Strategic Management in Travel & Tourism

This assignment delves into the realm of strategic management within the travel and tourism industry. It examines various facets including project cash flow management strategies, corporate governance practices, the impact of technology (like virtual worlds) on word-of-mouth marketing, and sustainable development initiatives in hospitality. The focus is on understanding how these elements contribute to the overall success and competitiveness of businesses in this dynamic sector.

Sustainable Tourism
Development

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Describe benefit enjoyed by stakeholder from tourism planing...........................................1
....................................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Explains benefits and disadvantages of public and private sector in tourism planning........2
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Analyse characteristics of tourism development ..................................................................3
2.2 Significance of interactive planning systems in tourism development................................4
2.3 Evaluate various methods to measure the effect of tourism.................................................4
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Justify the concept of sustainability tourism development...................................................5
TASK 4 ...........................................................................................................................................6
4.1 Method of resolving a conflict of interest of future well-being of developing tourism
destination...................................................................................................................................6
4.2 Implication of balancing supply and demand with references to the Philippines case.........7
4.3 The morale and ethical issue of enclave tourism in the Philippines.....................................8
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................9
5.1 Compare current issue associated with tourism development in the developing country and
an emerging destination where the impact of tourism are different............................................9
5.2 Evaluate with recommendation, future development of tourism in the chosen destination.
...................................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
The aim is to create the understanding of competitive tourism, its promotion and the way in
which it should be accomplished. The particular aim is effectively understand by completing
several objective related to sustainable tourism development planning in the destination. This
part is focused on Scuba diving with the project of is to find the implication on the locals of the
country by the marine concersation. Moreover, the activities at the coastal and rural places of
Philippines is concern for analysing the development needs of competitive tourism at the region.
The competitive tourism is the execution of sustainability framework for reducing the
environmental, social and economical influences of tourism, communities and culture of the
destination.
TASK 1
1.1 Describe benefit enjoyed by stakeholder from tourism planing
Stakeholders are those people or group of people, who are cause by the achievement of
an organization’s goal. As far as tourism is concern, the local authorities, tourism professionals,
media and all the people associated with the tourism industry can be regarded as stakeholders.
The general public or the residents of Philippines should also be considered as stakeholders as
they are, if not directly, affected by tourism indirectly. Tourism development planning is
beneficial for all the stakeholders as it boost the economy. Philippines attract tourists from all
over the world. Planning of a new project or development of a new tourist destination can attract
many more tourists. These tourists bring valuable foreign exchange with them. This foreign
exchange stands crucial for the calculation of GDP which is an indicator of economic growth of
a nation (Alampay, 2005). Development of tourism can 22have a good impact on the people
residing around the tourist destination. Tourism helps in Raising their standards of living. It also
brings employment opportunities to the local residents, especially those who live around the
developing or developed destination. There are a lot of local authorities working for the
conservation of nature. Planned and sustainable development of tourism will protect the nature
and its resources, thereby easing the work of these authorities. The development of a particular
project will enhance the infrastructure facilities in the country. Development in tourism will
grow the local hospitability and will increase the good number of hotels and restaurants in the
entire country. It will also boost the local travel sector and industries and will generate
employment opportunities amongst local residents (Añasco and Lizada, 2014).
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1.2 Explains benefits and disadvantages of public and private sector in tourism planning
For the proper execution of Scuba Diving for the marine conservation project, it is very
important that the public and private sector work in partnership. The implementation of the
project can only be accomplish by the linkage amongst both the sectors. There are undoubtedly
many advantages of private and public sector working together, but with these advantages there
are certain disadvantages as well (Aronsson, 2000).
