Sustainable and Responsible Tourism Management

This report explores the concepts, practices, and principles of sustainable and responsible tourism management. It focuses on the destination of Scotland and its role in sustaining the tourism industry. The report discusses the evolution of sustainable and responsible tourism, the role of global organizations in promoting sustainability, and the purpose and principles of tourism development and planning. It also evaluates the success of sustainable management in various tourist destinations.

Sustainable and
responsible tourism
management

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
For a destination, managing tourism in sustainable and responsible manner is essential as
it minimises drastic social, cultural, environmental and other related impacts. In this report,
selected destination is Scotland which is part of United Kingdom. It is well established and
developed destination in terms of tourism and have responsibility to sustain 200000 occupations
in service sector. The report includes evolution of the sustainable and responsible concepts,
significance of tourism development planning and principles of tourism management. It also
includes detailed evaluation about how tourism is management in responsible ways for various
destinations.

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Explanation of the ways concept of sustainable along with responsible tourism evolved..........1
Determining role, functions along with mission of leading global organisations that are
involved in promoting sustainable as well as responsible tourism..............................................2
Analysing concepts together with meaning of sustainable addition to responsible tourism as
per global organisations...............................................................................................................3
Exploration of purpose addition to principles related to tourism development and planning for
minimising adverse effects of tourism.........................................................................................4
Evaluating purpose of tourism development addition to planning, and related challenges and
problems with particular tourism example..................................................................................6
Critical evaluation of distinct approaches of tourism development and planning to attain
sustainable objectives successfully..............................................................................................8
Investigating impacts of tourism practices generated through particular tourism attraction from
a social, environmental, economic and cultural perspective........................................................8
Examine how principles of sustainability implemented by a specific tourism business/
attraction meet stakeholder requirements and expectation .........................................................9
Analyse the contribution made by various stakeholders in developing sustainable tourism
practices for reducing adverse impacts......................................................................................10
Evaluation of the way in which sustainability is being developed and managed in a range of
tourist destinations worldwide...................................................................................................11
Critically evaluate the success or failure of sustainable management applied in a range of
tourist destinations worldwide...................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Sustainable tourism refers to that part of tourism which takes full account of present and
future impacts or environment or others to address requirements of visitors, host communities
and environment. Similarly, responsible tourism is kind of tourism which reduces negative
economic or social impacts, enhances well being of host communities along with generates wider
economic advantages for local residents (Booyens and Rogerson, 2016). The purpose of the
report is to grasp the concepts, practices along with principles of sustainable as well as
responsible management in tourism destinations. The selected destination for the report is
Scotland which is a well developed destination for tourists which is responsible to sustain
interest of visitors and millions of jobs in service sector. The evolution of the destination began
with the Romans and it now a part of UK. World Tourism Organisation is one of national
tourism company that manages the destination and its tourism. The main purpose of the company
is to grow and develop the destination and visitors economy sustainability with its key marketing
as well as events activity.
The report determines main characteristics of sustainable and responsible tourism. It
evaluates importance of development and planning of tourism for sustainability and apply
principles related to sustainable as well as responsible tourism management. At last, it evaluates
the ways in which tourism management have evolved in different destinations globally.
MAIN BODY
Explanation of the ways concept of sustainable along with responsible tourism evolved
The concept of sustainable tourism is described as the tourism which focuses on its
existing and future impacts and addressing requirements of travellers along with host
communities. At same time, responsible tourism is that part of tourism which can be consumed
in multiple responsible way. It minimises negative impacts and fosters livings of host
communities. These concepts have evolved from being niche segment of all commodities to
businesses realising that all the tourism for succeeding requires a focus towards destinations and
visitors (Camilleri, 2016). These both have historical experience from last 60 years as well as it
have emerged in four stages. In 1950's, sustainable and responsible tourism was seen as
coexistence in which the concepts were just having limited influence on social and cultural
environment. Further, 1970's, all the perspectives were changes and these were seen as a conflict
1

