Role of Lymphatic System and Adaptive Immune Response in Bacterial Infection

Running head: TAKE HOME EXAM 1
Take Home Exam
Name
Institution

TAKE HOME EXAM 2
Case study 1
a) Process of acute inflammation
Acute inflammation involves instant defensive response to tissue injury triggered by bacterial
infection in this case. It starts with local immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages,
histiocytes, mast cells and Kupffer cells and that already exist in the involved tissues however
these cells possess receptors which recognize and bind to the marked pathogen cells.
Infection activates these cells to undergo instigation and discharge inflammatory mediators
that trigger the clinical signs of inflammation such as swelling, fever, tonsils, in Paul’s case. The
inflammation usually extends to the lingual and adenoid tonsils (Enrico & Giuseppe, 2015).
.
As a response, vasodilation increases blood flow to the infected area to cause sourness and
fever. Increased permeability blood vessels leads to outflow of fluid and plasma proteins into the
tissue to cause edema, which appears as swelling on the neck area. Mediator molecules trigger
blood vessels to allow the movement of leukocytes, mostly macrophages and neutrophils, outside
of the blood vessels (extravasation) into the tissue. The neutrophils travel along a chemotactic
gradient formed by the local cells to spread to the spot of infection.
The white biofilms could indicate the chronicity or recurrence of the gram-negative or
positive sessile bacteria on the tonsils. These bacteria may be unresponsive and thus the
complement system is triggered to opsonize and kills the bacteria eventually (Carey, 2010).
Acute inflammation may be viewed as the first measure of defence against injury since it
needs continuous stimulation. Inflammatory mediators have a short life span and rapidly
degraded in the tissue. Therefore, acute inflammation starts to disappear the moment stimulus is
removed.

TAKE HOME EXAM 3
b) Discuss the role of the lymphatic system and adaptive immune response in
responding and resolving the bacterial infection in Paul’s case.
It is a network of vessels that ensures balance of fluids and nutrients in the tissues and blood
of the human body. It circulates lymph, drained from various interstitial tissues and also
transports cells of the immune system, for example, dendritic cells, to lymphoid tissues where
they can interact with lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune response.
The adaptive immune system is a subsystem that is composed of extremely specialized, cells
that prevent and eliminate the growth of bacteria in Paul. It involves the activation of both the
innate and adaptive immune systems. The first line of defence, a natural immune response is
through pattern recognition pathways that detect non-specific markers of microbial infection.
Phagocytic cells, for example, macrophages and neutrophils which are vital components of the
acute reaction and centrally significant against infections.
Adaptive immunity sets in the late course of infection and depends on the exhibition of
bacterial antigens by antigen presenting cells which are influenced by the cytokines created by
the inborn response. Adaptive immune response will aim at definite antigens of bacteria in Paul’s
case and mostly evoked during successive infections to deliver ‘memory’ against that specific
pathogen. Antibodies and T cells can have straight activity against bacteria and they also
increase the action of innate cells by increasing phagocyte recruitment and killing. The power of
recurring infections may propose the adaptive memory response is not completely satisfactory
(Rosei & Mancia, 2015).

TAKE HOME EXAM 4
Case study 2
a) Cardiovascular changes during exercise
A work out intensifies sympathetic activity and lowers parasympathetic activity, leading to
hiked contractility and high stroke volume. During physical activity such as in training, the
cardiac productivity rises more compared to the total resistance which in turn reduces arterial
pressure. The cardiac productivity escalates because of a significant boost in heart rate and a
slight escalation in the stroke volume. The heart speed rises due to reduction in parasympathetic
action of the sinoatrial node joined with maximized sympathetic activity (Nicolas & Luiz, 2010).
Pulse pressure, on the other hand, increases because of rise in stroke volume and the stroke
volume ejaculation quickness. Workouts triggers vasodilation of arterioles in the heart muscles,
skeletal and on the skin, this creates a reduction in total peripheral resistance to blood flow. The
reduction is partly balanced by vasoconstriction of arterioles in other organs like gastrointestinal
organs and the kidney.
Vasodilation in muscle arterioles is not rewarded, and the result is a important reduction in
entire peripheral resistance to blood flow. Exercise boosts blood flow to the skin (dissipation of
heat) and the peripheral resistance it is arrived at by a drop in the shooting of sympathetic
neurons providing skin vessels (Safar, O’Rourke & Frohlich, 2014).
The stroke volume escalates because of improved ventricular contractility, established by a
hightened ejection fraction and mediated by sympathetic nerves to the ventricular myocardium.