The merits and demerits coming out of the partnership of private and public sector are discussed
here under:
Merits: Both the sectors have their own resources. Some of these resources are common, while
the others are unique. Working in partnership will bring all the resources together. The use of
each other’s resources will enhance the performance of both the sectors. This will increase the
rate of achievement of the objectives of the project which is undertaken by both the sectors in
partnership. ? When both the sectors will work together, the cost will decline drastically. There
are usually higher costs associated with the public sector, as there is no or limited check on their
working. The involvement of private sector will put check on the extra spending done by the
public sector which will eventually cut the cost of the project (Chambers, 2009). ? Public private
sector partnership will reduce the incidence of trespassing and violation of laws. When private
sector works, it neglects the law of the land, to accomplish its objectives. The involvement of
public sector will abide the private sector to follow all the laws and regulations while completing
the task. ? Corruption is the major factors which affects the cost and completion of work taken
up by the public sector. The presence of private sector will reduce the corruption and will result
in decrease of cost and time in completion of the project. ? With the aid of public sector, the
sanctions are easily available and other regulatory works are smoothly done, reducing the
completion time of the project (Choi and Sirakaya, 2005). Disadvantages ? The coordination of
both the sectors is very important for the success of the project. If there is lack of coordination
amongst both the sectors, it could have an adverse effect on the project. It will lead to more cost
and unnecessary delay in the completion. The delay or inefficiency shown by any of the sector
will cause to delay in the completion of the whole project. ? The involvement of public sector
may hamper the quality of the overall work of the project (Cook and et.al., 2006). ? Both private
and public sectors have different cultures. This cultural gap may affect the confidence of both the
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sectors in one another. They both have different styles of working as well. This difference in the
manner of working may delay the project until a fine tune is set between the working of both the
sectors. ? The staff working in the public sector has different mentality and a different style of
working. When the staff of both the sectors works together, there might be some differences in
their methods of work. It is difficult for the staffs to adapt to the working style of their counter-
partners, which may delay the project (Cruz, 2006).
TASK 2
2.1 Analyse characteristics of tourism development
Philippines need to plan properly the development of tourism at different level, which
are regional, national and international level so to promote tourism at their targeted level.
Features of these planning are at different levels are disused hereunder:
Regional level: At this level, the local people work for the maintenance of the monuments
situated at that specific region. The local authorities work for the valuable reefs and the coasts.
They also plan for the development of coastal area. They work together with the local
organisation and local communities, working to uplift the tourism sector in the locality (Gayle,
2002).
National Level: National level servers as a link between the international and regional level. The
Planning which is done at this level to increase tourism at the national level. It acts as a
supervisor to all the regional levels. There are various organizations working at the national level
to promote tourism for Philippines. At this level, scuba diving is promoted nationwide in
Philippines, where the local residents of the company are made aware of its features and
attractions. Newer projects involving higher funds are planned at this level. The government also
works at this level is to develop the websites of tourist importance.
International level: There are many international organizations who are working to develop
tourism at the international level. They work to bring in frount the face of Philippines with
respect to tourism in 3 front of the whole world. They highlight the specific destinations or
tourist attractions which are rare in the global context and are available in Philippines. There
companies like the (UNESCO), which works to preserve the heritage sites around the globe. It
declares the sites of natural, social, cultural and historic importance as International heritage sites
and plans to protect develop and promote these sites at international level (Gibson, 2009).
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2.2 Significance of interactive planning systems in tourism development
Tourism is a blessing for any economy as it earns valuable foreign exchange and creates
employment opportunities in a country. It is also beneficial for the economy in many other ways.
But it can also turn up to be a curse, if not planned properly. Good planning provied the success
for the tourism sector in a country. Planning is done at different sector and different level. It
often happens that the planning done at different levels and in different sectors contradicts with
each other (Hall, 2008). This makes it important that the planning done at different levels should
be integrated. An interactive planning system is opposite to the conventional planning system. In
interactive planning system, planning is done by integrating all the levels where planning is
done, and a master plan is created by employing data extracted from different levels. The
following are the importance of good planning systems and processes in tourism: ? As it
integrates all the levels at which the planning takes place in order to develop tourism, it
eliminates the chances of contradiction of plans, which, in case of conventional system are made
at different levels. Integrated planning reduces the chances of over budgeting. Predictions and
forecasts are more precise when planning is integrated. ? Development of all the sectors is done
in integrated planning (Hennighausen, 2015). Major drawbacks of tourism such as socio-cultural
depreciation, traffic congestions and overpopulated destinations can be overcome with the
integrated planning system. The interest of backward and underdeveloped communities and
localities is not violated in case of integrated planning, as these groups are a part of planning
process. ? In the integrated planning system, the macro and the micro level works together. The
advantages related to both the levels are drawn for planning the development of the particular
site. ? In integrated planning, professional level planners work with the local level tourist guides
and local residents. These local tourist guides and residents can provide precise data regarding
the project site, to the professional planners (Kotler, 2006).