related scenario. The stage has changes as academics initiated to take it in very negative aspect
on tourism consequences, specially criticising the sector as efficient contributor for development.
In 1980's, a totally new era or stage was seen to attain understanding the relationship among
natural environment to that of tourism sector. Various perspectives have evolved and the
equation was perceived as an integrated kinship.
In past years, the concepts such as sustainable and responsible tourism has increased
considerably. It has discovered various ecosystem as well as immersed in cultures across the
globe. With passage of years, the concepts have gained wider recognition and addresses multiple
issues including global warming and many more (Camilleri, 2018). Scotland is the destination of
UK which have gained wider development in last couple of years. The destination used to be
managed by monarchy of UK with use of various styles, titles along with related royal symbols
of statehood. The development of tourism sector of Scottish highlands emerged in early
eighteenth century and began in nineteenth century. Further, various institutions and companies
have focused on it and improved it in well popular destination of world. The development in
destination that is Scotland have taken place through National Tourism Strategy that secured
growth by turning tourism assets of Scotland assets into authentic experiences that cannot be
easily replicated by Scotland’s competitors.
Determining role, functions along with mission of leading global organisations that are involved
in promoting sustainable as well as responsible tourism
In present era, there are multiple popular international businesses which are part of
promoting sustainable and responsible tourism. World Tourism Organisation, Sustainable Travel
Internation, Visit Scotland, Long Run Initiative, The Center of responsible Tourism and many
more are sole leading companies that operate practices across the globe (George, 2019). All these
promotes sustainability in tourism and fulfils their responsibility for the industry.
World Tourism Organisation
World Tourism Organisation is a leading international company that have responsibility to
manage tourism of all destinations. The company that have following role, mission and function
in context to promoting sustainable and responsible tourism:
Mission:
2

Mission statement of World Tourism Organisation is to promote along with develop
sustainable tourism for contributing towards international understanding, prosperity, economic
development and encouraging fundamental freedom for all travellers without any distinction.
Role:
The role of World Tourism Organisation is to generate market knowledge, foster tourism
education, promote competitive together with sustainable tourism instruments and works for
making tourism as an efficient tool to develop by technical assistance projects across all nations.
Other than this, the company also have role of promoting responsible tourisms at internation
level to acquire higher economic growth (George, 2017). The members of World Tourism
Organisation also ensures that sustainability of environment is promoted with the hope of
increasing tourism across the destination and globe.
Function:
Key functions of World Tourism Organisation are mentioned below:
 To help fostering sustainable tourism across the globe.
 Increasing economic benefits to various destinations from tourism (Higgins-Desbiolles,
2018).
 Focusing towards promoting environment sustainability for enhancing tourism level.
 Encouraging all destinations of travel to improve and maintain their infrastructure
properly for attracting wider tourists form various parts of globe.
 Supporting tourism industry for making advancement on knowledge together with
devising suitable practices or programmes to attain all identified objectives.
Analysing concepts together with meaning of sustainable addition to responsible tourism as per
global organisations
According to World Tourism Organisation, the concept of sustainable tourism is defined
as the tourism which requires informed participations of relevant stakeholders and strong
political leaders for increasing benefits and reducing impacts that are caused from destinations.
Similarly, responsible tourism is that which generates wider economic advantages, improves
working situations and provides enjoyable experiences to local people and travellers (Higgins-
Desbiolles, 2020). Likewise, as per World Travel and Tourism Council, concept of sustainable
tourism is form of tourism which addresses needs of existing travellers, host regions through
3

protecting as well as enhancing opportunity for coming couple of years (Sustainable tourism
concept from WTTC, 2020).
Exploration of purpose addition to principles related to tourism development and planning for
minimising adverse effects of tourism
Tourism development and planning refers to processing aspects of future for growth and
maintenance of overall tourism industry. Planning of tourism is important as it enables which
areas requires more improvement to benefit all the stakeholders. With this, understanding about
other cultures can be improves and various cultural additional to natural heritages are preserves
for tourists (Huang, 2020). At same time, tourism development is about devising strategies
together with plans with the hope of increasing or fostering tourism for a destination and
reducing their adverse effects. It is key for tourism industry organisations to ensure that all the
devised steps which are initiated for the purpose are analysed effectively in order to minimise
any errors or drastic effects on tourism destination. Furthermore, principles of tourism
development planning ensures that working are performs accordingly that results in reducing
adverse impacts of tourism.
Main purpose of tourism development and planning is to enhance attractiveness of
specific destination and grab attention of wider travellers that leads to minimising uncertain
effects of tourism on the destination (Jamal and Camargo, 2018). For example, purpose of
development and planning for Scotland is to preserving cultural as well as natural heritage of the
destination and advancing certain areas for supporting evolution of desirable places for travellers
that leads to reduce certain tourism impacts on the destination. Aim of modern tourism
development planning is to seek optimal solutions for perceived issues as well as is designed for
improving and maximising positive effects that produces predictable effective results.
There are certain principles related to tourism planning and development which plays
prominent function in reducing drastic impacts on tourism. Some of them are below:
 Principle of maintaining biodiversity: As per the principle, maintaining together with
promoting cultural, natural addition to social diversity is key to develop and plan
sustainable tourism. Biodiversity is variability together with variety of living organisms
in earth. It is measure of variation at species, ecosystem and genetic level. To develop
and plan Scotland, the business organisation have adopted the principle which creates
resilient base for travel industry so that drastic effects are minimised promptly.
4

