Taxation Law

This document provides answers to various questions related to taxation law. It covers topics such as depreciating assets, tax offsets, tax rates, private use assets, CGT events, deductions, losses, and more. The document also includes calculations for capital gains tax. Subject: Taxation Law, Course Code: N/A, Course Name: N/A, College/University: N/A, Document Type: Study Material, Assignment Type: N/A

Running head: TAXATION LAW
Taxation Law
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Authors Note
Course ID

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Table of Contents
Answer to question 1:.................................................................................................................3
Answer A:..............................................................................................................................3
Answer B:...............................................................................................................................3
Answer C:...............................................................................................................................3
Answer D:..............................................................................................................................3
Answer E:...............................................................................................................................4
Answer F:...............................................................................................................................4
Answer G:..............................................................................................................................4
Answer H:..............................................................................................................................5
Answer I:................................................................................................................................5
Answer to question 2:.................................................................................................................5
Answer to A:..........................................................................................................................5
Answer to B:..........................................................................................................................6
Answer to C:..........................................................................................................................6
Answer to D:..........................................................................................................................7
Answer to E:...........................................................................................................................7
Answer to question 3:.................................................................................................................8
Answer A:..............................................................................................................................8
Answer B:...............................................................................................................................8
Answer C:...............................................................................................................................9

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Answer D:............................................................................................................................10
Answer to question 4:...............................................................................................................10
Answer A:............................................................................................................................10
Answer B:.............................................................................................................................11
Answer C:.............................................................................................................................11
Answer D:............................................................................................................................12
Answer E:.............................................................................................................................12
Answer to question 5:...............................................................................................................12
Issues:...................................................................................................................................12
Laws:....................................................................................................................................13
Application:..........................................................................................................................14
Conclusion:..........................................................................................................................15
References:...............................................................................................................................16

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Answer to question 1:
Answer A:
Under the Taxation Ruling of TR 2018/14 the topic relating to a depreciating assets
effective life has been discussed within the legislation of “section 40-100, ITAA 1997”.
Answer B:
Details regarding the availability of the tax offset has been given under the “Division
13 of the ITAA 1997”1.
Answer C:
According to the ATO the highest amount of tax rate that is applied on the resident
tax payer for the year 2018-19 includes 54,097 + 45c for each $1 above $180,000.
Answer D:
“Section 108-20 (2)” defines the private use asset as something that is used for
private use satisfaction exclusive of the land and building. Any kind of capital gains that are
made from the private use asset that is bought for $10,000 or less must be disregarded under
the “section 118-10 (3), ITAA 1997”.
Answer E:
Under the “section 104-15 (1) of the ITAA 1997” the CGT events B1 happens when
a taxpayer enters into the covenant with the another entity on the conditions which includes2;
1 Gordon, Roger H. "The Rise of the Value-Added Tax. Cambridge Tax Law series." (2016):
243-246.
2 Lang, Michael, et al., eds. Introduction to European tax law on direct taxation. Linde
Verlag GmbH, 2018.

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a. The right of using the CGT asset that is owned by a person is passed to another entity
b. It also includes the title that are present in the asset will or might pass to another
entity at or prior to the conclusion of the agreement.
Answer F:
As it has been explained in “section 4-10 of the ITAA 1997” an individual taxpayer is
under obligation of paying tax each year. Additionally, in “section 4-10 (3), ITAA 1997” a
formula has been given for calculating the amount of income tax payable. The formula
includes;
Income tax = [Taxable Income x Rate] – Tax Offsets
Answer G:
As held in the case of “FC of T v Day 2008 ATC 20-064” the public servant was the
officer and the application of “section 8-1, ITAA 1997” was made relating to the deduction
of the legal expenditure which the taxpayer incurred because of numerous charges against
him3. The court held that the charges against the public servant was because of his own
consequences and hence the legal expenditure were not permissible for deductions in
“section 8-1 of ITAA 1997”.
Answer H:
The difference between the marginal and average tax is given below
a. The marginal tax is regarded as the amount that is paid on the additional dollar of
income. The average tax is paid as the percentage of an individual’s taxable income
that is effectively paid as tax.
3 Pogge, Thomas, and Krishen Mehta, eds. Global tax fairness. Oxford University Press,
2016.

