This document discusses the impact of deforestation and invasive species on Australia's climate and biodiversity. It also talks about the legal provisions of EIA and a development activity for reforestation in NSW.
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Running head: SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM Sustainable System Name of the Student Name of the University Author note
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1Sustainable System Question 1 Removing stand of plants or trees or removing forest from land for converting it into a land for using non-forest purpose such as urban use, ranches or farms is known as Deforestation. One- third landmass of Earth is enveloped with lush green forest that provide a domain of environmental, economic and social benefits. More than quarter of all the known plant species and terrestrial animal, sustainable supply for fresh water, regulation of climate and helping in reducing erosion of soil is harbored by the forests. Even after that, natural vegetation and forests are cleared continuously at a lurching rate. Australia happens to be one of the home for some most magnificent and unique nature in world. Yet it happens to be one of world’s worst evolved countries for broad scale deforestation wiping endangered woodlands and forests and killing native animals. The most important impact deforestation is having on Australia’s climate is declining fertility of soil and soil fertility biodiversity. There are almost forty percent of forest in Australia and the remaining are fragmented. Most of forest in Australia is present in coastal regions and much portion of the rest continent in covered by dry land and desert (Simmons et al. 2018) The patterns of precipitation and local temperature gets affected broadly by the forest clearing. It reduces rainfall and increases temperatures. The natural cycle of water gets disrupted by the cutting down the trees due to which the soil moisture is maintained by the tree and water vapor comes back in the atmosphere. Protecting the forests not only conserve the biodiversity but also defends the forest community and their rights. Some measures that can be implemented to tackle deforestation in Australia are discussed below: Consumer Power:One of the biggest environmental crime taking place in the present time is converting the irreplaceable forests to consumer products such as paper, books, toothpaste, food ingredients, and tissues. However, inside the battle
2Sustainable System of protecting forests, the consumers have power by being careful of the products they are choosing to consume. Corporate Action:If the corporations have the power to destroy forests then they also tend to have the power of saving them. The environmental abuses are to be confronted and exposed for bringing a change in the environment. Many companies that are multinational have changed practices but still there is a long way to go. Putting ‘No Deforestation’ into practice:A large store of carbon id hold by the tropical forests. They are fully packed with biodiversity that is crucial for local communities and millions of people. Companies convert the tropical forests into plantations or agriculture for commodities such as paper or palm oil have been under pressure from customers to prove the supply chain and operations are causing deforestation or not. Australia has been home to many animals and plants where some are introduced since the European settlement. Few of those animals have become exotic or invasive species. They multiplied and spread to a limit where those species are damaging the environment, threatening the existence of plants animalsand plants which are native or create problem with the agriculture. The invasive animals are also known as feral animas at times and there are invasive weed or plants present in Australia as well. These species have been found to cause immense damage in native animals and plants, and loss in annual production of the county. Some Feral or invasive animals like goats, rabbits, pigs, and buffaloes degrade the natural habitat of Australia by selective grazing. The animals with hoofs that are hard compacts the soil that makes the native vegetation difficult to grow and contributes in soil erosion. They have been also observed
3Sustainable System competing with the other native animals for habitat and food (Kopf et al. 2017.) They tend to affect and interrupt the climate of Australia in these ways. Some measures that can be implemented to tackle invasion of these exotic and invasive species are discussed below: Conventional control methods:The methods for conventionally controlling the invasive animals are trapping, fencing shooting and positioning. Some community measures for their welfare have also been taken that has been accepted generally under the program of pest control. For excluding these species, fences have been utilized for protecting the species that are becoming endangered. The small areas that have high conversion use electric fences to protect the value of those places from invasive animals. Biological control methods:The methods of controlling the invasive animals biologically includes controlling