Comprehensive System Analysis and Design Report - ABC University

This report provides a comprehensive overview of system analysis and design, encompassing key concepts, principles, and methodologies. It begins by explaining the fundamentals of system analysis and design, including the examination of business situations and the improvement of processes. The report details system analysis components such as input, process, output, and feedback, along with different approaches like the Waterfall, Agile, and Object-Oriented methods. It also covers system design requirements, methodologies (RAD, JAD), and documentation processes. Furthermore, the report delves into Human-Computer Interface (HCI), its principles, and methodologies like Activity Theory and User-Centered Design. The advanced section discusses organizational roles, business requirements, functional data models, and system design benefits and limitations. It also covers prototyping techniques, Top-down and Bottom-up approaches, and platform impacts. Overall, the report offers a detailed analysis of system analysis and design, providing insights into its various aspects and practical applications.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LO 1- Understanding Systems Analysis and Design.......................................................................1
Explanation of principles of systems analysis and design...........................................................1
Concept and components of system analysis...............................................................................1
Approaches to system analysis along with examples..................................................................2
Concept and requirements of the system design..........................................................................2
Methodologies involved in system design...................................................................................2
Documenting process and system models for system design......................................................3
Security and control design for database.....................................................................................3
Define human computer interface...............................................................................................3
Concepts and principles of HCI...................................................................................................4
Explanation of methodologies of HCI with examples.................................................................4
LO 2- Advanced Systems Analysis & Design.................................................................................4
Role of organizational roles and responsibilities in system analysis and design........................4
Role of business requirements in system analysis and design.....................................................5
Functional data models and the benefits and limitations of system design.................................5
Steps needed in system analysis and design................................................................................5
Explanation of concept and prototyping techniques....................................................................6
Explanation of concept and use of Top-down and Bottom-up approach in system integration..6
Document system requirements...................................................................................................8
Impact of platform and services on system design......................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
System analysis and design is a process of examining business situations with the intend
of bringing improvement within its processes and methods.it helps in shaping an organization,
bringing improvement within its performance and helps in achieving their main objectives for
profitability and growth (Idrees, Zou and Zheng, 2018). It is one of the most important and
required factor of an organization in order to ensure its growth and performance. This assessment
will lay emphasis upon principles, concepts and components of system analysis and designs,
methodology of system analysis and design, system model for system design, human computer
interface, its concept and principles and methodology. Other than this, this assessment will
further lay emphasis upon role of system analysis and design, role of business requirements in
system analysis and design, functional data models and the benefits and limitations of system
design, platform and services on system design, and concept and prototyping techniques.
LO 1- Understanding Systems Analysis and Design
Explanation of principles of systems analysis and design
Some of the main principles of system analysis and design are:
 Gather data of existing system in order to identify needs and requirement of new system
 Always consider alternatives and analyse feasibility of all the solutions identified.
 Before moving to development phase always prioritize requirements of a system.
 All the specification of system must be operational, tolerant of incompleteness, augmentable,
and cognitive (Michalos and et. al., 2018).
 Functionalities should be separate from implementation.
 Process oriented system language is required
Concept and components of system analysis
System analysis is a process of studying procedure or business in order to identify
purpose and goal of system which is required to create a system in an efficient manner. it is also
seen as a problem- solving technique which is used by organizations for bringing improvement
within system for ensuring that all the components of the system are working efficiently and are
accomplishing their purpose. Some of the main components of system analysis are:
 Input: One of the main components of system analysis is input which helps in identifying
main requirements of the system which will work as input for system. It further helps in
providing main information which is required to be entered within the system for processing.
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 Process: it is another important element of the system in which actual transformation of the
system take place where input is processed into output (Zhang, Tang and Chen, 2019).
 Output: outcome of processing is also known as outcome which is the final element of the
system.
 Feedback: It helps in providing control of the system any kind of feedback provided is used
as a positive input in order to enhance performance of system and negative feedback is taken
a controller so that required actions can be taken.
Approaches to system analysis along with examples
Some of the main approaches of system analysis have been explained below:
 Waterfall approach: This structured approach looks as a system from top down view. It is a
step by step approach which consist of few phases and activities. After moving to another
task or phase developers cannot move backwords in this approach. In such case they need to
restart whole analysis and development part (Saeed and et. al., 2019). For example:
deployment of a system cannot happen until testing and review phase is completed.
 Agile approach: this approach focuses upon dividing whole project into small manageable
sub task. This approach can easily adopt any kind of changes brought within ongoing project
development. For example in second sprint an additional requirement is required to be added
then it can be added easily.
 Object- oriented approach: this approach focuses upon bottom up view of the system. This
approach is used to represent various functionalities of a system.
Concept and requirements of the system design.
System design is a process of designing elements of a system as per the requirements of
the system specified. While designing a system a coherent and systematic approach is required
for a well running system. Soe of the most important requirement of a system design are:
Performance, modifiability, availability, scalability, reliability.
