Taxation Theory, Practice and Law

This document discusses the concepts of taxation theory, practice, and law. It covers topics such as capital gain/loss, personal exertion income, and gift tax. The document provides explanations and examples for each topic. Course code: N/A, Course name: N/A, College/University: N/A

Taxation theory,
Practice and Law

Contents
Question 1..............................................................................................................................................3
Question 2..............................................................................................................................................7
Question 3..............................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................12

Question 1
When a taxpayer sells the asset at higher than the purchase amount then it take place
capital gain or loss. The variation between the buying cost and the selling price will be
term to be the capital gain (Dietschand Rixen, 2014). As per the question in the current
year, Helen sold out her assets. In case while selling out her assets, if the Helen come
up with capital gain then she will be liable to pay tax in the current financial year. This is
so because separate provision regarding capital gain tax is being maintained by the
Australian tax. Beside this, capital gain also leads towards shifting of tax burden to the
taxpayer. On the other hand, if by selling its asset, assessee possess capital loss then
such loss will be carried forward and will be managed or it can be said that such loss
will be set off with the capital gain in current year. Those assets which acquired after
20th September, 1985 will come under CGT tax. Beside this, rate for capital gain is also
not specified by the Australian income tax. But in case, if an assessee retain assets for
12 months or more, then its capital gain would be taxed by 23.5% (Vatn, 2015). Such
rate is being availed only if a discount aspect is being availed by assesse and if assets
are being retained for 12 months or more. Moreover, discount facility is not being
availed by those assesse who retained by assessee before 21st September, 1999.
Furthermore, indexation method is applied if the assesse make the purchase of an
asset before the aforementioned date. Beside this, assessee could make use of
indexation or discounted method for the purpose of calculation of capital gain income
only in case of assesse make purchase of asset before 21st September, 1999. Whereas
in case if assess hold assets for 12 or more than 12 months then neither the discounted
nor the indexation method could be applied. Thus, as per the question 1 all the assets

are being purchased before 21st September 1999, so in this case instead of discounted
methods, indexation method will be applied for calculating capital loss/gain and it is
being elaborated below:
Indexation method: By using this method, an assessee could easily calculate the
acquired assets value. In addition to this buying cost value in current market can also be
calculated. Thus by dividing quarter CPI in which asset is being purchased such factor
could be measured easily (Cooter and Ulen, 2016).
Therefore Helen each transaction is being examined below:
1. In first transaction Helen make purchased of an asses in February 1985 before
the applicability of Australian income tax authority. As the asset were purchased
before 20th September 1985, so it would be classified as Pre-CGT assets and
these are further classified under exempted assets. Thus, in such case no tax
will be charged on such assets by Australian income tax authority department.
2. In second transaction Helen made purchased of Historical sculpture before 21st
September 1999, but were sold for $6000 on 1 January, 2018. This in this case
only indexation method will be applied for measuring purchase price value not
the discounted method.
Particulars Amount $
Selling Price 6000
Purchased price 10120
Capital loss/gain (4120)
Working Note:

Cost of purchasing price were ascertain easily with the help of indexation methods as
through this acquisition cost were calculated.
Purchase Price cosy: .6/61.2= 1.838*5500=10120.
For $5500 assets were purchased on December 1993 and by using indexation method
acquisition cost were measured. Thus, it is being seen that selling price is less than
acquisition cost, as the product cost of acquisition were $10120, so it can be analysed
that there result a loss of $4120.
3. On October 1987 for $14,000 assess brought jewellery, so in this case
indexation method were applied for measuring capital gain value and thus,
calculation is being done below:
Particulars Amount $
Selling Price 13000
Purchased price 33117
Capital loss/gain (20117)
Working Note:
Acquisition cost of jewellery: 112.6 /47.6*13000=$33117.
Thus, the loss of transaction was of $ 20117.
4. A picture were bought by Helen for $ 470 on march 91987 and it was acquired
before 21st September 1999, so this case in order to measure capital loss/gain
indexation method were being applied
Particulars Amount $
Selling Price 5000