2.3 Evaluate various methods to measure the effect of tourism
It is very significance to timely measure its impacts on the region and also on its
economy and culture. If proper study is done to know what impact tourism is having on
Philippines, planning can be done to reduce or remove the negative impact and plans can be
made to further increase its growth. The measure of these impacts will also show the success of
old planning which was done for growth of tourism in Philippines (McBride, 2010). To evaluate
the impact of tourism various methods are available which are discussed hereunder: Economic
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measures: Tourism is developed with the aim to increase the region’s economy. For calculating
the impact of tourism on the economy of Philippines it is necessary to analyse the increase in the
income level staying in that area and what changes in their income occur in absence of tourism.
To know the benefits of tourism related to the economic, Philippine need to do keen observation
of the following: Increase in the number of job opportunities. Increase in the profits of the
businesses. Increase in earnings of employees associated with tourism increase in revenue
returns (Middleton, 2009). Environmental measure: Before starting any plan it is important for
Philippines to check its environmental cost of the project has on its environment. The main aim
is to avoid the damage it can cause to its environment from that project.
Social measures: This method has impact of tourism is measured on the culture of a region.
Philippine being a big country, it is not easy to assess these impacts as these are very confidential
and qualitative but are important. The data can be gathered from the primarily by interviews,
surveys etc. and secondarily by government records, public records or other media sources
(Richards, 2003).
TASK 3
3.1 Justify the concept of sustainability tourism development
Brundtland Commission Report has been determined the importance of introducing sustainability
concept. It defined the term sustainability as “the development that meets the present needs
without compromising the future generation’s ability to meet their own requirements.”
Moreover, the World of Tourism and Travel Council determined nine areas of priority action by
national tourism associations and industry-based organisations or associations. It included
measuring the capacity of bringing about competitive tourism planning for the development of
competitive tourism, sustainable tourism development of the planning and determining progress
in attaining sustainable development (Sastri, 2014). Particularly in Philippines, the tourism
development blueprint has been the country’s TMP (Tourism Master Plan). Started in 1989 and
accomplished in 1991, The TMP was originated when the “sustainable development” was not yet
well-known. Therefore, nowhere in the TMP one can identify an large reference to philosophy or
policy on the basis of “sustainable tourism development.” Still, in its Philippines tourism
industry assessment, the TMP did notice the likely negative social, environment and economic
influences of tourism development. Although these impacts long-terms costs cannot be precisely
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determined, there is a need to make that such costs are not intensified by the development of new
tourism activities and that future plans aims to lessen such costs (Turner, 2015). In the year 1993,
a presentation to the WTO (World Tourism Organization), then Narzalina Lim, the secretary of
DOT (Department of Tourism) pointed out some particular elements of the plan that reflected the
commitment of government to sustainability. First, the projections of TMP’s for the arrivals of
visitors has been understated deliberately on the basis of country’s population and economic
growth as well as the foreseeable capabilities of the country’ s infrastructure. Second, the
strategy of cluster development has been developed for promoting regional equity by distributing
flows of tourism to the Mindanao and Visayas. At last, the TMP has recognised the country’s
future carrying capacity limits that imposed by its natural environment, economy and a social
fabric “strained by the extensive poverty, overpopulation, lack of livelihood opportunities
outside the main urban areas and large imbalances of regional income (Yap, 2008).
TASK 4
4.1 Method of resolving a conflict of intrest of future wellbeing of developing tourism
destination.
The tourism is an anthropogenic activity with a specific focus on coastal places. The two
main well-known locations for holidaymakers are the coast and the mountains. The coastal zone
or area is hard to determine as the places where salt and fresh waters mix, containing several
productive, complex and diverse ecosystems on and offshore make interactions with one another.