 Principle of using resources sustainably: According to the principle, natural resources
are scare and it is important to conserve and sustain their usage for reducing negative
effects that tourism have on destinations (Lund-Durlacher and Antonschmidt, 2019). In
the areas where natural resources are used in over productive manner, the principle is
applicable to develop and plan tourism. The management authority responsible for
Scotland have adopted the principle through which they conserve natural resources of the
destination and offer favourable experiences to citizens or tourists through fostering
green jobs which minimises effects related to unemployment in the industry.
Conservation along with sustainable use of natural, cultural, etc resources are crucial to
make long term destination sense.
 Principle of undertaking research: The principle states that ongoing research as well as
monitoring effects through effective data collection together with analysis should be done
to identify and solve pertaining problems related to a destination. All the research must
be undertaken so to develop and plan future of tourism destination that leads to
minimising drastic impacts on society (Mathew and Sreejesh, 2017). In Scotland,
responsible managers works as per the principle that helps in collecting suitable data and
analysing it properly in order to devising strategies to deal with issues and bring diverse
benefits to destination and its local residents.
 Principle of reducing over consumption as well as waste: As per the principle, it is
working of tourism companies to reduce over consumption along with avoiding waste of
the costs to restore long term environmental damage which contributes in minimising
drastic effects of tourism resources and development.
 Principle of integrating tourism with planning: This principle is followed by
management of Scotland with the aspect to integrate tourism development into national
addition to local strategic planning frameworks. With this, various environmental impacts
are undertaken into assessment to enhance long term viability of tourism development.
 Principle of supporting local economies: The principle states that tourism which
supports wider local economic activities as well as takes costs related to environment into
consideration and accounts the values to protect economies as well as avoiding any
impacts on tourism development.
5

 Principle of involving local communities: It states that fill involvement and
participation of local communities within development to tourism not only helps the
company but also it assist in improving quality related to tourism experience. In case with
tourism of Scotland, organisations follows the principle to engage local communities in
practices that minimise adverse impacts on development and improvement of tourism
sector.
 Principle of training manpower: As per the principle, training staff that integrates
sustainable tourism towards operational practices reduces negative impacts on
development of tourism location. In relevance to Scotland, managers of tourism
organisation works in accordance to the principle that improves quality of tourism
commodities leading to minimising adverse implications on development of tourism.
 Principle of marketing tourism responsibly: The principle defines that marketing
which delivers tourists with complete along with responsible information generally
enhances respect for social, cultural and natural environment of tourism destination that
improves customer satisfaction leading to reducing negative impacts.
 Principle of consulting stakeholders and general public: For tourism organisation, it is
essential to have consultation among tourism sector, local communities, businesses and
general public for working together to resolve potential issues of interest that fosters
minimisation of unsupportive impacts on developing the location of Scotland.
Through considering mentioned principles and purposes, all kinds of inauspicious effects
of tourism can be minimised properly. Focusing towards these principles and purposes will bring
diverse benefits for Scotland and other destinations. Moreover, these will assist tourism
organisation to properly carry out activities so that negative circumstances are dealt
systematically and promptly.
Evaluating purpose of tourism development addition to planning, and related challenges and
problems with particular tourism example
Tourism planning and development have objective of exploring along with advancing
theoretical addition to practical understandings of intersections among studies related to tourism
development planning (Musavengane, 2019). In order to plan and develop tourism for grabbing
attention of multiple tourists, it is crucial for companies in tourism sector to take certain steps
related to development and planning of tourism. The stages or process is underneath:
6