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b. The average tax rate represents the total amount of tax divided by the total earnings.
While the marginal tax is regarded as the incremental tax that is paid with the rise on
income.
Answer I:
The consumption tax is paid on the consumption spending of goods and services. The
tax base of such kind of tax is the amount of money that is spend on the consumption. It is
worth mentioning that consumption tax is indirect tax namely the sales tax and value added
tax.
Answer to question 2:
Answer to A:
As defined in the “Section 8-1, ITAA 1997” there are two positive limbs where the
taxpayer can obtain deduction4. This implies that a person can be entitled to allowable
deductions for the loss or outgoings that are incurred in generating the taxable earnings and
the outgoings that a taxpayer occurs in deriving his business income. The federal
commissioner in “Ronpibon Tin NL v FCT (1949)” held that the expenses are only
permitted for tax deduction when the outgoings are relevant in producing assessable income.
As understood Brett took out a loan against his home so that he can be pay the wages
of his employees. Referring to the case of “Ronpibon Tin NL v FCT (1949)” the interest on
loan that is occurred is permissible for deduction under “section 8-1, ITAA 1997” for the
reason that it is relevant in producing assessable income5.
4 Motro, Shari. "The Income Tax Map: A Bird's-eye View of Federal Income Taxation for
Law Students." (2016): 1.
5 Gordon, Robert N. "REIT and MLP Taxation Under the New Tax Law." Journal of
Taxation of Investments 35.4 (2018).

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Answer to B:
A taxpayer is usually permissible to get deduction for most of the business outlays. If
the expenditure having the mix of both the business and private use, then only the taxpayers
are allowable to get deduction for the portion of expenses that is associated to business. Julie
incurred an outgoing of $500 on mobile phone charges6. A portion of 60% calls are for
business purpose while the left over remains private use of mobile phone. Julie can only
claim business portion of mobile phone expenses as the expenses is associated to business
and derivation of assessable income.
Answer to C:
Taxpayers must denote that expenses of domestic or private character is not
deductible because if fails meet the positive limbs or non-deductible under the second
negative limbs of “section 8-1 (2(b)”. The federal commissioner conclusion in “Lodge v
FCT (1972)” held that the child care expenses was not allowed for deduction because these
are not relevant and incidental to the production of taxable income7.
Sally here occurs an expense of $1,200 where she is required to pay for her babysitter
so that her children can be looked after while she is attending work. Stating to conclusion
made in “Lodge v FCT (1972)” babysitter expenses is not permissible for deduction in the
second negative limbs of “section 8-1 (2(b)” because these are not appropriate and
supplementary to the production of taxable income.
6 Buenker, John D. The Income Tax and the Progressive Era. Routledge, 2018.
7 Morini, Matteo, and Simone Pellegrino. "Personal income tax reforms: A genetic algorithm
approach." European Journal of Operational Research 264.3 (2018): 994-1004.

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Answer to D:
Losses to the financial resources of the taxpayer that are diminished are permissible
for deduction under the provision of “section 8-1, ITAA 1997”. The federal commissioner
decision in “Charles Moore & Co Pty Ltd v FCT (1956)” explained that loss of financial
resources in the form of money stolen was permitted as deduction.
Similarly, the loss of $20,000 stole goods by the long term employee of Jerry should
be considered as the losses to the financial resources for Jerry that are diminished. Stating the
commissioner decision in “Charles Moore & Co Pty Ltd v FCT (1956)” the theft of $20,000
is an allowable deduction under provision of “section 8-1, ITAA 1997”.
Answer to E:
Conferring to the common provision of “section 8-1, ITAA 1997” expenditure that
are introductory to the start of revenue making acts or business is regarded as not occurred in
the course of such activity and hence non-deductible8. The federal commissioner judgement
in “FCT v Maddelena (1971)” held that expenditure to obtain new employment is not related
to generation of assessable income. The taxpayer was denied deduction for travel expense to
obtain new employment as it occurred at a point too soon.
The costs incurred in contesting the local government election is not allowable for
deduction under the common provision of “section 8-1, ITAA 1997” because they are
preliminary to income producing activities and not in the course of producing taxable
earning. The expenses were incurred at a point too soon9.
8 Butler, Daniel. "Who can provide taxation advice?." Taxation in Australia 53.7 (2019): 381.
9 Barkoczy, Stephen, Foundations Of Taxation Law 2014