Novel concepts comprising the complete watershed area is considered to be the best approach,
specifically when problems of aquatic pollution are taken into consideration. Most of the issues
are in relations to conflicts in between distinct access and uses restrictions. Tourism leads to
increase overcrowding and traffic flow in densely populated regions (Alvarez, 2014). Therefore,
the main focus of Philippines government should be on the tourism planning and tourists
facilities operation integration into the instruments of local planning. The Local agenda 21 can
play the main role in ensuring all stakeholders involvement. This would be performed in the
context of ICAM (Integrated coastal area management). Such instrument bridges the sectoral
approaches to mitigate or avoid conflicts of users and it ideally stress on ecosystems features and
not man-made and physical borders (Burns, 2004). The developments of new tourism must be
planned along with industrial, nature, municipal, agri/ acuqa-cultural protection activities to
allow for segregating the conflicting activities and multiple complementary uses. The plans of
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area development must informs the sector plans that should be then integrated into plan of
coordinated national development (Clifton and Benson, 2006). All planning must be
accompanied by an extensive dissemination of public information and offer a discussion
opportunity leading to the management of integrated coastal zone. The strategy of tourism are
bring safeguard the local culture, increase local ownership and fulfil local traditions to raise the
community stewardship of the base of natural resource. For this stage, EIA (Environmental
Impact Assessment) on a strategic level and for projects is priceless tool (Cohen and Cohen,
2012). The criteria for EIA and planning must be: Strict environmental standards for the
emissions of liquid, gaseous and solid waste;Taking the resources and costal values into account;
? Improvement of public transport; Maximum size/height limit for facilities and locally adapted
styles; Setting of regional/local carrying capacities on the basis of case-by-case; Limits to the
sale of foreigners property; ? Protecting the customary uses and cultural values;Maintenance of
public access to the coastal strip (Du Cros, 2001). Besides above, during the tourism facilities
operation, various instruments can be applied for enabling sustainable tourism development,
such as:Environment management introduction;Enhancing nature and cultural awareness of
guests by the interactions through local initiatives; guided museums, nature walks, etc.; ?
Incorporating the local economy by prioritising the local production of vegetables, fruits, fish,
building materials and furniture (Dyer and et.al., 2007).
4.2 Implication of balancing supply and demand with references to the Philippines case
The development of tourism is both demand and supply led. The tourist services and
facilities provision should create as a response to rising demand to rouse the demand of tourist.
Whatever there is the primary impetus, the successful development in the long term requirment a
balance of demand and supply in terms of quantity, price, quality and range (Xiang and Gretzel,
2010). A development of one sided supply and demand will generally be supplemented by
modifications in the another one, how it shows stagnation, increase, decrease or some qualitative
changes (Faulkner, 2001). Also, the nature of the demanding people and the relevent services
and facilities given will also influence them broder development aspects. Indeed, the
development of tourism is a dynamic procedure of same the tourism resources to the preferences
and demand of potential or actual tourists. The determinants of demand push a tourist into the
decision of travel while the factors of supply pull the tourists towards a specific region. The size
of worldwide tourism demand are identified by variables in creating nations, while the spatial
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tourist flows distribution will be affected by the several tourist destinations competitiveness
(Hassan, 2000). Although, the total need of world tourism are to increase in future period, the
products type and quality are regularly changing. Moreover, the destinations of tourist around the
globe are facing rising competition from other leisure sectors and destinations as well as
changing regularly the tourist behaviours and tastes (Liu and Wall, 2006). Some well-developed
tourist resorts in the coastal places of Philippines have experienced already 3stagnation or even
decline and have begun to differentiate their wide homogenous offerings by building new
products, enhancing the existing products quality and new markets penetration. For the reason
1to develop sustainability of tourism, the management of demand in terms of determining
3enough tourists for filling capacities is often more important than the management of resources,
as the tourist demand mainly fluctuates more abruptly and frequently than the resources of tourist
(Liu, 2003).
4.3 The morale and ethical issue of enclave tourism in the Phillipins.
Enclave tourism resorts are mainly operated by overseas companies, where the tourists
can fulfil and 1experience the entire travel intentions in one resort without the requirement of
going away from it. First of all the resorts of enclave tourism are generally big developments that
take a lot of land and space, most of the times a land that is utilised by the local farmers. Also,
these resorts can take a huge chunk of the seaside where the local’s people search for living that
is all shifted into a tourism resort. This is unethical as the tourism sector is taking away the only
source of food or income from the individuals who live there, together with finite resources such
as water that 1is used by people for the purpose of drinking and growing crops (Miller, 2001).