Methodologies involved in system design
Some of the main types of system design methodologies are:
 Rapid application development: It is a methodology in which a prototype is produced for end
users. User review the prototype and provide their feedback on its suitability. This process is
repeated until and unless end user is satisfied with the final system (Fang, and et. al., 2019).
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 Joint application design: it is a methodology that has evolved from RAD in which system
designer consults with executive sponsor, other system designer, managers of the system and
after agreeing on a pattern system is designed and implemented.
Documenting process and system models for system design
Documenting process: First of all, purpose of system design specified. The assumption,
risk and constraints are identified and on the basis of this, goals and objectives are identified and
development method is chosen. The logical and architectural view of the system is designed in
order to be developed.
Some of the most common system models for system design are:
 Spiral model: It is similar to incremental development of a system in which more emphasis is
laid upon risk analysis. Four main phases of this model are: Planning, Design, Construct and
Evaluation.
 Waterfall model: It is also known as classic system design and development model in which
development of a system is done in sequential manner (Machado and et. al., 2019).
 Prototype model: In this first of all a prototype is developed and approved by customers and
them on the basis of approved prototype model development of a system is done in
sequential manner similar to waterfall model.
Security and control design for database
Database security encompasses of various security controls in order to protect data stored
within database. It is important to focus upon all kinds of security measures within database that
are required to be taken in order to protect data, enhance security of database and security access
data through authorised person. Some of the most common security and controls that can be
taken case of while designing a database are: configuration in order to enhance control over
database, authentication to increase security of database, access to database, time to time backup
of data, exclusive privileges to exclusive users only.
Define human computer interface
HCI is a multi-disciplinary field of study that focuses upon design, execution, and
assessment of computer system and other phenomenon that are related to human use only or is
result of human and computer interaction (Loucopoulos and Kavakli, 2017). It is used at all the
places where there is a possibility of installation of computer for different purposes.
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Concepts and principles of HCI
Importance of HCI in different fields such as: in computer science it is used for application
designing and engineering, in psychology for application of theories and analytical purpose,
sociology for interaction between technology and organization, in industrial design for
interactive products like mobile phones, microwave oven, etc.
Seven main principles of Norman of HCI are:
 Use both knowledge in world and in head
 Simplify overall structure of all the task
 Try to make all things visible
 Get mapping right i.e., user model, conceptual model and designed model should be equal.
 Try to convert all the constraints into advantage whether they are cultural, physical or
technological
 Design for error
 When everything fails then focus upon standardization.
Explanation of methodologies of HCI with examples
Some of the most common methodologies of HCL are:
Activity theory: it is an HCL methods that helps in describing framework where human
computer interaction take place. it helps in providing reasoning, analytical tools and interaction
design (Banerjee and Sarkar, 2017).
User-centred design: it helps in providing user with centre stage in designing where they get an
opportunity to work with designers and technical practitioners.
Principles of user interface design: seven main principles of human interface design are
Tolerance, simplicity, visibility, affordance, consistency, structure and feedback.
Value sensitive designs: this method is used for technology development in three types of studies
that are: conceptual, empirical and technical.
LO 2- Advanced Systems Analysis & Design
Role of organizational roles and responsibilities in system analysis and design
Roles and responsibility of system analysis and design within an organization is
extremely important as it helps them in understanding needs and requirements of human to
analyse input or flow of data, process, data transformation, storage, output of data in business.
System analysis and design plays a vital and important role analysing, designing, implementing
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and bringing improvement in terms of providing support to users (Camburn and et. al., 2017). It
directly helps in enhancement of functioning of business with the help of computerized
information system.
Role of business requirements in system analysis and design
Business requirement plays an important role in system analysis and design as it directly
helps an organization in determining needs or conditions that are required to be meet with the
help of new system which is to be installed or developed with the help of system analysis and
design. Business requirement further helps in identifying expectations of users for which a new
system us required to be developed or existing system is required to be modified. Roles of
business requirement in system analysis and design is to make designers of system aware of
conditions that are required to be fulfilled by them (Mejía-Gutiérrez and Carvajal-Arango, 2017).
It further helps them in identifying ways in which they can capture requirements of organizations
and of end users of development of a new system.
Functional data models and the benefits and limitations of system design
Functional data models are a form of semantic data models that appeared in history of
database much earlier. These models use mathematical formalism of functional applications in
order to represent and follow association between data limits. These models are typically applied
to variables whose values may be object identifiers or record instances.
Some of the main benefits and limitations of system design are:
Benefits: It helps in reducing cost of designing, it helps eliminating inconsistencies, helps in
speeding up overall process. It directly helps in designing applications and makes it much easier
for designing of different services, events, processes, in such a manner that data is together. It
further helps in securing overall system in an appropriate manner.
Limitations: if designing of a system is not done in ana accurate manner then system can result in
becoming inflexible over time. System design never results in prompt exploration, divergence or
reflection.
Steps needed in system analysis and design
Steps of system analysis and design are:
 Defining business system in which needs required to be fulfilled are identified (Mejía-
Gutiérrez and Carvajal-Arango, 2017).
