Engineering Design Systems Models and Methods

This engineering assignment focuses on 'The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and Methods' by Buede and Miller. Students are expected to analyze various models and methods used in designing complex systems. The text provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the process of engineering design, encompassing concepts like system analysis, optimization, and risk assessment.

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Systems Science and Engineering
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Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Non-functional requirements.....................................................................................................3
Ease associated with the light rail infrastructure....................................................................3
Surrounding Infrastructure.....................................................................................................4
Commercial Issues.....................................................................................................................4
Architecture Quality...................................................................................................................4
Interface......................................................................................................................................4
Interaction between the rail architecture and the ultimate user..............................................4
Integrated design....................................................................................................................5
Cost-benefit Analysis.................................................................................................................5
Customer benefits.......................................................................................................................5
Systems Development Life Cycle..............................................................................................5
Predictive SDLC Approach....................................................................................................6
Advantages and Disadvantages..............................................................................................6
Adaptive SDLC Approach.....................................................................................................6
Advantages and Disadvantages..............................................................................................7
Recommendation........................................................................................................................7
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References..................................................................................................................................8
Appendix 1.................................................................................................................................8
Appendix 2.................................................................................................................................9
Appendix 3.................................................................................................................................9
Appendix 4...............................................................................................................................10

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Introduction
The effective designing of the rail architecture is necessary to simplify the overall experience
of the people who commute through trains. The light and simple model would basically allow
the users to avoid the traffic jams and congestion and have a pleasant transport experience.
The thorough designing is necessary to remove the bottlenecks from the process and
introduce a reliable and comfortable public transport tool. The particular railway facility that
has been considered in the report is the new rail architecture that would be implemented by
HASELL along with NSW (Addison, 2017).
The Sydney’s light rail project has been critically analyzed in the report with the objective to
understand the landscaped and systems that would influence its overall functional aspects.
The main object of the rail project is to strengthen the prevailing railway model so that the
issues relating to traffic jam can be sorted and the transportation facility can be strengthened
for the concerned authority as well as the commuters (Ahlberg, Nilson & Walsh, 2016).
Non-functional requirements
The functional and the non-functional requirements need to be assessed so that the holistic
picture can be captured while designing the most suitable and functional railway architecture.
As per Ashby, Bullough & Hartley, the evaluation of the non-functional requirements is
critical in the process science these features highlight the overall attributes of the railway
system and enhance the degree of interaction between the ultimate users and the newly
developed platforms (Ashby, Bullough & Hartley, 2017). The primary objective of
understanding these aspects is to enhance the overall experience of the users so that the traffic
can increase and the revenue generated from the rail transport can expand. The role of
technical elements is the minimum in the non-functional area but its evaluation is necessary
to understand the level of satisfaction of the users or passengers (Berenguel, et al., 2016).
Ease associated with the light rail infrastructure
Generally, most of the railway architectures are poorly planned that lead to congestion and
uneasiness among the people. But this rail architecture that has been planned by HASELL
and NSW would take into account the population that is expected to travel by railways. The
focus would be on the customers and their convenience so special attention would be given to
the cleanliness aspects, customer management, and asset availability. The same has been
highlighted in Appendix 1 (Buede & Miller, 2016).

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Surrounding Infrastructure
The plan that has been made focuses on the surrounding infrastructure of the railway system.
The infrastructure would be strengthened by carefully focusing on the location, material of
the light rail model, etc. Similarly, the focus would be on the safety aspects of the customers
so that their interest could be incorporated into the new plan (He, et al., 2016). In order to
meet the expectations and the requirements of the users, the focus would be on achieving
better value for money, enabling public access, focusing on health and safety aspects, etc.
Commercial Issues
According to Hobbs, a number of issues could arise in the path of the new rail architecture
such as the issues relating to insurance, change in the NSW government policy, force
majeure, relief events, compensation events, etc. A number of events could be outside the
control of the authoritative body (Hobbs, 2016). All these risks have been taken into
consideration so that necessary strategic measures can be taken by the administration to
control the extent of damage or threat. The focus on all such aspects is necessary to maintain
the desired standard of service delivery and quality requirements.
Architecture Quality
In order to enhance the overall functional aspects of the new rail architecture, the focus would
be on the public transport user benefits, road user benefits, pedestrian benefits, environmental
and social benefits, and wider economic benefits (WEB), etc. Appendix 2 highlights the areas
that would be focused upon in the new architecture design to upgrade its quality as compared
to the existing railway facilities. It has been estimated that this new CBD and South East
Light Rail extension would offer benefits worth $4 billion to the users (Hybertson, 2016).
The pedestrians would benefit due to the better amenity. It is also believed that this new
model would help in the overall reduction of emissions and pollution.
Interface
Interaction between the rail architecture and the ultimate user
The nature of the interaction between the new architecture design and the users is vital in the
entire process since it would determine the quality of the service. The preliminary designing
refers to the first phase of the overall design process. As per the new model, the customer
would be in the central position right from the start (Kale & Bhatele, 2016). This approach
while designing the railway architecture would allow delivering safe and sustainable

