TASK A - Microsoft Word ; TASK B- PowerPoint Presentation with max 15 slides

I will attached the Assignment brief,TASK A - The work must be include a bibliography and references using the Harvard referencing system. LO1 and LO2 must be completed TASK B - PowerPoint presentation (max 15 slides) LO3 and LO4 must be completed.

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is more like an ability of an individual to lead the team and organisation.
Leadership involve providing guidance to achieve the overall goal or target of an organization. In
this report Marks and Spencer (M&S) is taken as an organisation. M&S was established in the
year 1884 by Micheal Marks and Thomas Spencer. Headquarter of the M&S is established in
London, UK. M&S conducts its operations in retail sector with specialises in high quality
clothing products, home products and food products. M&S carry its retail outlets in more then
1400 locations across the globe .This report differentiate between role and characteristics
attached with leader and manager in the organisation context. This report also specifies the role
of leader and manager functions in various situations associated with the organization. This
report also emphasis over various theories attached with the leadership in the organization. Key
approaches of leader and manager for conducting operations is also expressed in this report.
Importance of management in achieving business goals is also specifies in this report. Various
functions within the business environment that put an impact over leadership and manager
decision making is also specifies in this report.
LO1
Difference between role of leader and function of manager
Differentiation between role of leader and function of manager is as follows.
Basis of Difference Role of Leader Function of Manager
Work Practice Leaders set vision for the
organisation.
Leaders apply various work
practices to convert the set
vision into reality.
Leaders involve in all
operations of the company.
Leaders prefer to guide,
manage and direct all the
operations of M&S.
Leaders always motivate to not
just upgrade the applies work
Managers follow the set goal
of the organization.
Managers in M&S focus over
same practices to conduct all
the operations of the company.
Managers don't prefer to create
unusual changes in the
working practices attached to
the various operations of the
company as the changes also
involve risk element.

practices but they also
motivate to all human
resources in the company to
try to apply new work
practices that can improve the
efficiencies of various
operations of the M&S.
Dynamic and creative
approaches of leaders towards
the working practices many
times create major
transformations for various
operations of the company
(Kamarulzaman, 2016).
Manager's in M&S only
initiate changes only when it is
required to cope up with
current trends and
requirements else they prefer
to follow the set standard
patterns.
Initiate Change Leaders are knows as the
change agents.
Leaders in M&S are very
mush keen towards initiating
various changes as per the
current market demand and
also the requirement of the
business.
As per the market situation to
upgrade the work and
operational efficiency many
changes in the organizational
structure or the changes related
to the new technologies are
initiated by the leaders in
M&S that also resulted
Managers in M&S has also
initiated several changes based
on the operational demands
like introducing new
machineries and other
associated changes in the
organization structure.
Managers only initiate changes
when it is demanded else
management prefer to go by
set actions.
Managers don't get involve in
all the actions associated with
the change they only instruct
about the change.

positively for various
operations of the company.
Leaders not only involve in
initiating the changes as per
the demand but they also take
part in every actions attached
to implementing the proposed
change.
Risk Taking Leaders are well known for the
risk taking abilities.
Leader's never feel hesitated in
applying new things for
various operations of the
company even if the leaders
fail miserably.
Managers also take risk but in
a set limit.
Managers carry the
responsibility to manage all the
operations of the company and
also managers needs to cope
up with the expectations of the
share holders so the managers
do not prefer to take much risk
in implementing operations of
the company.
Relationship Building Leaders carry huge emphasis
over building relationship with
all the human resources
associated with the company.
Leader try to shape the career
path of all the human resources
attached with various
operations of the company.
Leaders try to create a proper
work culture in the
organization structure that
Managers also focus to build
the professional relationship
with human resources of the
M&S.
Managers are known to build
systems and processes more
then relationship with human
resources (Sheshi, A. and
Kërçini, 2017).

resulted into a healthy
relationship between
employee's and senior
management.
LO2
P2. Role of Leader and Function of manager in different situation context
Various situational examples related to the role of leaders and function of managers are
as follows.
Organization Situations Role of Leader Role of Manager
Changes in Organization Leader played the huge role in
initiating various changes in
the organization of M&S.
Leaders initiated various
changes to not just cope up
with the current requirements
of business but also try to meet
all the expected future
requirements by implementing
changes of the organisation
structure.
Leaders not just involve in
proposing such changes but
also take actions in drafting,
designing, implementing and
operating such changes in the
organisation. Leaders not just
propose the change but more
like leaders guide the change
Management of M&S are very
keen towards observing the
changing need and demands
related to the organization
structure and management also
propose various changes time
to time for upgrading the
organization structure such as
technological changes and
other structural changes.
The involvement of managers
is majorly restricted to
proposing various changes
based on the demand and
requirement but to implement
all such proposed changes the
role of management get
restricted to a certain extent.
Management instruct about the

