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Air Pollution Effects on Health - PDF

   

Added on  2021-02-22

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Table of ContentsIntroduction................................................................................................................................................1The objective of the report.........................................................................................................................2Air Pollution Causes....................................................................................................................................2Primary Pollutants..................................................................................................................................3Secondary Pollutants..............................................................................................................................3Air Pollution Effects....................................................................................................................................3Air Pollution Effects on Health................................................................................................................4Policies to diminish air pollution................................................................................................................5Reducing exposure through city planning..............................................................................................5Recommendations to control Air pollution................................................................................................5References..................................................................................................................................................6 LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Emissions by Source Category......................................................................................................2Figure 2: Petrochemical Smog Formation....................................................................................................3Figure 3: Death Rates from Air pollution, World, 1990 to 2017..................................................................4IntroductionThe alternation in the quality of air that can be characterized by biological, chemical and physical extents of pollutants in the air is known as Air Pollution. Another explanation of Air Pollution is irregular rise in the percentage of some constituents of the atmosphere and unwantedimpurities presence. When we think about air pollution, we don’t consider germs, but it is really the similar impression. The germs can be the pollutants but until those germs are sneezed out, airwouldn’t be polluted. The air pollution effects ranges from rising temperatures to higher disease risks. Some of the examples of very common air pollutants include methane, soot, smoke, carbondioxide and mold. Air Quality Index of AQI is the measure of outdoor air pollution in U.S. According to which the concentration of five major pollutants in the air rate its quality. These pollutants include particulate matter (particle solution), sulfur dioxide, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Some of these pollutants also contributed indoor air contamination along with cigarettes smoke, formaldehyde, radon, asbestos, VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) and other constituents. Air Contamination causes a major hazard to health and climate, from smoke dangling over cities to inside home smoke. There is a wide range of diseases related to pollution. These diseases include heart diseases, lung tumor, COPD, stroke and respirational infections.
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The objective of the reportThe main objective of the report is determining the air pollutants and their effects on human health. We will also discuss the government policies in controlling of air pollution and the steps we should take as an individual to tackle this situation. Air Pollution CausesWhen we think about the term “Air Pollution”, we likely to think about activities of human, for example burning of fossil fuels, emission from cars, boats and planes. Air pollution can also be come from sources of nature too. In the natural pollution sources, volcanoes are the great examples. A large amount of gases and particles are produced by them and they send up into the atmosphere through eruptions. A large amount of potentially harmful particulate matter and gases are produced by forest fires, which are also natural procedures. Not depending on source, there are two ways how pollution enter into the atmosphere.1.Point Source Pollution.2.Non-point source Pollution.When the source of foundation of the air pollutants is single like smokestacks from a single factory then it is known as “Point Source Pollution”. When the origins of the pollutants are many, for example all the cars in U.S then it is known as “Non-point source pollution”. As the sources of the pollutants are different same is the case with their effects. There are two main categories of air pollution based on their effects which include: Figure 1: Emissions by Source Category
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Primary PollutantsThe kind of pollutants that goes directly into the surroundings are known as primary pollutants. The major dissimilarity between primary and secondary impurities is that secondary are formed in atmosphere. There are many sources of primary pollutants include: natural gas power plants, coal-fired power plants, natural forest fires, natural gas burning, volcanoes and many more. The primary pollutants contribute to form secondary pollutants. Due to economic and technology changes and improved regulations the emission of primary pollutants is controlled. Primary pollutants include volatile organic compounds, NOx, CO, SOx, Mercury, particulate matter and many more.Secondary PollutantsThese pollutants are not emitted directly into the atmosphere but they are formed into the atmosphere as a result of pollutants reacted with molecules in the atmosphere. From many different compounds secondary pollutants can be formed. The interactions of primary pollutants with the molecules of the atmosphere like oxygen, hydrocarbons and water resulted in forming photochemical smog. The photochemical smog is formed by various secondary pollutants like peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), nitric acid and ozone. Due to the inversion layers, primary pollutantscan’t be dispersed into the atmosphere and where they are produced, smog is formed over the area. This is the reason in warm dense cities smog is prominent. Figure 2: Petrochemical Smog FormationAir Pollution EffectsThe human health and surroundings are effected badly by a variety of air pollutants. The combustion from generation of power, space heating vehicle traffic generated these air pollutantsprincipally in many areas of Europe. The undesirable effects of air pollution on our environment includes:
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