Taxation Law

This document provides answers to questions related to taxation law. It discusses topics such as capital gains from antique paintings, historical sculpture, antique jewellery, and pictures. It also covers personal services income and interest income. The document includes relevant rules, examples, and case studies.

Running head: TAXATION LAW
Taxation Law
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Authors Note
Course ID

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Table of Contents
Answer to question 1:...................................................................................................2
Answer to question 2:...................................................................................................3
Answer to question 3:...................................................................................................4
References:..................................................................................................................6

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Answer to question 1:
Capital gains from antique paintings:
“Sec 100-25(1), ITA Act 97” restricts the assets based on which the capital
gains tax regimes are applied for the assets those are acquired on or following the
20/9/85. It is noteworthy to understand that the up to 21 sep 1999 only real gains
were considered for tax under the regimes of CGT (Lawrence 2019). Assets that are
purchased after the 20/9/85 is regarded as post-CGT asset where capital gains tax is
applied. Notably, if the assets are purchased before 20/9/85 then it is treated as pre-
CGT asset and no capital gains tax is imposed when making capital gains.
Helen sells the painting which her father has purchased in February 1985.
She disposed it on 2018 for $12,000. By selling the painting she made capital gains.
As noted the painting is the pre-CGT asset and the capital gains that she has made
will be exempted from the capital gains.
Capital gains from historical sculpture:
Under “s 104-10(1), ITAA 1997” a CGT event A1 happens when the capital
gains are made. Collectables should be referred as the asset that is defined in
“s108-10, ITAA 97”. Assets such as rare stamps, artworks in the form of paintings
and sculptures, antiques usually held as collectables (O’Connell 2017). These assets
are under the passion of taxpayers for their private use purpose. One must denote
that the “s6-10” considers the capital gains as the statutory income which is a
taxable under “s102-5(1)”.
So as the situation unfolds it is noticed that historical sculpture that was
purchased in 2018 was sold for $6,000. The piece of sculpture was purchased in
1993 for $5,500. So when disposing the sculpture, it led to CGT event A1 under
“s104-10(1), ITAA 97”. The sculpture is a collectable defined in “s108-10, ITAA
97”. When she sold the sculpture a capital gains happened and the capital gains
should be denoted as statutory income for Helen which is which is a taxable under
“s102-5(1)”.
Capital gains from antique jewellery:
A noteworthy discussion has been made under the “s108-10(1)” concerning
the collectables (Evans and Krever 2017). This includes that the capital loss that is
made from the collectables are required to be solely offset from the capital gains of
other collectables.
An attention-grabbing situation develops for Helen when the antiques
jewellery that she purchased by paying a price of $14,000 only got $13,000 upon
selling the same. Therefore, the jewellery is treated as collectables under “s108-10,
ITAA 97”. So the jewellery has fetched loss for Helen. Referring to the special rules
given in “s108-10 (1)”, for collectables capital loss that is made from the jewellery
are required to be solely offset from the capital gains of sculpture.
Capital gains from picture:
A CGT asset under “s108-20” is also treated as the personal use asset that
is largely kept by the taxpayer for their personal use and enjoyment but it is different
from the collectables. The capital gains that is made from personal use asset that