in the organization (Lee,
2018).
change but the involvement
not seen much in
implementing such changes.
Solving employee grievances Leaders play the huge role in
solving issues and grievances
associated with the human
resources of the company.
Leaders get involve in the
entire process of solving
grievances that play a huge
supportive role for both the
organization and employee as
well.
Leaders try to understand the
exact situation and based on
the analysis leaders try to
make justice within the
reasonable time that also
resulted into a healthy
relationship building with all
the human resources of the
M&S.
Management in M&S follow
the set pattern of solving the
employee grievances in the
company that many times
restricted the management
involvement in grievance
solving at a personal level.
Following the set pattern also
impacts over employee
relationship management as
sometimes it takes a lot of time
to solve such issue that create a
negative impact.
Because of the various
responsibilities and duties
manager's sometimes also not
get personally involve in
solving issues.
Inefficient resources of
company
Leaders always get involve in
various organizations needs for
conducting operations of
M&S.
Proper involvement in
organizations needs
assessment and with human
resources of the company
Managers use more critical
approach towards the demand
of employee demands related
to the various operational
resources of the company.
Many times the critical
approach of management
cause inefficient operational

enable the leadership to
understand about the
efficiency of various resources
attached to the company.
Leaders always take initiatives
to upgrade various resources
such as new technologies, new
machineries and many others
as per the needs and demands
so the higher level of
efficiency can be achieved out
of the entire operational
structure of the company.
resources of the company that
also reduced the productivity
standards of employee's in
M&S.
Management usually apply the
competitive approach towards
resource allocation that many
times hides the current
requirements of the company
regarding the proper resources
(Davies, 2018).
P3. Theories and Models of Leadership
Leadership theories emphasis over skills and mindset that is required to being a leader.
Leadership models. Its more like a thought process of leaders. Leadership models specifies about
the practices applied in leading the organization. Leadership models guided about the behaviour
of leadership. Leadership models and theories practices in M&S are summarised in the following
ways.
Situational Leadership: Situational leadership emphasis more over the current situations of the
organisation. Situation theory of leadership is among the major theory's leadership of M&S
apply. After analysing about the current situation of organization the most optimum decisions are
taken that can potentially support the current ongoing business situation under the situation
leadership (Abuzaid, 2016). Situational leadership is more like an instant leadership approach
towards various leadership decisions in the company. Plenty of variables such as kind and nature
of the task, company's resources for implementing such tasks and all associated factors attached
with the various tasks and based on the actual reality or situation an appropriate operational
decisions taken under situational leadership. In the view point of experts situational leadership
involve two key element's leadership style and the maturity level of leaders. Both the key factors
work behind taking various decisions by leaders under situational leadership.

Strength of Situational Leadership:
 Quick decision making process.
 Flexible leadership style.
Weakness of Situational Leadership:
 Effective only to meet the current requirements but not efficient to cope up with the long
term business targets.
Systems Leadership: System leadership is more dragged towards the organization system. The
leadership of M&S follow the approach of system leadership to make the complete utilization of
organisation system. System leadership also focus over making crucial changes in the
organization system such as introducing new technologies and systems that can improve the
operational efficiencies of the company (Ardichvili and Zavyalova, 2017). System leadership
enables the leadership of M&S to deeply analyse about the organizational or operational system
of the company and in also entertain several changes to improve the operational effectiveness by
removing the identified weakness. System leadership also involve the coalition building and
advocacy tactics. Coalition building focuses over various collaborations between employee's and
departments in M&S for conducting several operations of the company. Advocacy tactics enable
the leadership of M&S to meet various operational requirements in process to achieving goals of
the company. Leadership of M&S crested a suitable work culture in the organization structure by
using various collaborative approaches as a part of system leadership model for various
operations of the company. Collaborations and coalitions involve employee's from various
departments or sometimes it involves various operational departments of the M&S for
conducting operational functions of the company.
Strength of System Leadership:
 System leadership improves the work culture of the company.
 Improve coordination for various specialises operations in the company.
Weakness of System Leadership:
 Many times approach of system leadership causes to confusions.
Contingency Leadership: Contingency leadership is more like an analysis of the leadership or
its more like an analytical review of the applied leadership practices. Based on the situation
leadership style or approach is decided to meet up the requirement (Nichols, 2016). Contingent