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superior-quality experience outcome. Similarly, the focus on all the involved stakeholders
would allow the design to make the service compatible with the wider transport model of the
NSW network.
Integrated design
The integrated model would be adopted in order to optimize the technical solutions. A safe,
innovative, sustainable and high-quality rail system would be set as the benchmark that
would promote the overall passenger experience, improve the quality of the urban
environment, provide capacity for the project ridership demand and it would also facilitate
overall connectivity with the Australian railway infrastructure (Madland & Nix, 2017).
The objective of the approach would be to deliver the best possible solution to the users so
that there would be a minimum disruption in the new rail transportation model.
Cost-benefit Analysis
As per McLellan, the new architecture design would bring about a significant number of
changes in the model such as it would enhance the reliability and efficiency of travel from, to
and within CBD and the suburbs to the south-east region of Sydney. It would improve the
access of the passengers to various destinations situated in the south-east of Sydney. The
overall amenity of the public spaces in the region would improve (McLellan, 2016). This new
rail architecture model would ultimately lead to the continued, orderly and efficient
expansion of the urban development and economic activity within the area.
Customer benefits
The new rail architecture would be beneficial for the customers for a number of reasons. The
customers or passengers would have a faster, comfortable and more reliable public
transportation system in the region. The operating benefits would encompass the net saving in
the prevailing public transport operating costs (Mohanavelu & Krishnaswamy, 2017). The
different community benefits would include a reduction in the overall environment and health
costs. The broader economic benefits would encompass resource efficiency, additional
greenhouse gas reduction, more public transport services, etc.
Systems Development Life Cycle
The systems development lifecycle is an important step which can be defined as the process
which offers a logical structure for the implementation of the desired model or design. It

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basically acts a framework that highlights the tasks that need to be covered at each step to
design the best possible rail architecture. Appendix 3 highlights the theoretical areas that need
to be taken into account while planning a new design starting from the defining of the new
system to the introduction of necessary changes in the model (Regalbuto, 2016). In the
particular scenario relating to the new light rail architecture by HASELL and NSW, two
approaches namely the predictive approach and the adaptive approach have been highlighted.
Appendix 4 highlights the planning, implementation, testing and evaluation phases that
would be involved in the new rail architecture designing model (Ashby, Bullough & Hartley,
2017).
Predictive SDLC Approach
As per the predictive SDLC approach, it is assumed that all the parameters in the designing
phase are known. It also stresses on the fact that the know parameters will remain unchanged
throughout the process. Thus a precise and clear-cut process would be outlined highlighting
the functionalities of all the resources including the functional, non-functional elements,
personnel, etc. It provides a logical guideline to follow the implementation procedure while
modeling the rail architecture. This sequential approach acts as a framework that does not
allow deviation from the set path (Shackelford, et al., 2016).
Advantages and Disadvantages
The advantages of the predictive SDLC approach include the simplicity of the approach due
to the assumptions. The resource necessities of the approach are minimum since they are
carried out before the actual implementation process takes place (Shultis & Faw, 2016).
The disadvantages include the rigidity and lack of flexibility while using this SDLC
approach. The process consumes a significant amount of time since all the steps have to be
carried out on a sequential basis (Stolten & Emonts, 2016).
Adaptive SDLC Approach
The adaptive SDLC approach is an ad-hoc approach that carries out the necessary tasks and
activities as per the requirements of the project. This process is pretty flexible in nature and
adapts to the changing requirements in a given situation. It basically divides the
implementation procedure into a number of steps so that the same can be executed
simultaneously and thus reduces the overall development time. A variety of recurring
assembly techniques are adopted to arrive at the final result (Shackelford, et al., 2016).