Study recognition and preparation: It is the first step of tourism planning and
development where in a study is conducted for recognising and preparing to develop the tourism.
This is starting process in which tourism management of Scotland gets involved in studying
recognition and preparing for development. In this, key challenge faced is changes in
environment of tourism which makes it difficult for management to study variables.
Devising objectives: Herein, objectives are set for future so that working are carry out
accordingly. In context to Scotland, tourism management devises objectives according to
pertaining situations and existing market conditions.
Surveying existing data: In this stage, secondary data is surveyed and analysed so to
collect relevant information about the industry and destination (O’Rourke and Koščak,2019).
Herein, while developing and planning for Scotland, tourism businesses faces complexities to
collect relevant or suitable data.
Implementing new surveys: A new survey to analyse market and industrial requirement
is implemented through observation or questionnaire method.
Strategy formation: As per implemented survey and collected information, strategy is
formed to develop and plan for tourism. In case with Scotland, effective strategy to develop and
plan for future is formed. While doing so, issue faced is about evaluating various alternative
strategies and selecting a suitable one as all have certain advantages and disadvantages
associated with them.
Implementation of plan: In the stage, all the plans and strategies are put in action in
order to develop and plan for sustainable and responsible tourism (Patti and Messina, 2020). In
context to Scotland, tourism organisation can face complexity in putting words in actions as
there can be changes in situation between devising and execution of plan.
Monitoring and reformulation: it is last stage wherein the implemented actions are
monitored properly. Managers of tourism entities reformulate certain actions that are not
properly implemented or have impacted the whole process.
By following the mentioned procedure, future of destination which is Scotland is
developed and planned. Addition to this, managers deal with all the challenges and issues that
are causing negative impacts on growth of the destination. Moreover, it have been evaluated that
the tourism development planning process benefits tourism management of Scotland to explore
and improve understanding of areas that needs development, achieving best outcomes, meeting
7

requirements of all stakeholders and maintaining sustainability in the industry. However,
limitation of the tourism development planning process is that it is time consuming and requires
huge resources in working. In the process, issues faced are dynamism in tourism environment,
complexities to study variables and so on.
Critical evaluation of distinct approaches of tourism development and planning to attain
sustainable objectives successfully
As per Pereira and Martins (2018), it is critically evaluated that there are certain
approaches related to tourism development and planning that assist in sustaining objectives in
successful manner. One of the approach is managerial approach that benefits in dealing with
complexities in proper manner to achieve successful results. The other approach is sociological
approach that assist in understanding social world through situating social activities within
corresponding environment to reach towards objectives with success.
Investigating impacts of tourism practices generated through particular tourism attraction from a
social, environmental, economic and cultural perspective
Tourism practices are those activities which are undertaken by travellers for leisure or
other purposes (Robinson, Lück and Smith, 2020). There are many types of tourism attractions
across the globe. One of them is Scotland which impacts widely on sustainability of the
destination. In this context, impacts of tourism practices which are produces by the tourism
attractions from different perspective are as investigated:
Economic perspective: According to economic perspective, tourism attraction produced
certain activities including generation of employment and creating demand for various industries.
In Scotland, tourism practices impacts positively by not only contributing in various economic
activities, rather generating more employment and revenues for the sector. The tourism activities
contributes widely on sales, tax revenues, profits and income of the industry that impacts
favourably on economy and industry. At same time, the negative impact of tourism of Scotland
is cost of infrastructure as development can cost the local government, management and local
taxpayers a great deal of money.
Social perspective: According to social perspective, travel activities that are generated
includes bringing travellers to local communities and gaining pleasure by making visits to the
destination (Ruhanen and Bowles,2019). Social perspectives says that activities of travel
attraction, foe example, Scotland impacts positively as these practices preserves local culture
8