Taking away water from people who required it to survive for creating a nice holiday resort with
swimming pools and green grass is unethical if it is not effectively planned. There always some
green issues with the operations of travel and tourism, such as the jets emissions, utilising local
area’s fine resources or visitors created pollution but it can lessen if people are aware about it.
Secondly, the tourists do not go out from their resorts and spend money only in the resorts which
goes to foreign investors (Neto, 2003). It is an issue, as there is several unethical buyers. Some of
them might not aware about where their money is going actually, but others might not have
enough funds to purchase local commodities. In other situations, it can even comprise issues of
trust to branding where customers re too loyal with the brand and do not trust the local
commodities. Such behaviour of customer is unethical and do not benefit the locals. The enclave
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tourism resort in many cases also commercialise the national culture to suit the tourists
expectations that provides the wrong perception about the particular destination and its locals
(Sasidharan, Sirakaya and Kerstetter, 2002).
TASK 5
5.1 Compare current issue assiciated with tourism development in the developing country and an
emerging destination where the impact of torrism are different
As Thailand provides greater range of tourist attractions, accommodation and level of
infrastructure such as sufficient air access, it stood out in utilising tourism development as a tool
for economic recovery for instance during 1997 turmoil. The Philippines looks at Thailand as a
benchmark in lieu of making strategy for tourism infrastructure development (Sharpley, 2000).
There are several issues that considerably impact the growth and development of tourism in these
South Asian markets such as political, social and economic. A comparison of impact of these
factors is presented below:
However, with the use of marketing campaigns like “Amazing Thailand”, the government is
focusing on promotion of the country as a safe and inexpensive tourist destination in the South
Asian region. The Philippines also has a bad image of political instable for the reason of many
political troubles like crime, military coups and other power crisis. Social issues Comparatively,
Thailand has more friendly urban culture. Also it uses the local culture as a tourist attraction
which displays the ethnic. Due to the prevailing “Mall Culture”, the Philippine lacks pedestrian
safety. Tourists find that are major streets that are empty of consumer shops and identity through
revitalization of traditional language, arts and festivals. pedestrians. Therefore, muggings of
tourist negatively impact the tourism development because tourists are generally not aware of the
non-pedestrian culture of the country. Economic issues. There is high inflation rates at Thailand
due to the higher price of crude oil as compared to many different countries, tourists find
vacation packages at Thailand at low price levels. Foreign equity is limited to 49% for tourism
businesses like tour operators, hotels restaurants etc. On the other hand the inflation rate is lower
in the Philippines as compared to visitors’ countries, therefore, the overall spending by tourists is
lower due to high prices. Regular business permits for foreign equity is available.
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5.2 Evaluate with recommedation, future development of tourism in the chosen destination.
Despite of similar South Asian tourism destinations, both country’s tourism growth has
been different. Both countries have similar challenges like negative image of political unrest,
declining natural resources etc. and have similar policy framework to face these issues (Verbeek,
Bargeman and Mommaas, 2011). However, both countries differ in the importance given by
stakeholders to tourism for economic growth. For example, as compared to highly politicised
Philippines tourism, Thailand has more tourist-friendly approach in terms of increasing the peace
and order by the government. The Philippines should know more knowledge from the experience
of Thailand i.e. strong public-private partnership is neccessary for sustainable and integrated
tourism development (Simpson, 2001). From marketing point of view, the Philippines is required
to study and understand the requirements of core customers by extensive research. A niche
market should be created by developing new product mix for accelerating the foreign tourist
attraction especially from untapped European countries (Tribe, 2002). The Philippines should
also consider infrastructure development by enabling more access for airline through
liberalisation and addressing taxation issues of international carriers. Finally, government
notably plays an important role to correct market failures of the industry which is prime
importance for the GDP growth of the nation. It should focus 1on reducing the bad image
created by media for the country’s tourism for the people of local communities as well as
economic growth (Stark, 2002).
CONCLUSION
The above report concludes that Philippines is in great need of sustainable cpmetitive
tourism development. This is mainly due to the local people and government are needed to
analysis the environment and maintain the resident’s activities taking place regularly. he
country’s population must be remain aware about what is happening in their local environment
and make some adequate legislation for safeguarding the natural resources and local livelihood.
The country’s government and tour operator motive should be to keep the balance of ecology
along with the development of tourism activities, as it helps in the specific destination economy
growth.
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