leadership focuses over matching the business requirements with the effective use of leadership
in the company. Contingency theory expect that the leadership style can't be modified based on
the different context or situation. Contingent leadership focuses over building trust and
relationship. Time consuming task must be independent in nature. Less structured tasks or less
time consuming tasks can be initiated with the use of participative leadership approach.
Strength of Contingent Leadership:
 It's a dynamic leadership approach that can change as per the requirement of the situation.
 Contingency leadership enable the management to improve the decision making skills.
Weakness of Contingent Leadership:
 Its more like a complex leadership practice.
 Many time's contingency practices create confusions in handling the situation.
LO3
P4. Role of leaders and managers in operations
Leaders and managers in M&S play various roles in implementing various operations of
the company.
Arrange Resources: Managers and leaders play the significant role in providing various
resources for different operational functions of the company. Resources play the key role in
implementing all the operational functions of the company. Managers and leaders evaluate about
the various requirements such as human resources, technological requirements ans other
requirements attached with the operational function and based on the need suitable resources
provided to all the associated departments in the company. The role of management and leaders
is not only restricted to allocation of various resources but it is also a duty of the management
and leadership to take an eye over utilization of company's resources. To achieve the over all
business targets of M&S it is mandatory for the management to have the optimum utilization of
all the resources of the company.
Strategies Formation: Leaders and management also involve in the strategy formation attached
to the various operations of the company. Strategy formation involve planning the various stages
attached with the task and set a proper hierarchy to implement such task. To ensure the optimum
productivity all the operations must be conduct in the estimated and set time boundation. The
management and leaders also involve in checking the progress attached with all the operational
tasks of the company.

Inspire Employee's: Management and leaders play the crucial role in inspiring employee's to
achieve the higher level of efficiencies in conducting all the operational tasks. The management
and leaders give various performance based incentives and rewards to motivate and inspire all
the human resources of the company. Giving rewards and performance based incentives not only
inspires to productive and efficient human resources of the company but it also motivates to
other employee's in the company to perform better and achieve higher level of productivity.
Addressing problems: Leaders and managers in M&S play the crucial role in addressing
various issues associated with the employee's and operations of the company. Issues can be of
internal and external. Management and leaders need to involve in both internal issues and
external issues to create the healthy work culture of the company. Internal issues attached with
the human resources of the company and the operational process of the company. External issues
involve external factors such as consumer's, supplier and other external entities that get involve
in company's operations. For smooth business operations the management and leaders need to
involve in all external and internal issues. Resolving company's issues is also crucial to keep the
motivation and confidence up of all the employee's of the company.
Improve operation hierarchy: Leaders and managers play the crucial role in improving the
operational hierarchy of the company. Based on the demand the company management propose
various changes in the organization structure to achieve the higher operational efficiencies. Many
times the proposed changes are inspired with the demand of the business sector but many times it
inspired with the needs of the organization.
P5. Importance and value of operation management for business objectives
Operation management involve managing and administrating various operations attached
to the organization structure of the M&S. Operation management involve implementing all the
associated operations of the company in a way the organization can achieve the higher level of
efficiency from all the operations of the company.
Enable to achieve business objectives: Operation management enable the company
management to achieve the overall business objectives. Optimum utilization of resources is
among the key objective of operation management. The management of M&S plan all its
business operations in a way that the company can achieve the best operation efficiency within
the estimated time frame. Operation management involve brief framework about all the tasks and
practices attached with the operations. Effective use of resources with the help of proper

operation management enable the company management to achieve all the business objectives of
the company.
Improve productivity: Operation management play the key role in improving the productivity
of the employee's of the company. Based on the operational efficiencies and skills of all the
human resources of the company the management assign various tasks related to the operations
that can utilise the best of operational efficiency of all the human resources of the company. In
the proces of the operation management the management and leaders of M&S provide the
complete road map and guidance to all employee's to achieve the best sufficiency and
productivity out of operations.
Optimum resource utilization: Operation management play the very crucial role in utilizing all
the company's resources in the most optimum manner. The company management and leaders
plan all the tasks related to the operations that enable the employee's to make the best use of
resources. Optimum utilization of company's resources play the very important role in company's
growth and success as the resources are minimum so to use the resources in the best manner play
a very significant influence over company's performance. To utilize the company's resources in
the best manner is among the key objectives behind operation management task.
Improve employee motivation: With the proper management of company's operations
management and leaders also try to improve the motivation and confidence of all the human
resources of the company. Operation management guided all the human resources of the
company to achieve the best productivity out of various tasks attached in the company's
operations. Improved productivity also resulted into improved employee motivation. Motivation
of employee play the very significant role in improving the efficiency of employee. The
company management also conduct various confidence building sessions as a part of operation
management. To improve the employee motivation the company management also give bonus
and incentives to reward the productive performance as a part of operation management. All
such techniques of giving rewards and other resulted into improved motivation and confidence of
all the human resources of the company.