pests by using the praises, bacteria carrying diseases and natural predators. Examples of biological controlling methods are calcivirus disease caused to feral rabbit and myxomatosis. Using of Cactoblastis for controlling prickly pear is also an example. The biological methods become most effective when used with conventional and combinational methods like digging up the warren like in case of feral rabbits. Strict controls and tests are also taken to ensure the future of these species. Question 2 The legal provisions of EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment in Australia) to administrate the act of capacity as foundation practice for any country and demonstrates the commitment of that country to potentially protect the development impacts on projects. The regulations, laws and policies of the legal framework of a country for the system of EIA requires to be organized
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4Sustainable System well for meeting the desired set of goals (Rhodes et al. 2017)The department of EIA assesses the impacts of proposal that are potential for a significant project of state before any decision is made by the delegates of Ministry of planning. EIA considers the way NSW approaches them and other approaches of jurisdiction both internationally and within Australia. EIA looks after the issues too that are raised by stakeholders and communities of the project. The new guidelines have been designed that includes: Creating a framework that is consistent for setting up the scope of EIS. Ensuring better and early engagement within the community and other stakeholders. Improving quality of the EIA documents. Providing an excellent framework for setting up the conditionsfor operatingand constructing the projects. Providing greater amount of clarity on the already approved project for improving the compliance post approval. Increasing the accountability for practicing the professionals of EIA. After implementing the guidelines of EIA in conduct with NSW, Australia there are some drawbacks which have been highlighted. They are as follows: The requirements of EIA are often avoided. EIA does not often carefully integrate into the planning. EIA does not ensure the sound projects of Environment. They are primarily done for projects but not policies or programs. The cumulative impacts are not assessed frequently. Public participation in EIA is often not inadequate The proposed mitigations may not get implemented all the time.
5Sustainable System The monitoring of post project is rarely conducted. Assessments of social and risk impacts are often emitted. Inconsistent and poor documents quality. Need for better community engagement (Bebbington, Bebbington and Sauls, 2018.) However, the monitoring and drawbacks of EIA of South Australia is different from that of New South Wales. It has been observed from a comprehensive study impact of the environment within South Australia was established first through the context of monitoring the impact of environment in the area and analysis of those documents monitored earlier later on. The first and critical stage of EIA in South Australia is the process of screening where proposals of vetting development determines if a full assessment is required or not. Significant tests in respect to EIA were executed inadequately to undermine the purpose of EIA for protecting the environment. There are substantial variation of jurisdiction all across in prescriptive terms and optional tests of significance, some thresholds and criteria within them. Out of all the aspects of EIA, the most frequent citing source is screening that is of actual infringements. Even after that, there is shortage of research in the area of South Australia (Hossain, Hales and Sarker, 2018) The operating principles of EIA in South Australia are highlighted below: Screening. Scoping. Examination of alternatives. Impact analysis. Mitigation and management of impact. Evaluation of significance. Preparation of EIA reports.
6Sustainable System Following up. Decision making. Question 3 Development Activity The clearing of land in New South Wales (NSW) rose to more than fifty percent in the year of 2016-17. The overall clearing of forest, excluding deforestation caused by fire, increased from thirty nine thousand hectares to fifty nine thousand seven hundred hectares in the year of 2015 to 2016. Nature is in major crisis in New South Wales (Wilkinson et al.2017.) The news laws authorize deforestation devastatingly and clearing habitat of important wildlife. Strong and new laws needs to be introduced by the government for protecting wildlife, bush land and forest. A development activity has been arranged for saving the cutting of trees in NSW (Evens, 2016.) The study goals to undergo this activity are as follows: Requesting the government to come up with laws that are in favor of reforestation and against cutting of trees. Restoring a habitat for the natural and precious wildlife. Controlling erosion of soil. Planting more trees. Going paperless whenever possible and use paper with utmost care. Recycling paper and buying other recyclable products. Eating meals that are vegetarian whenever possible.