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Answer to question 3:
Answer A:
As per the ATO CGT event F2 happens when the long term lease is renewed or
granted by the taxpayers. When the CGT event F2 is applied when the land owner is grants
any kind of sub-lease of land. Under such situations no CGT discount is provided to the
taxpayers.
A land is owned by Andy where he grants a five-year lease of the land on the
premium amount of $5,000. The Lease which is granted by Andy for a five-year period has
gave rise to CGT event F2 and as a result no CGT discount is applicable for Andy.
Answer B:
Where any kind of use and enjoyment of title is passed to another person then a CGT
event B1 transpires. Where the title of CGT asset title is passed and any capital gains thereof
following the subtraction of acquisition cost will result in CGT event B1. The use and
enjoyment of asset only happens when the title of the asset that is passed to another owner
and the person is allowed to deriving profits and rent the land10. Similarly, in the case of Farm
Ltd, the taxpayer was granted with an option of purchasing the farm for an amount of
$800,000. The grant of option gives rise to CGT event B1 and as result John can apply for the
CGT discount until the title of the asset is passed.
Answer C:
Main residence is exempt from CGT. Though, a taxpayer is only allowed to get main
residence exception when the property is not used for producing income. however, on using
10 Grange, Janet, Geralyn A Jover-Ledesma and Gary L Maydew, 2014 Principles Of
Business Taxation

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the property for producing income then an individual is permissible to get partial main
residence exemption11.
A property was purchased by Jamie and Olivia which they rented out for two years.
However, from the year 2008, the property was used as main residence by Jamie and Olivia
before it was finally sold in 2018. As the property was used by Jamie and Olivia for making
income. They can only get partial main house exemption and a 50% CGT discount is
applicable in this case.
Answer D:
Particulars Amount (AUD$) Amount (AUD$)
Proceeds from the sale of BHP Shares (CGT Event A1 (section 104-10(1)) 18,720.00$
Element 1: Cost of Acquisition (section 110-25(1)) 5,400.00$
Taxable Capital gains 13,320.00$
Proceeds from the sale of Wesfarmers Shares (CGT Event A1 (section 104-
10(1)) 10,500.00$
Element 1: Cost of Acquisition (section 110-25(1)) 26,000.00$
Loss on Sale -15,500.00$
Net capital loss -2,180.00$
Calculation of Capital Gains Tax
In the Books of Chris
For the year ended 2019
A capital gain of $13,320 is derived from the sale of BHP shares however the
Wesfarmers shares resulted in capital loss of $15,500. The assets were not held for 12 months
from the date when it was purchased. Therefore, no CGT discount can be applied by Chris
and he can only include the sum of $13,320 into his taxable income. While the capital loss
from Wesfarmers shares should be carried forward to the next year.
11 Gashenko, Irina V., Yuliya S. Zima, and Armenak V. Davidyan. "Principles and Methods
of Taxation." Optimization of the Taxation System: Preconditions, Tendencies and
Perspectives. Springer, Cham, 2019. 33-39.