along with heritage, enhances provision of social service and revitalise customers together with
art forms. Similarly, social aspects that negatively impacts towards tourism of Scotland are
changing values and moral behaviours, issues with tourist host relationship as well as destruction
of heritage of the location.
Cultural perspective: From cultural perspectives, it is said that travel activities of
specific destination impacts favourable as they increases cross cultural interactions, empowers
host communities and retains local culture. In aspect of Scotland, generated travel activities
impacts on strengthening cultural values and retaining values of local art, crafts, traditions as
well as heritage. In contrary, negative cultural impacts which restricts development of tourism of
Scotland are analysed as breaking up of the traditional family structure, adoption of the Western
safari style of dressing, enclave tourism, racism and traditionally objectionable 'vulgar' language
by immature people.
Environmental perspective: According to environmental perspective, it is investigated
that tourism activities devised from destination attractions puts enormous stress on natural
resources. In case with Scotland, impacts of the activities generated from the destination leads to
soil erosion, loss of natural habitat, increased pollution and huge stress on endangered species.
These are gradually destroying environmental resources that impacts negatively on the
destination. However, when good tourism of Scotland is planned, managed as well as developed
effectively, it results to positive environment impacts in form of assisting to justify along with
pay for preservation of essential natural areas and wildlife, for example, marine environment
national and regional parks.
Examine how principles of sustainability implemented by a specific tourism business/ attraction
meet stakeholder requirements and expectation
In tourism industry, there are many principles in relation to sustainable tourism
development applied by different destination which can help to attracts the large number of
guests and encourage them to make the booking decision. The stakeholders in tourism are
government, tourism organisation, tourists and employees that has different requirements and
expectations. The selected destination such as Scotland is implementing the principle of using
resources sustainably which help to utilise all natural, social and environmental resources in their
business that encourages World tourism organisation and tourist to enjoy the destination and
make feel happy to clients. This organisation and destination fill the demand of their customers
9

and deliver them best services which supports to meet the stakeholder requirements (Ruhanen,
Moyle and Moyle, 2019).
Principle of maintaining biodiversity: Maintaining natural, social and cultural diversity is
important for long term sustainability of tourism and it creates elastic base for the company.
Biodiversity plays vital role in different types of tourism. All tourism depends on the natural
resources like supply of goods, clean water and friendly environment that in the depends on the
biodiversity. Scotland tourism place follows principle of biodiversity to fulfill its stakeholders
requirements. Stakeholders for tourism can be tourism organisation, government, visitors
(tourists) etc. Scotland fulfils customers requirements according to their culture and social
differences. Its provides it to get better chance for gaining customer base and revenues. To
follow biodiversity will help tourism to understands its customers needs and provide facilities
according to them, it gives happy and superior feeling to stakeholders. Scotland dedicated to
managing its customer relationship that help it to retain existing stakeholders and potential
customers.
The another principle is undertaking research which is implemented successfully by
Scotland tourism destination as tourist conduct the various research for selecting the best place to
visit or spending time where WTO suggested them to see the Scotland which helps to meet the
requirements. This make good journey of tourist and increases the contribution in economy that
amount uses in improving the economical standard of people. This principle provide the good
experience to stakeholder by meeting with their requirement in sustainable development tourism.
Analyse the contribution made by various stakeholders in developing sustainable tourism
practices for reducing adverse impacts
Stakeholders are those people who have interest in organisation and activities so they are
responsible to implement and develop the performance. In relation to Scotland tourism
destination various stakeholders such as WTO, tourists and employees have given the wider
contribution that supported to make the strong economy of particular country. For reducing the
adverse impacts of sustainable tourism there is need to have pre planning and strategies which
can help to identify upcoming risk and will be manage accordingly. Moreover, information
related to tourism and occurring natural incident should be updated on destination's websites that
helps to reduce the negative impacts (Saarinen, 2018).
10

Evaluation of the way in which sustainability is being developed and managed in a range of
tourist destinations worldwide
Destination sustainability could be defined as the process which is highly focused with
the recognition of the schemes that can promote the sustainable development at different
destinations. In order to determine and measure the sustainability performance of various
principles is analysed. These are social, economic and environmental. When all of them will be
treated in a balanced manner then it will result in ideal goal and attainment of it in successful
manner. In order to manage and develop sustainability for a range of destinations such as
Scotland different steps could be taken. Discussion of some of them is as follows:
 Informing all the stakeholders regarding the situation of destination: The main
stakeholders for destinations are government, tourists, employees etc. In order to develop
and manage sustainability at different destinations like Scotland it will be very important
for the handlers of the destination to make sure that they are sharing details with them. It
can help to manage sustainability of the destination.
 Using different tools such as Green Destinations Standard: While planning to
developing sustainability of destinations Green Destinations Standards could also be
focused as it can help to make sure that all the environmental impacts are
ignored(Stanciu, 2019). With the help of it, planning and envisioning of destination could
be supported.
 Paying attention towards safety, security and cleanliness of destination: It is one of
the main step which is required to be taken for the purpose of developing and managing
sustainability of destination. When different elements such as safety, security and
cleanliness of places such as Scotland will be focused then it may result in attraction of
different tourists from various places that will increase sustainability of destination.
Critically evaluate the success or failure of sustainable management applied in a range of tourist
destinations worldwide
For all the tourist destinations it is very important to pay attention towards sustainable
management. In Scotland the legal authorities are highly focused with sustainable management
which is resulting in proper management and development of it. It has resulted in successful
attainment of the goal of managed and developed sustainability of the destination (Camilleri,
2018). Apart from this, the steps that are taken by the government of Scotland for this goal are
11