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was purchased for $10,000 or less under “s118-10(3)”, must be ignored. The picture
that Helen sold in July 2018 is a personal use asset (Dabner 2015). The picture was
originally purchased by paying $470 but sold at a gain of $5,000. Under the special
rules of “s108-20” the capital gains made from the sale of picture should simply be
ignored by Helen because the cost base is lower than 10k.
Answer to question 2:
Issues:
Are the monies that is earned from the personal services will be considered
as the ordinary income under the legislative provision of “s6.5, ITA Act 1997”.
Rule:
As per the “s6-5, ITAA 1997” the assessable income of the taxpayer includes
the income earned from the ordinary meanings. The legislation does not provide any
kind of definite explanation regarding the income from the ordinary concepts. The
payments are received by the taxpayer from the private exertion may be considered
taxable reliant upon the actualities of the specific case. In “Eisner v Macomber
(1920)” the court of law held that income might be treated as the gain that is earned
from the capital or from labour or might possess both the labor and capital ( Ioannou
2017). As a general rule, income is regularly treated as flow from the capital asset
and may be viewed as the element of personal exertion.
The remuneration that is received from the employee can be treated as the
instances of receipt of income. The example of the case of “Dean & Anor v FCT
(1997)” should be referred that portrayed the character of retention payment that
was given to the employees in an organization with the objective of remaining
employed following the company was acquired (Prince 2016). The payment that was
given to the employee in the form of salary or wages must be viewed as the
remuneration for the services rendered and obviously had the character of income.
The notion that the rewards that are received for the services rendered are
treated as income in character is also exemplified in “FC of T v Brent (1971)”. In
this case the payments that was received by the taxpayer upon granting the media

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organization with the right of printing and publishing the story in the newspaper
article was held as income (Boccabella 2015). The taxpayer formed the agreement
of entering into the transaction of providing her personal service by appearing in the
interview with the journalist. The taxpayer in this case did not disposed the capital
asset neither had the taxpayer assigned any kind of copyright of the manuscript that
was in fact produced by the journalist. The taxpayer was clearly paid for her services
and the payment must be treated as income under ordinary concepts.
Applications:
The case here clearly explains that Barbara is a professional economist and
primarily engaged in the work of research. With vast amount of knowledge in
economics she is approached by a publisher who asked Barbara to share her
knowledge by writing a book in economics. The publisher offered $13,000 to Barbara
to write the book and she eventually wrote the book on economics. She was
successfully paid by the publisher for writing book.
The example of “Brent v FCT (1971)” must be citied in this situation. The
monies that is received by Barbara from writing the book is a personal exertion
income under “s6(1), ITAA 1936”. The amount was paid to her because it involved
her personal efforts. Barbara entered into the agreement with the publisher pursuant
to which she was duly paid as the consideration for making herself available for
writing the book. The amount will be treated as the reward for her services and must
be assessed consequently.
Secondly, Barbara assigns the copyright of the book that she had written. The
publisher in return paid her with the amount of $13,400. Reference here must be
essentially made to the case of “Dean & Anor v FCT (1997)” by explaining that the
amount of selling the copyright cannot be viewed as the disposal of capital asset.
Rather the payments are for the services that Barbara has rendered (Strano and
Pinto 2016). The amount received in exchange must be considered taxable as
income under “s6.5, ITA Act 1997”.
She sells the manuscript and the interview manuscript to the library and she
was paid in return by the library. In this situation references to court’s verdict made in
“Eisner v Macomber (1920)” can be referred to treat the payment. The monies
received from selling the manuscripts should be treated as income that is earned
from the combination of capital and effort. It is a product of Barbara’s personal
exertion income and taxable under “s6-5, ITAA 1997”.
In the turn of events if the books are alternatively written by Barbara as her
relaxation time and simply selling it in the market for the publication purpose the
money that will be earned from the book publication should be viewed as personal
efforts or exertion income. The money will be considered ordinary income under
“s6.5, ITA Act 1997”.
Conclusion:
The aforementioned case of Barbara can be concluded by stating that she
has been rewarded for her personal service income and it is taxable as the ordinary
earnings which is taxable under “s6-5, ITAA 1997”.
Answer to question 3:
Issues:

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Is the interest that is earned from the loan amounts to income under the
statutory concepts of s6-25?
Rule:
The rule that is given in the “s6-5, ITAA 97” explains that the income that is
earned by the taxpayer must be viewed under the ordinary meaning and should be
considered taxable accordingly (Voogt 2019). It is necessary to characterise the
gains as income in terms of the ordinary concepts. Gains needs the characterisation
of the courts to ascertain that if the gain possess the nature of income. the taxpayer
should also denote that the receipts will not be held as the ordinary earnings except
it satisfies the eligibility of the prerequisites. This mainly includes that it must be cash
or should amount to a real gain for the taxpayer.
Most notably the gains should not be viewed as ordinary income if it not
convertible in to cash. The decision of the high court in the example of “Mayes v
Hochstrasser (1960)” denoted that receipts should not be viewed as the genuine
gain if it does not meet the concepts of ordinary income (Tran 2015). Provided that
the prerequisite of the income is met by the taxpayer then the gains is treated as the
ordinary income because it represents the satisfactory characteristics of income.
The taxpayers are also required to denote that the gains which are very much
in the nature of periodic or regular then they would most likely have the
characteristics of ordinary income than those gains that are received as the lump
sum. However, an instance that was denote in the case of “FCT v Harris (1980)”
explained that the one-off receipts cannot be treated as the ordinary income (Chan
2016).
Evidently, it must be noted that the lump sum gains might be treated as the
ordinary earrings. The examples of such receipts include the singe receipt of interest
that is received by the taxpayer under the agreement of loan.
Application:
By gauging into the situation of Patrick’s case study, one can understand that
he loaned a sum of $52,000 during the year to his son David as the assistance for
his fresh start-up company. There was no such kind of written contract between the
father and the son but there verbally it was agreed that the son would be repaying
the full amount of loan to his father inside the time period of five years (McKenzie
2018). Beside paying the principle loan amount the son was required by his father to
pay a sum of $6,000 as the interest on loan. The loan was duly paid in full inside two
years through cheque which also contained an amount of 5% as the interest on loan.
By referring to the example of “Mayes v Hochstrasser (1960)” the receipt of
interest by father must be viewed as the real gain. The amount of interest satisfies
both the prerequisite of income and it is also convertible in to cash as well ( Mintz et
al. 2017). Though the amount was paid as the lump sum but the single mode of
payment of interest with the loan principle amount with respect to the loan
agreement must be considered as income. The interest that is received shows
adequate characteristics of the gain and it is taxable under statutory income under
legislative provision of “s6-25, ITAA 1997”.
Conclusion:

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The interest loan has been considered as the statutory income for Patrick.
The amount will be treated as real gain for Patrick.

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References:
Boccabella, D., 2015. Reconciling the overlap of charging provisions in regard to
non-cash benefits from employment, personal exertion and business. J. Austl.
Tax'n, 17, p.85.
Chan, C., 2016. A case for statutory simplification. Tax Specialist, 19(3), p.118.
Dabner, J., 2015. Tax Simplification–An Accident Looking for a Place to
Happen?. Available at SSRN 2707910.
Evans, C. and Krever, R., 2017. Taxing Capital Gains: A Comparative Analysis and
Lessons for New Zealand.
Ioannou, J., 2017. Income from property, partnerships and planning. Taxation in
Australia, 52(4), p.198.
Lawrence, S., 2019. Separate SMSFs for collectables. Taxation in Australia, 53(9),
p.480.
McKenzie, M., 2018. The erosion of minimum wage policy in Australia and labour's
shrinking share of total income. Journal of Australian Political Economy, The, (81),
p.52.
Mintz, J., Bazel, P., Chen, D. and Crisan, D., 2017. With global company tax reform
in the air, will Australia finally respond?. Minerals Council of Australia, Melbourne,
Australia, March.
O’Connell, A., 2017. Australia. In Capital Gains Taxation. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Prince, J.B., 2016. Tax for Australians for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons.
Strano, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. A comparative analysis of Australian and Hong Kong
retirement systems. eJTR, 14, p.34.
Tran, A., 2015. Can taxable income be estimated from financial reports of listed
companies in Australia. Austl. Tax F., 30, p.569.
Voogt, T., 2019. Income tax and trust law perspectives of the practical disregard of
legal form in discretionary family trading trusts.