10TAXATION LAW
Answer to question 4:
Answer A:
The federal commissioner in “Moore v Griffiths (1972)” held that the simple prize
should not be considered as income12. However, it is treated as income where there is
sufficient link with income earning events of taxpayer. The federal commissioner in “FCT v
Stone (2005)” held that the taxpayer was assessable for the prize winnings because it was
connected to her revenue making activities.
The prize winnings for being the best advertisement of the year will be considered.
The amount of $2,000 constitute taxable income under the ordinary concepts of “section 6-5,
ITAA 1997” because it is associated to the income producing activities of the taxpayer.
Answer B:
Where an employee is reimbursed for the expenditure occurred is not regarded as
income. It should be noted that the employee here incurred an expenditure of $500 for
travelling to Sydney was related to work13. But the employee only occurred an amount of
$120 for the whole trip. As a result, the remaining amount of $380 will be regarded as gain to
the employee and the sum will be treated as income in the ordinary conceptions of “section
6-5, ITAA 1997”.
Answer C:
Gains that are simple gifts received by the individual taxpayer should be treated as
having the nature of income. Similarly, the federal court decision in “Hayes v FCT (1956)”
12 Jover-Ledesma, Geralyn, Principles Of Business Taxation 2015 (Cch Incorporated, 2014)
13 Kenny, Paul, Australian Tax 2013 (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013)

11TAXATION LAW
receipt of gift in the form of shares in the company by the previous employer was not treated
as having the character of income14.
The taxpayer here is given a gift of iphone by a client that amounted to $1000.
Mentioning the decision in “Hayes v FCT (1956)” the amount will be considered as gift
which is not a taxable income.
Answer D:
As defined under the “paragraph 118-37 (1), (b), ITAA 1997” if a taxpayer receives
a personal injury claim and they agree to the settlement or the court orders in the favour of
taxpayer, then the taxpayer may receive the compensation payment in the form of periodic or
lump sum15. Such kind of payment are not considered for tax because it does not amount to
income.
In the present case, the taxpayer is given a personal injury compensation of $10,000
suffered from the car accident. Under the provision of “paragraph 118-37 (1), (b), ITAA
1997” the payment of $10,000 are not considered for tax because it does not amount to
income.
Answer E:
The taxpayer here is the owner of shares that were purchased for a cost of $5. While
on 30th June, the taxpayer still owned the shares which is presently trending at greater than
the acquisition price of $7.50. The taxpayer in this circumstances is anticipating to earn
14 Krever, Richard E, Australian Taxation Law Cases 2014
15 Miller, Angharad, and Lynne Oats. Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury
Publishing, 2016.

12TAXATION LAW
income in the future period and the anticipated income here can be considered very remote to
the current income year. Therefore, the income is not yet earned by the taxpayer since the
shares are yet to be sold.
Answer to question 5:
Issues:
Whether or not an individual that moves to Australia for academic studies will be
considered as the Australian occupant underneath the legislation of “section 6 (1), ITAA
1936”.
Laws:
An Australian inhabitant is defined underneath “section 6 (1), ITAA 1997” as
someone that has the house in Australia, excluding when the tax representative of taxation is
gratified that the individual’s enduring home is not in Australia16. The definition of resident
lists down certain test which a person should meet in order to be held as Australian occupant.
As per the reside test an individual is regarded as Australian resident if a person has been
residing here for a substantial period. Factors such as the physical time spend in Australia and
the objective of visiting Australia is also important.
The Domicile Test under the Domicile Act 1982 explains that an individual is an
inhabitant of Australia if they are making their home in Australia until a person can
demonstrate the official that the person has the enduring place of house out of Australia. The
16 Morgan, Annette, Colleen Mortimer and Dale Pinto, A Practical Introduction To Australian
Taxation Law (CCH Australia, 2013)

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court of law in “Applegate v FCT (1979)” held that the permanent does not implies forever
and residency status is determined every year17.
The 183-day test is another test of deciding residency status. As per this test a person
within the meaning of “section 6 (1), ITAA 1997” explains that a person is regarded as
Australian resident for tax purpose if they are physically present in Australia either on
uninterrupted basis or occasionally for at least of 183 days or half of the income year18.
Therefore, on meeting any of the above test a person will be treated as Australian
occupant within the sense of “section 6 (1), ITAA 1997”.
Application:
Nisu migrated from Nepal to Australia on 30th December 2018 to get herself enrolled
in the CQU campus in Sydney. Her original intention was to study here for three years. Nisu
also took the part-time employment in the bookshop and she also joined the local soccer
team. However, due to unforeseen circumstances she had to withdraw from studies and
returned to Nepal.
With respect to the ordinary concept test Nisu is not an Australian resident because
she was not residing here in australia for a considerable period of time and this factor cannot
be considered alone to determine residency status. While under the Domicile Test it can be
stated that Nisu came to Australia with the ultimate intention of living here for living here
17 Gordon, Roger H. "The Rise of the Value-Added Tax. Cambridge Tax Law series." (2016):
243-246.
18 Morgan, Annette, and Donovan Castelyn. "Taxation Education in Secondary Schools." J.
Australasian Tax Tchrs. Ass'n 13 (2018): 307.