informing the stakeholders, paying attention towards safety, security and cleanliness of
destinations.
CONCLUSION
From the above project report it has been concluded that sustainable and responsible
tourism management is the process of making sure that all the destinations that are visited by the
tourists are managed in systematic manner with proper responsibility. While planning to manage
and develop sustainability of destination it is very important for managers to make sure that they
are identifying main features of it. In order to attain sustainability proper planning is mainly
required. There are various steps which could be focused by individuals to develop and manage
sustainability for a destination. These are informing the stakeholders, paying attention towards
safety, security and cleanliness of destinations.
12

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Booyens, I. and Rogerson, C. M., 2016. Responsible tourism in the Western Cape, South Africa:
an innovation perspective. Turizam: međunarodni znanstveno-stručni časopis. 64(4).
pp.385-396.
Camilleri, M. A., 2016. Responsible tourism that creates shared value among stakeholders.
Tourism Planning & Development. 13(2). pp.219-235.
Camilleri, M. A., 2018. The promotion of responsible tourism management through digital
media. Tourism Planning & Development. 15(6). pp.653-671.
George, A., 2019. Impacts of Responsible Tourism in Environmental sustainability issues: A
Case Study in Kerala, India.
George, R., 2017. Responsible tourism as a strategic marketing tool for improving the negative
image of South Africa. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes.
Higgins-Desbiolles, F., 2018. Sustainable tourism: Sustaining tourism or something more?.
Tourism management perspectives. 25. pp.157-160.
Higgins-Desbiolles, F., 2020. The “war over tourism”: challenges to sustainable tourism in the
tourism academy after COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, pp.1-19.
Huang, C. H., 2020. Sustainable strategies of restaurant food surplus platform as a framework
for responsible tourism in the sharing economy. E-review of Tourism Research. 17(4).
Jamal, T. and Camargo, B. A., 2018. Tourism governance and policy: Whither justice?. Tourism
management perspectives. 25. pp.205-208.
Lund-Durlacher, D. and Antonschmidt, H., 2019. Towards a Framework for Sustainable and
Responsible Food Operations in the Holiday Context and Implementation Approaches
in the Travel Industry. In Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility in Tourism (pp.
327-341). Springer, Cham.
Mathew, P. V. and Sreejesh, S., 2017. Impact of responsible tourism on destination sustainability
and quality of life of community in tourism destinations. Journal of Hospitality and
Tourism Management. 31. pp.83-89.
Musavengane, R., 2019. Small hotels and responsible tourism practice: Hoteliers’ perspectives.
Journal of Cleaner Production. 220. pp.786-799.
O’Rourke, T. and Koščak, M. eds., 2019. Ethical and Responsible Tourism: Managing
Sustainability in Local Tourism Destinations. Routledge.
Patti, S. and Messina, A., 2020. From Linear to Circular Tourism: Environmental Challenge for
Tourism. In Advanced Integrated Approaches to Environmental Economics and Policy:
Emerging Research and Opportunities (pp. 120-139). IGI Global.
Pereira, P. and Martins, J., 2018, September. Sustainable Heritage Management Towards Mass
Tourism Impact: the HERIT-DATA project. In 2018 International Conference on
Intelligent Systems (IS) (pp. 801-806). IEEE.
Robinson, P., Lück, M. and Smith, S., 2020. Responsible tourism management. Tourism, (Ed. 2),
pp.359-392.
Ruhanen, L. and Bowles, L., 2019. Student perspectives of responsible tourism behaviour: The
role of tourism education. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, pp.1-11.
Ruhanen, L., Moyle, C. L. and Moyle, B., 2019. New directions in sustainable tourism research.
Tourism Review.
13

Saarinen, J., 2018. Beyond growth thinking: the need to revisit sustainable development in
tourism. Tourism Geographies. 20(2). pp.337-340.
Stanciu, A. C., 2019. Responsible tourism and maritime spatial planning. In Yellow Tourism (pp.
247-259). Springer, Cham.
Online:
Sustainable tourism concept from WTTC, 2020. [Online]. Available through: <https://wttc.org/>
14