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7Sustainable System Screening Level Assessment To determine whether any project has the potential to form any significant influence on the environment or not is determined by the size of the project and its location which is NSW here. The threshold where the project of resorting planting of more trees falls, creates a presumption initially whether the goals will have a significant effect or not (Masa et al. 2016.) To determine that a screening level assessment has been considered. The details are shown in the following table: Type of ProjectDescription of Land Covered Size of area for the land which is to be covered Likelihood of the project AfforestationA land or a part of landwhichisina sensitivearea probablyaNational Parkorareawith great natural beauty. 2 hectares or maybe less than that. Unlikelytoget significant effects. AfforestationA land or a part of landwhichisina sensitivearea probablyaNational Parkorareawith great natural beauty. 2hectaresormore than that. Likelytohave significant effects. AfforestationA land or a part ofArea of any size.Likelytohave
8Sustainable System landwhichisina sensitivearea probablyaNational Parkorareawith great natural beauty. significant effects. AfforestationThere is no part of land in the sensitive areas. Less than 2 hectares.Unlikelytohave significant effects. AfforestationThere is no part of land in the sensitive areas. 2hectaresormore than that, probably 5 hectares but not less than that. Unliketohave significanteffects untilandunless writtennotification forassessmentis providedbythe regulation authority. AfforestationThere is no part of land in the sensitive areasandallthe areas are of low risk. More than 5 hectares but not more than 50 hectares. Unliketohave significanteffects untilandunless writtennotification forassessmentis providedbythe regulation authority. AfforestationThere is no part ofMorethan50Likelytohave
9Sustainable System land in the sensitive areas. hectares.significant effects. Afforestatio n There is no part of land in the sensitive areasandallthe areas are of low risk. Morethan50 hectares. Likelytohave significant effects. AfforestationThere is no part of land in the sensitive areasandallthe areas are of low risk. Morethan5 hectares. Likelytohave significant effects. Source: Author. Setting up a baseline for the sites After the screening level assessment has been done, a baseline is to be set for the chosen sites and how the activities will be distributed and accounted (Hines et al. 2019.) Volunteers are required for each of the chosen site and divided into small teams according to hectares. There will be 6 volunteers from each 8 teams who will conduct the work. Further the volunteers will be subdivided into 4 small teams and sent to hectares for doing the activity. The development campaign starts from the beginning of month and continues till the end of that month. Every day the volunteers will assemble for planting trees. The seeds will be brought from a collected fund
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10Sustainable System from each time. the study goals will be followed by them and they are all said to recycle products as much as possible and preach the same. Social Impacts of Development The people living nearby of every site in NSW will be aware about the activity going on and the volunteers will promote it as well (Barron and McDermott, 2015.) The awareness about deforestation and this development plan is incomplete without the engagement of people that is them being aware and contribute with little steps like recycling products, using less paper, consuming more vegetarian meal and so on. The people are made to be understand the causes and how it is effecting the daily life. Forests and lush green trees form a very important part in supporting human life as well. If trees are cut in huge numbers with every passing year, then the day is no far when sustaining life on earth will be a matter of concern. The project will not only help the people of society to be aware about the issue but also help them learn and contribute by their active engagement, which is bringing changes in daily lifestyle (Charfeddine and Mrabet,, 2017.) The development program is linked with public participation as an important concept. The processes of EIA are linked to this somehow in making the society aware about the program so the program can be addressed in EIA. If EIA gets involved with this program then it will get an official recognition which will help to gain more recognition and involvement of people. Question 4 Soft Tool Strategy The soft tools adopted for this development program will make the audience aware and changing their behavior towards daily life which will make them contribute in the program being at their own space and comfort. The strategy that has been made for this development program of
11Sustainable System reforestation includes soft tools such as utilizing the digital media by conducting a Facebook campaign, putting placards on the development site, distributing pamphlets, posting posters, broadcasting about the program on local radios and advertising on daily newspapers. The Facebook campaign is the most effective soft tool strategy out of all. In today’s date digital platform is the most suitable way to inform large number of people about anything. Almost people of every age group are on social media. Announcing the program and holding a social campaign describing the purpose and goals of the program will make the people aware ad has a tendency to gain new members for volunteers as well (Dauvergne,2017.) A placard with slogan “Plant a Tree Save a Life” will be put on every site the development program is going get cover. This will make any passerby now what is happening and might influence them as well. Pamphlets will be distributed to each house in the locality to see nobody is missed and unaware about the program. Putting posters in every locality will do the same and literally every passerby gets to know resulting in more publicity. Other broadcasting and advertising on media will make the entire area of NSW know about the program and will encourage active participation (Huisman, Lucke amd Missong, 2015.)A similar campaign of Greenpeace was designed in other parts of Australia for protecting the forest and preserving biodiversity. It was one of the cost effective and quickest way for changing climate. Greenpeace is a campaign for zero deforestation by 2020 (McCarthy, 2016.)A forest stewardship council (FSC) was established under this program which was responsible for the ecological and social management of forest. This sort of management ensured that ecosystem of forest does not damages (Romero et al. 2017.)