 Development of process map in which understanding of business operations are gained
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 Performance of customer value assessment is done for identifying service level needs of
customers
 Performance of requirement analysis for identification of requirements of new system which
is required to be analysed and designed.
 Feasibility analysis of system is done for identifying whether it is feasible to design and
develop particular system or not.
 Develop business system characteristics for provision of valuable information and
meaningful insight of business.
 Designing of system is done on the basis of analysis of system analysis and designed
developed is done.
Explanation of concept and prototyping techniques
Prototype is a kind of sample or a model or release of a developed product for testing
process and concept. Prototype includes variety of semantics, design, electronics, and software
programming and is generally used for evaluation of new design for enhancement of precision by
system analyst and users of the system (Mejía-Gutiérrez and Carvajal-Arango, 2017).
Some of the most commonly used prototyping techniques are:
 Rapid prototyping: this technique is exclusively used in requirement gathering.
 Incremental prototyping: In this delivery of priority functions incrementally is done
 Evolutionary prototyping: It is a kind of incremental prototyping but with evolutionary
design.
Explanation of concept and use of Top-down and Bottom-up approach in system integration
Top- down approach in system integration:
In this approach higher level modules are tested and integrated first. After testing and
integration of higher- level modules, lower- level modules are tested and integrated.
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Figure 1 Top- down approach
Bottom- up approach in system integration:
It is an approach in which lower- level modules are tested and integrated first of all and
only them higher level modules are tested and integrated.
Figure 2 Bottom- up approach
Scenario: Guest management system is a system that can be used by any event management
organization for management of their guest, remaining up to date with their security system. This
system will directly help the organization in remaining updated with their security at every entry
and exit gates or points. It will further help them in remaining updated with number of guest,
their information, security information guest limit
Use case diagram:
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Figure 3 use case
Document system requirements
Constraints and assumptions: All the users of the system will be easily about to login and update
their personal details. Admin will be able to change login limits of guest who can attend the
event. Asper the need and requirement of event.
System qualities: this system will be easily available to be used by admins, guest and other
employees. Other than this it will reliable and secure as all the information of guest and security
will be stored securely in organization’s database which will have restricted access.
Functional requirements: users will be able to enter their own details, report of guest information
will be updated daily according to guest login and changes within guest information. Security
information can only be accessed by employees or admins only.
Technical requirements: in order to use the system all the users require internet connection and a
search engine.
Acceptance criteria: users login account is valid, ensure all the information inserted by guest is
correct by crosschecking with an authentic id proof
System use cases: Employee login, update security details, login guest information, update
security information, set limits of guest login.
Impact of platform and services on system design
Platform and services directly impact system design because requirement of every platform
development of a system is completely different and different platforms provide different kind of
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servers to organizations because of which need and requirement of system design can get
impacted or changed (Mejía-Gutiérrez and Carvajal-Arango, 2017).
CONCLUSION
From the above assessment it has been concluded that system analysis and design play a
vital and important role within an organization and directly help organizations in meeting that
business requirement in an adequate and appropriate manner. it helps in fulfilment of needs and
requirements of customers and end users of system in an adequate manner. there are various
kinds of methodologies that can be used by system designers and analyst for system analysis and
designing asper the need and requirement of project and end users. It is further important for
organizations to adopt an appropriate methodology asper the need and requirement of
organization and end user of the system. It has further been summarized that adoption of
appropriate methodology also depends upon type of approach that has been adopted for
development and integration of system.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Banerjee, S. and Sarkar, A., 2017. A requirements analysis framework for development of
service oriented systems. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes. 42(3). pp.1-12.
Camburn, B., and et. al., 2017. Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies,
techniques, and guidelines. Design Science. 3.
Fang, S., and et. al., 2019. Prospects of electrooculography in human-computer interface based
neural rehabilitation for neural repair patients. IEEE Access. 7. pp.25506-25515.
Idrees, Z., Zou, Z. and Zheng, L., 2018. Edge computing based IoT architecture for low cost air
pollution monitoring systems: a comprehensive system analysis, design considerations
& development. Sensors. 18(9). p.3021.
Loucopoulos, P. and Kavakli, E., 2017. Analysis of requirements for a cyber physical production
system in the automotive industry.
Machado, M.B., and et. al., 2019. An adaptive hardware and software based human computer
interface for people with motor disabilities. IEEE Latin America Transactions. 17(09).
pp.1401-1409.
Mejía-Gutiérrez, R. and Carvajal-Arango, R., 2017. Design verification through virtual
prototyping techniques based on systems engineering. Research in Engineering
Design. 28(4). pp.477-494.
Michalos, G., and et. al., 2018. Workplace analysis and design using virtual reality
techniques. CIRP Annals. 67(1). pp.141-144.
Saeed, S., and et. al., 2019. Analysis of Software Development Methodologies. International
Journal of Computing and Digital Systems. 8(5). pp.446-460.
Zhang, J., Tang, H. and Chen, M., 2019. Robust design methodologies to the adaptive cycle
engine system performance: preliminary analysis. Energy Procedia. 158. pp.1521-1529.
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