LO4
P6. Factors impact upon operation management and decision making
Leadership and management make various decisions to improve the operation efficiency
of the company. Various business environment factors play the key role in operation
management and decision making of leaders and managers.
Technological Factor: The leadership and management take various decisions related to the
inclusion of new technologies in the organization structure. Technological advancement improve
the efficiency of operation management in the company. Inclusion of new technologies resulted
into more productivity business operations in a lesser time frame. Technological factor is among
the major trending factor in the business environment because the use of this factor has
transformed the entire corporate sector by expanding the business and growth opportunities as
because of the technological advancement the management of M&S can think about selling the
retail products over internet. The management of M&S take various decisions related to the use
of technology in various business operations such as marketing, sales and all operations of the
company. The company management take various decisions related to the advertisements of
company's products over internet with the effective use of technology.
Market: Market is among the major business environment factor that effect the decision making
of management and leaders in M&S. The company management take various decisions related to
the launch of new products, marketing strategies and other associated decisions of operation
management as per the current trend and requirements of the market. Market play the dominating
role in the decision making process related to the operation management of the company as the
market put a huge impact over the success of products in the market.
Economic Factor: Economic factor involve the economic situation of UK. Economic situation
carry the big influence over corporate world as is has the huge involvement in major decision
making related to the business. The management of M&S make various suitable changes and
decision making such as new product launch, supple based on the economic stability of the
country. In case of inflation the company management restrict the product supply to a certain
limit as the demand of the products gets decline in such a situation. Product supply, new product
launch and other associated operation decisions in M&S are deeply influenced by the economic
factor of business environment.

Climatic: Among the major factors of business environment that impact the decision making of
management regarding the operation management climatic factor is also the one of them. Based
on te climate various operation decision making is conducted like product supply and other
related decisions that put a huge impact over organization.
CONCLUSION
This report concluded about the differentiation between the role and characteristics of
leaders and managers. What are the aspects that created a difference between the role and
characteristics of leader and manager is concluded in this report. Various business situations are
concluded in this report that expresses about how differently the role of leader and function of
manager applied in various operational situations. Implications of various theories and models of
leadership over organization has precisely concluded in this report. Various aspects of different
leadership models has concluded in this report. Key approaches of operation management and
the role leaders and manager play in organization has concluded in this report. All the significant
importance and value attached with operation management has concluded in this report. Various
aspects of operation management that play crucial role in achieving all the objectives of the
business has concluded in this report. Various factors that impact the operation management and
leadership decision making has also concluded in this report. Impacts of business environment
factors over business operations and also the impact over wider community has concluded in this
report.

REFRENCE
Books and Journals
Kamarulzaman, A., 2016. The Role of Leadership in Filling the Skills Gap. Journal of
Administrative Management, Education and Training.12(6). pp.501-506.
Sheshi, A. and Kërçini, D., 2017. The role of Transactional, Transformational and Participative
Leadership in performance of SME's in Albania. Albanian Journal of Agricultural
Sciences.
Lee, J.Y., 2018. The Effects of Job Characteristics on the Team Creativity of Distribution
Companies: Moderating Effects of Transformational Leadership. The Journal of Asian
Finance, Economics and Business (JAFEB).5(4). pp.161-172.
Davies, B., 2018. CEO succession: the role of leadership styles on employee perceptions of the
organisation.
Abuzaid, A.N., 2016. Testing the impact of strategic leadership on organizational ambidexterity:
A field study on the Jordanian chemical manufacturing companies. International
Journal of Business and Management.11(5).pp.328-339.
Ardichvili, A. and Zavyalova, E.K., 2017. Leadership development in the Russian Federation.
In Leadership development in emerging market economies.(pp. 37-53). Palgrave
Macmillan, New York.
Nichols, A.L., 2016. What do people desire in their leaders? The effect of leadership experience
on desired leadership traits. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Leadership Practices, 2019. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.iedc.si/blog/single-blog-post/iedc-ideas/2016/04/08/modern-approaches-to-
leadership>.