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Advantages and Disadvantages
The adaptive SDLC approach has a number of advantages and disadvantages that must be
taken into account while following this approach. The key advantage of the process is that it
is a flexible approach that allows changes in the process based on the needs and requirements
of the project. It is time efficient since a number of steps can be carried out at once. The
output that is produced is better since it reflects the needs and specifications of the user.
The disadvantages of the adaptive approach include the fact that it is a resource-intensive
model. A significant amount of expertise and financial resources are needed to adopt this
SDLC approach (Madland & Nix, 2017). The estimation of timelines is not an easy task since
this system continuously undergoes changes to adjust to the changing environment.
In case of the rail architecture designing, two different SDLC approaches have been assessed
so that the best possible outcome can be generated that can add value to the customers or
users and the authority. Both the approaches have been used in order to understand the
environment in which the specific project will be carried out (Buede & Miller, 2016).
Recommendation
The two approaches of the system development life cycle have been taken into account while
planning the best possible rail architecture design. But still, there are a number of areas that
need to be focused upon in order to strengthen the current model. The predictive approach
would be useful since it would consider the existing rail models on which it could base the
new architectural design. It would surely allow design accountability but at the same time, it
would limit the quality capacity of the new architecture. Thus it would not help to solve the
prevailing problems that are faced by the rail commuters.
The adaptive approach would act as an appropriate model since the designing would be a new
and creative model that would intend to fill the gaps that prevail in the current rail
architectures. In case there would be any change in the requirement relating to resources or
manpower, this approach would help the overall purpose of the project. It would also
significantly lower the development time which is a vital component in any new model. Thus
for the particular rail project that would be introduced by HASELL along with NSW, the
adaptive approach would be suitable since it would help to have a better control of the
situation in hand. It could be time-consuming but it would address the prevailing issues of the
public and take into account their safety aspects. It would help to introduce key

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improvements in the process like online ticketing model, real-time updates for passengers,
etc.
Conclusion
The report that has been presented assesses the various aspects relating to the new and better
rail infrastructure by HASELL and NSW. A number of functional and non-functional areas
have been covered so that the new model can address the issues that exist in the current
railway model. Since the commuters face a large number of challenges on a daily basis like
manual process, increased traffic, etc, the new architectural design could address the issues
and enhance their overall experience in this transportation model. The two approaches of the
systems development life cycle have been covered and ultimately the more suitable approach
has been highlighted based on the presented scenario. The ultimate intention is to present a
model that can simplify the system for all the involved project stakeholders.
References
Addison, P.S., 2017. The illustrated wavelet transform handbook: introductory theory and
applications in science, engineering, medicine and finance. CRC press.
Ahlberg, J.H., Nilson, E.N. and Walsh, J.L., 2016. The Theory of Splines and Their
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Textbooks (Vol. 38). Elsevier.
Ashby, M.F., Bullough, R. and Hartley, C.S. eds., 2017. Dislocation Modelling of Physical
Systems: Proceedings of the International Conference, Gainesville, Florida, USA, June 22-
27, 1980. Elsevier.
Berenguel, M., Rodríguez, F., Moreno, J.C., Guzmán, J.L. and González, R., 2016. Tools and
methodologies for teaching robotics in computer science & engineering studies. Computer
Applications in Engineering Education, 24(2), pp.202-214.
Buede, D.M. and Miller, W.D., 2016. The engineering design of systems: models and
methods. John Wiley & Sons.
He, D., Kumar, N., Shen, H. and Lee, J.H., 2016. One-to-many authentication for access
control in mobile pay-TV systems. Science China Information Sciences, 59(5), p.052108.

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Hobbs, F.D., 2016. Traffic Planning and Engineering: Pergamon International Library of
Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies. Elsevier.
Hybertson, D.W., 2016. Model-oriented systems engineering science: a unifying framework
for traditional and complex systems. CRC Press.
Kale, L.V. and Bhatele, A. eds., 2016. Parallel science and engineering applications: The
Charm++ approach. CRC Press.
Madland, D.G. and Nix, J.R., 2017. New calculation of prompt fission neutron spectra and
average prompt neutron multiplicities. Nuclear Science and Engineering.
McLellan, H.J., 2016. Elements of Physical Oceanography: Pergamon International Library
of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies. Elsevier.
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of Industrial and Systems Engineering. In Press. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and
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Shackelford, J.F., Han, Y.H., Kim, S. and Kwon, S.H., 2016. CRC materials science and
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Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3

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Appendix 4