12Sustainable System Technical Solutions Designing the program is not sufficient. Looking after that the program is happening efficiently or not is also important. The technical solutions are as follow: Green Business of recycling and re-suing products. Eco-Forestry. Laws and Regulations by the government. Establishing a Forestry Community. Replanting programs. Sensitizing and Educating people. Having joint organizations for similar purpose. Planning for using Land effectively.
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13Sustainable System References Barron, D.P. and McDermott, C.L., 2015. Private funder perspectives on local social and environmentalimpactsin‘reducingemissionsfromdeforestationand degradation+’.Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning,17(2), pp.277-293. Bebbington, A.J., Bebbington, D.H. and Sauls, L.A., 2018. IMPACTS OF EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ON FORESTS. Bogena, H.R., Bol, R., Borchard, N., Brüggemann, N., Diekkrüger, B., Drüe, C., Groh, J., Gottselig, N., Huisman, J.A., Lücke, A. and Missong, A., 2015. A terrestrial observatory approach to the integrated investigation of the effects of deforestation on water, energy, and matter fluxes.Science China Earth Sciences,58(1), pp.61-75. Charfeddine, L. and Mrabet, Z., 2017. The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,76, pp.138-154. Dauvergne, P., 2017. Is the power of brand-focused activism rising? The case of tropical deforestation.The Journal of Environment & Development,26(2), pp.135-155. Evans, M.C., 2016. Deforestation in Australia: drivers, trends and policy responses.Pacific Conservation Biology,22(2), pp.130-150. Hines, A., Bengston, D.N., Dockry, M.J. and Cowart, A., 2019. Setting Up the Forest Futures Horizon Scanning System.In: Hines, Andy; Bengston, David N.; Dockry, Michael J., comps. The Forest Futures Horizon Scanning project. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-187.
14Sustainable System Newtown Square, PA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 5-13., pp.5-13. Hossain, M., Hales, R. and Sarker, T., 2018.Pathways to a Sustainable Economy. Springer. Kopf, R.K., Nimmo, D.G., Humphries, P., Baumgartner, L.J., Bode, M., Bond, N.R., Byrom, A.E., Cucherousset, J., Keller, R.P., King, A.J. and McGinness, H.M., 2017. Confronting the risks of large-scaleinvasive speciescontrol.Nature ecology & evolution,1(6), pp.172-75. Masa, J.F., Vegab, A.P., Reyesc, A.A., Santiagod, M.C. and Sandovalb, A.F., 2016, July. AssessingModifiableArealUnitProblem(MAUP)EffectsintheAnalysisof Deforestation Drivers Using Local Models. IniEMSs 2016 Conference(Vol. 5, p. 1313). McCarthy, B., 2016. Interest Group Advocacy: An Analysis of Greenpeace Australia Pacific and the Minerals Council of Australia's Advocacy Strategies.Burgmann Journal, (V). Rhodes, J.R., Cattarino, L., Seabrook, L. and Maron, M., 2017. Assessing the effectiveness of regulation to protect threatened forests.Biological Conservation,216, pp.33-42. Romero, C., Sills, E.O., Guariguata, M.R., Cerutti, P.O., Lescuyer, G. and Putz, F.E., 2017. Evaluation of the impacts of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of natural forest management in the tropics: a rigorous approach to assessment of a complex conservation intervention.International Forestry Review,19(4), pp.36-49. Simmons, B.A., Wilson, K.A., Marcos-Martinez, R., Bryan, B.A., Holland, O. and Law, E.A., 2018. Effectiveness of regulatory policy in curbing deforestation in a biodiversity hotspot.Environmental Research Letters,13(12), p.124003.
15Sustainable System Wilkinson, S., Stoller, P., Ralph, P., Hamdorf, B., Catana, L.N. and Kuzava, G.S., 2017. ExploringthefeasibilityofalgaebuildingtechnologyinNSW.Procedia engineering,180, pp.1121-1130.