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Sustainable Design and Construction - Doc

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Added on  2021-06-18

Sustainable Design and Construction - Doc

   Added on 2021-06-18

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Adaptive challenges in sustainable design and construction1
Sustainable Design and Construction - Doc_1
AbstractPresently, the world is facing unprecedented urban expansion. In 1800, it wasanalysed that, there was only 3% of the total population of the globe that resides in urbanregions. It had increased from 14 to 47% between the years 1900 to 2000 (Aston, 2013).Since, the year 2008, in the very first time of history, it is noted that more than half of thetotal population of the world reside in urban regions. In the year 2003, United Nations hasestimated that by the year 2030, there are five billion individuals that are living in the urbanareas, which accounts for around 61% of the global population (Aston, 2013). The continuousmigration taking place in urban regions have substantial environmental results. Theunprecedented shift in condition through the countryside towards the cities had createdinfluence over the change in climate, in which urban regions includes around 70% of theglobal emission of greenhouse gas (Aston, 2013). This report has examine about the adaptivechallenges in sustainable design and construction and their solutions through whichchallenges can be mitigated. Introduction Cities are expanding and moving toward megacities that have high density or urbanplanning, thin corridors and steep increase in urban structures. The rise in urbanization hadcreated the urban environment deterioration because the housing plot size had reduced;therefore, it has increased density and crowded greenery (David and Nicholas, 1995). Citiesare recording increase in temperature as compared to non-urban regions, and thisphenomenon is known as urban heat island. Previous studies had shown that strong tie existsamong urban morphology and the rise in air temperature in city centres (Barrett, Sexton andGreen, 1999). It is noted that urban structure absorbs the solar heat at the daytime and releasethe same during night time (Ruggieri, Cadena, Martinez-Blanco, Gasol, Rieradevall and2
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Gabarrell, 2010). Dense areas also try to trap the heat that is released through urban structuresin the urban environment, lead to the rise in air temperature as compared to the nearby ruralregions and create UHI impact. UHI impacts the street level thermal comfort, quality of theenvironment, health and it might raise the demand for urban energy (Gibberd, 2001). With the increase in buildings and related infrastructure to cope up with the increasedcity population, a massive amount of resources is needed for operation, construction, andbuilding maintenance. In spite of the importance of building as the resource in both operationand maintenance, it hugely relies on the design quality (Abidin, 2010). In the past years, thereis a significant impact on the Green building design with the primary aim to build thebuildings even more sustainable through reducing the use of resources in operation,construction, and building maintenance (Griffith, 1994). The system of building like, lightingand air conditioning is referred energy guzzlers that can try to consume around 60% of thetotal consumption of energy and its known as the commercial building. It can also affect thequality of indoor environment. Therefore, the efficiency of energy of the system is essential.The material selection that can reduce the embodied energy and waste construction isessential (Hill and Bowen, 1997). Adaptive challenges in sustainable design and constructionAdvances in the Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of the BuiltEnvironmentThe multifaceted relationship among the built environment as well as microclimate isthe main reason behind promoting sustainable theme within building and design practice(Ortiz, Pasqualino and Castells, 2010). There is a considerable body of research studies andknowledge about this topic; still, for understanding it entirely about microclimate effect onthe built environment, it’s quite tricky. The complete ecology system includes various3
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systems that are huge to get quantified as well as depicted in models and numbers (Kibert,1994). Nevertheless, this inadequate position of present knowledge related to the urbanrelationship of climate should not become a reason to be indirect towards corrective actionsin the process of design. Engineers and planners are expected to see the design process withthe right analysis over all the ecological aspects, in which concern is usually placed not onlyon current time but also on upcoming time (Loh, 2000). In the past years, many studies hadbeen conducted to develop the models, techniques, the platform of simulation, etc., for thearchitects and urban planners for analysing the effect of design over different parameters ofthe environment (Zimmermann, Althaus and Haas, 2005). One crucial aspect that depicts thehighly tremendous progress in urban climate study deals through the problem of UHI, urbannoise, urban airflow, daylighting, air pollution, as well as outdoor thermal comfort. In thecurrent years, it is analysed that modelling techniques placed over the map in the urbanclimate such as solar radiation, temperature, wind and daylighting are developed so that it cansupport in guiding the urban design (Miyatake, 1996). Different measures of mitigation likethe greenery integration with the urban structures, cool roof material implementation,enhancement in urban airflow, and anthropogenic heat controls are researched to a greatextent (Miyatake, 1996). At the level of the building, there is true progress in the performance modeling ofbuildings and the related systems like energy, thermal, acoustic, lighting, quality of indoor airwith high certainty and precession. Through the information technology advancement, highuse of sensors as well as control systems is analyzed in buildings lead to proper performanceand efficiency of energy in buildings (Miyatake, 1996). At the level of material, it is notedthat Nanotechnology is implemented for developing the building material, which can assist inenhancing the building performance like improving the acoustical and thermal insulation,permitting the daylighting by the help of glazing system but minimizing the heat entry. The4
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