sec. The
MUSIC method value showed 6.25x 10-3mm/ sec, a slight margin from the rational method
value
WSUD Technologies
WSUD involves an urban water cycle engineering design that considers groundwater,
stormwater and waste management and other supplies to urban centers activities that
implicates the environment (Rasheed 2018). The projects took a considerable outlook on the
Kingaroy water management plans aimed to mitigate the rising needs of urbanizations and as
well as enhance both social and economic benefits of the city. WSUD technologies were
selected to help plan design, landscape, and as well as manage the selected region to become
water sensitive (Ahammed 2017). The sensitivity was to ensure sustainable use of water
resources in conjunction with employing measures that will ensure environmental safety to
ensure increased livelihood and convertibility of the population living in the region.

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Preferably, there were identified different benefits of the application of WSUD
technique, and some of the benefits included improved climate resilience in the identified
region, healthy living of the people in Kingaroy and water security with regard to different
hydrological cycles(Rowlands, 2019). The following principals were used to guide the
application of WSUD technologies:
a. Using integrated procedure s in water management and land use planning activities
(Sharma et al. 2018). This principle help to handle the issues related to water
management identified in different sub-catchment and catchments location
b. Ensuring Ecological integrity
c. Ensuring biodiversity conservation
d. Ensuring the implementations of site-specific non-structural and structural WSUD
solutions
e. Ensuring regard to community values and the protection of public health
Examples of WUDS includes bio-retention systems swales and basins. Other examples
include porous paving, infiltrations systems, and sand filters
Water Balance Development in the identified urban region
Using a water balance equation, water inflow, and outflow in the selected area was
calculated. Note that an area can comprise drainage basin and soil column that influence the
water inflows and outflows schemes (Farooqui et al. 2016). The estimation in this project
only focused on the 10 ha land, and it included evaporation, precipitations, streamflow, and
change of storage as the variables that form up the water balance equations. The water
balance equation involved;
P= Evaporation(R) + Streamflow (E) + change in storage (∆S)

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The above equations assume that water that enters the urban area through
precipitation is transferred through different methods such as surface runoff, and evaporation.
The above measurement is identified to determine the amount of water that can be stored in
the system (Urban area). This estimation helps in the planning process of an urban center
which a key role in ensuring sustainability and effective resource usage.
In the study of Kingaroy Town, the data sources obtained showed precise water changes and
thus forming a good analysis report. The pathways on in the entire Kingaroy region were also
noticeabl, as indicated in the figure below.
Using the water balance Equation (Inflow= Outflow+--/-change in volume)
The area estimate, as provided in prior estimation was 315m2. The yearly
participation, as provided in the data was 5.3 x109. Therefore, the calculation of debt was
determined as the yearly participation multiplied by the area giving a value 53.4m. The
storage value was estimated as 14 X106 m3. Inflow and outflow changes were 12m3/s and
23m3/s. The water balance was calculated as P-ET-Q=DS( 825-625-100)=25mm

Sustainability and Risk Engineering 27
Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
The increasing need for sustainability is changing the urban planning systems. The
future is threatening, but still the current change of strategies sees a great transformation in
different megacities. Cities are becoming a center for planning, and as identified in the
project case, the management of Kingaroy plays a key role in the planning of the city’s
activities that relate to sustainability and the future use of resources. The plan is identified
with the legal system in the building of structures and land development procedures. Water
conservation measures are also the key issues identified in urban planning systems, and they
equally play a key role in ensuring sustainability and minimizing engineering risks. The case
of Kingaroy shows a need to establish better plans such as interim water quality goals that
will help manage waterways and ensure the conservation of environmental values.
Recommendation
a. Future researchers should come up with a more compressive analysis report that that
shows the implementation of waterways monitoring teams in urban location to help
devise a technique valuable to manage rainfalls effects and also gather appropriate rainfall
data to help in planning.
b. Urban centers should keep changing legal procedures and adopting more sustainable
actions to help solve future sustainable needs resulting from increased urbanization and
environmental degradation due to human activities.
c. It is also recommended for an investigation in the development of rural land location
regards to sustainability and engineering risks.

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References
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Appendixes
Appendix 1 Temperature

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Appendix 2 Kingaroy Weather Observations

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Appendix 3. BASIX Certificate Sample