Taxation of Foreign Firm Revenues: Arguments for Protection of Industries
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This report discusses the reasons why nations impose taxes on foreign firms and the arguments used in protection of industries against foreign markets. It analyzes the findings found during the study and compares them with other scholars. The report ends with a conclusion, recommendations and lessons learned during the study.
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Running head:GLOBAL ECONOMICS Global economics Name of the Student Name of the University Author Note
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1 GLOBAL ECONOMICS Taxation of foreign firm revenues This report discusses why nations protect their industries basing on the analysis of the four arguments. These arguments include the following; the Labor Argument, Infant Industry Argument, National Security Argument and the Retaliation Argument. It also identifies which argument is economic and noneconomic with the effects on the consumers and the government. Statement of the thesis Nationsimpose taxes on foreign firms due to various social, political and economic factors. Overview of the paper The paper explains some of the reasons as to why nationsimpose taxes on foreign firms. The paper also discusses some of the arguments used in protection of industries against foreign markets. It also analyzes the findings found during the study and compares them with other scholars. The paper ends with a conclusion, recommendations and lessons learned during the study. The Labor Argument These are the trade barrier used by most developing countries to protect their infant industries against foreign markets (Frederick, 2009). The argument emphasizes the protection of domestic markets by their nations against the imported goods from countries with low wages. The Infant Industry Argument The Infant Industry Argument refers to an economic protection of infant industries by their nations against the other firms with high economies of scale. The argument is most applicable to the product of taxing foreign firms. Taxing foreign firms would be good for domestic firm industries to operate efficiently as they would not face stiff competition from foreign markets (Darren e t al, 2011).
2 GLOBAL ECONOMICS The National Security Argument The argument is concerned mostly on protection of industries in away to protect the national security such as weapon industries and technologies. Most countries do not trade such activities in the world market to protect it infrastructure and citizens (Hines and James, 2010). The Cultural Protection Argument The cultural protection involves restricting and guarding the domestic cultural firms against the foreign culture. It is believed that, cultural industries such as music, movies and theater need to be protected as these can neglected and forgotten once foreign culture is not restricted (Irwin and Douglas, 2010). The Retaliation Argument The retaliation argument is where the nation retaliates against the other country that has restricted its imports and exports. In most cases, this happens when one country realizes unfairly practices and decides to discriminate against it. To overcome this, both countries have to come and negotiate the best response to use. Analysis of the study findings The analysis found of the results found out that there is a clear difference between the four arguments in protecting the industries (Panagariya, 2011).The labor argument is different from infant industry argument in the way that it mostly concentrates on labor productivity of workers. While the later, emphasizes the protection of young industries as they do not have enough economies of scale as compared to the older firms (Luttmere t al,2011). Conclusion Therearesomanyargumentsthatsupportprotectionofindustrieslikethe Environment protection Argument and the Unsafe Consumer Products Argument(Saez and
3 GLOBAL ECONOMICS Emmanuel, 2010). In most cases they are industry based on environmental concerns, competition and security. Most developing countries use the infant industry argument to be more efficient in protecting their young industries. Finally, protection for industries isn good and countries should always select the most appropriate argument to use. Lessons learned and recommendations The researcher learnt some new things like new arguments for industry protection such as the Environment Protection Argument. New skills of research about industry protection were acquired by the researcher. Finally, the researcher would recommend that all nations should protect their infant industries so as boast domestic production. Quantitative Analysis The graph below shows the supply and demand for a good that is both domestically produced and imported. The figure shows the supply (S) and demand (D) curve for a good which is produced domestically and imported. The supply curve is the at price Pw which is the horizontal line. Supposing the producers are willing to supply Q1 then the domestic demand is Q2. The difference between the supply and the demand as Q1-Q2 will be the imports (Panagariya, 2011). The effects of a tariff of a small country on the world prices Q2* price Quantity S D Pw Pt Q1Q1*Q2