14TAXATION LAW
three years. Additionally, she also got a part time employment and joined the local soccer
team. This reflects her durability of association with Australia19. Furthermore, her behaviour
reflected a period of continuity which was consistent to be held as Australian resident. Nisu
from the arrival had the intention of living here in Australia. Stating federal court decision in
“FCT v Applegate (1979)” Nisu should be considered as the Australian resident under the
domicile Test as she has met the criteria of Domicile Act 1982.
Apart from this, she has been present in Australia for more than one half of the
income year commencing from the period 30th December to 30th June 2019. As a result, Nisu
also meets the criteria of 183 days and hence she is an Australian resident under section 6 (1),
ITAA 199720.
Conclusion:
The above stated residency test confirms that Nisu is an Australian resident as she has
met the criteria listed under the Domicile Test and 183-day test. Therefore, she is an
Australian resident under “section 6 (1), ITAA 1997”.
19 Sadiq, Kerrie and Cynthia Coleman, Principles Of Taxation Law 2013 (Lawbook
Co./Thomson Reuters, 2013)
20 Sadiq, Kerrie, Principles Of Taxation Law 2014

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References:
Barkoczy, Stephen, Foundations Of Taxation Law 2014
Buenker, John D. The Income Tax and the Progressive Era. Routledge, 2018.
Butler, Daniel. "Who can provide taxation advice?." Taxation in Australia 53.7 (2019): 381.
Gashenko, Irina V., Yuliya S. Zima, and Armenak V. Davidyan. "Principles and Methods of
Taxation." Optimization of the Taxation System: Preconditions, Tendencies and Perspectives.
Springer, Cham, 2019. 33-39.
Gordon, Robert N. "REIT and MLP Taxation Under the New Tax Law." Journal of Taxation
of Investments 35.4 (2018).
Gordon, Roger H. "The Rise of the Value-Added Tax. Cambridge Tax Law series." (2016):
243-246.
Grange, Janet, Geralyn A Jover-Ledesma and Gary L Maydew, 2014 Principles Of Business
Taxation
Jover-Ledesma, Geralyn, Principles Of Business Taxation 2015 (Cch Incorporated, 2014)
Kenny, Paul, Australian Tax 2013 (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013)
Krever, Richard E, Australian Taxation Law Cases 2014
Lang, Michael, et al., eds. Introduction to European tax law on direct taxation. Linde Verlag
GmbH, 2018.
Miller, Angharad, and Lynne Oats. Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury
Publishing, 2016.

16TAXATION LAW
Morgan, Annette, and Donovan Castelyn. "Taxation Education in Secondary Schools." J.
Australasian Tax Tchrs. Ass'n 13 (2018): 307.
Morgan, Annette, Colleen Mortimer and Dale Pinto, A Practical Introduction To Australian
Taxation Law (CCH Australia, 2013)
Morini, Matteo, and Simone Pellegrino. "Personal income tax reforms: A genetic algorithm
approach." European Journal of Operational Research 264.3 (2018): 994-1004.
Motro, Shari. "The Income Tax Map: A Bird's-eye View of Federal Income Taxation for Law
Students." (2016): 1.
Pogge, Thomas, and Krishen Mehta, eds. Global tax fairness. Oxford University Press, 2016.
Sadiq, Kerrie and Cynthia Coleman, Principles Of Taxation Law 2013 (Lawbook
Co./Thomson Reuters, 2013)
Sadiq, Kerrie, Principles Of Taxation Law 2014
Woellner, R. H et al, Australian Taxation Law 2014