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4 GLOBAL ECONOMICS When the tariffs are incurred, imported goods become more expensive to purchase. With this increase, the domestically produced goods will have a price increase to compensate the increased competition. As result, consumers in the domestic country will pay higher prices. The figure below illustrates the effects of the world trade with the presence of tariffs (Panagariya, 2011). Income distribution effects Income distribution effect shows how total Gross Domestic Product of a nation is distributed among the citizens of that country. The Lorenz curve helps to explain the distribution of income of individuals within the same society (Suranovic, 2016). Resource allocation effects price Quantity SL DL 0.25 0.45 30 70
5 GLOBAL ECONOMICS Resource allocation effect can simply mean how factors of production say capital and labor are equally distributed amongst producers. Resource allocation effect can lead to changes in allocation of resources due to imposing taxes on any economic activity (Tejvan, 2010). Domestic production and consumption effects Consumption affects results from the change of consumption bundles as a result of either an increase or a decrease in the price of the commodity. For example, an increase in the priceofagood,reducesthepurchasingpoweroftheindividualshencechangein consumption (Blomquist and Selin, 2010). Government revenue effects Government revenue effects refer to generation of revenues from different entities. The collection of revenues is carried out by the government to facilitate its operations (Hines andJames, 2010). Price of the good effects This results from the effect that occurs on the good as its price changes. The nature of the good asa resultof price willcause the price effectphenomenon. For example, complementary goods have cross elasticity of negative (Hines and James, 2010).
6 GLOBAL ECONOMICS References Arvind Panagariya. (2011). A Re-examination of the infant Industry Argument for Protection. Margin- The Journal of Applied Economics Research. SAGE Publications, London. Vol 5 (1): 7-30. Retrieved from:http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/097380101000500102 Darren Halpin, Carsten Daugbjerg and Yonatan Schvartzman. (2011). Interest-group capacities and infantindustrydevelopment:State-sponsoredgrowthinorganicfarming.International PoliticalScienceReview.SAGEpublications,universityofLondon.Retrieved from:http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0192512110372435 Hines and James. R. (2010). "Treasure Islands."Journal of Economic Perspectives. Department of Economics,UniversityofMichiganLawSchoolUniversityofMichiganLawSchool ScholarshipRepository.Vol24(4):103–26.Retrieved from:https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1716&context=articles Irwin and Douglas. A. (2010). "Trade Restrictiveness and Deadweight Losses from US Tariffs." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, London University 2(3): 111–33. Retrieved from:https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/docs/TRI.pdf Luttmer, Erzo F. P., and Monica Singhal. (2011). "Culture, Context, and the Taste for Redistribution." American EconomicJournal: EconomicPolicy,universityof London. Vol3(1): 157– 79.Retrieved from:http://users.nber.org/~luttmer/cultureandredistribution.pdf Steve Suranovic, (2016). International Finance: Introductory Finance Issues: Current Patterns, Past History and International Institutions. Flat World. Washington University (GW). Retrieved from:http://scholar.flatworldknowledge.com/books/26/preview Stacey Frederick, (2009). Review and Analysis of Protectionist Actions in the Textile & Apparel Industries. Department of Sociology, Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness, Duke
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7 GLOBAL ECONOMICS University.Retrievedfrom:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/ Resources/239054-1239120299171/5998577-1244842549684/6205205-1247069686974/ Frederick_Gereffi.pdf Sallee and James.M,(2011). "The Surprising Incidence of Tax Credits for the Toyota Prius." American Economic Journal:Economic Policy. Vol 3(2): 189–219. Retrieved from: https://nature.berkeley.edu/~sallee/sallee-aej.pdf Saez and Emmanuel. (2010). "Do Taxpayers Bunch at Kink Points?"American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, School of Economic,London University. Vol 2(3): 180–212. Retrieved from: https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/saezAEJ10bunching.pdf S. Blomquist, and H. Selin, (2010). Hourly wage rate and taxable labor income responsiveness to changes in marginal tax rates.Journal of Public Economics. University of London. Vol 94 878–889. Retrieved from: http://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7321/papers/blomquist%20selin%202010.pdf Tejvan, (2010). Effects of tariffs:Economics, Helping to Simply Economics. Department of economics, university of Oxford. Retrieved from:https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/tariffs/