Purchased price 1177
Capital loss/gain 3822
Working Note:
Acquisition cost (Purchased price): 113.5/45.3*470=1177
As per the calculation the assets which were being acquired were of $470 and were
reached to $1177. Thus, further asset sold at $5000 which resulted in the form of capital
gain of $3822.
Overall it can be summarized that Helen had regularly suffered from loss in her first
three transactions, but in her last transaction she resulted in capital gain. Thus, the
losses incurred were set off with it its capital gain and the loss which left out were
carried out forward in next year’s. Therefore, given below is the summary of each
transaction.
Particular Amount $
1 Not calculated Exempted
2 Capital Loss (4120)
3. Capital Loss (20117)
4. Capital Gain 3822

Total capital
loss
(20415)
Question 2
As per the ITAA 1997 provision, Personal exertion income refers to the earned income
as per ITAA, 1997 Section 393(10). Given below are some the incomes which are being
treated as Ordinary income:
1. Subsidy or grant received
2. Wages and salary
3. Fees and commission
4. Income from business and profession
5. Income from disposed property
6. In capacity of workers, allowances earned by an assessee.
CASE 1:
First Payment:
As per the above mentioned clarification it is being cleared that income which is being
earned from personal skill, knowledge and expertise then such income will be
considered under personal exertion income not in capital gain/loss. So the income
earned of $13,400 by writing books from own personal skills will be said to be personal
exertion income. This explanation is being well supported by the case of ‘Brent v FCT
(1971) 125 CLR 418’ (Snape, 2015). In this case, an assessee sold out the copyright of
his own written book name ‘Husband story of life’ for which an assessee received
revenue. Such revenue will not be counted under the head of capital gain as it will be

counted under the head of personal exertion income, as by selling out own written book
which was published through own skills and effort will be considered as personal
income (Dafflon, 2015). Therefore, same case is being applied upon Barbara. Who sold
out its own written books and her income will not be considered under capital gain.
Second Payment
Barbara received $4350 for selling out its book name ‘Economics Principles’ to Eco
Books Ltd. Thus, such income received by Barbara will be considered under her
personal income from exertion. This statement has been made clear in the above
mentioned case of ‘Brent v FCT (1971) 125 CLR 418’ in which a lady rendered the right
to copy out her written book name ‘Husband story of life’ to newspaper agency
(Paolella and Durand, 2016).
Third payment
While collecting several interview manuscripts during writing of book name ‘Economics
Principles’, income received were of $3200 and it will be counted under the personal
exertion income heading. Thus, the income earned by Barbara for collecting
manuscripts which has helped her to write a book involves her own personal exertion;
Hence, it will be right to include such earned income under personal exertion ( Filatova,
2014).
CASE 2
If Barbara write her book before contract signing and sell it later on to Eco book
Ltd.

Whether Barbara write book before or after signing a contract does not matter, this is so
because still the income earned by Barbara will be from selling of her own personal
written book which she wrote from her own personal skills and knowledge. This in case
even the same case of ‘Brent v FCT (1971) 125 CLR 418’ will be applied and so the
income received by Barbara will term to be the personal exertion income not the capital
gain.
Question 3
In accordance to Australian gift tax, If any financial assistance is being provided by
parents to their daughter or son and they return to their parents back the money. Then
in that case the money received back by parents from son or daughter will be
considered as taxable income in the hands of parents.
Similarly Patrick has rendered a financial assistance help of $52,000 to his sons so that
son can start up his own new business. Later on after five years Patrick son returned
the excess payment to Patrick of $6000 ($58,000- $52,000) would be considered under
taxable income. This is so because the money rendered by Patrick was a loan to his
son not a gift (Pavkovic and Radan, 2016).
However, $52,000 will not be considered under assessable income of Patrick, but the
interest which is being earned by Patrick on $52,000 will be charged under taxable
income at the end of fifth year when he actually receives the full returned value from his
son. Thus, the excess income over $52,000 which the Patrick will get in the form of
interest from his son will be shown under taxable income heading as per the Australian
income tax authority department (Weber, 2014).

On the other hand after re-examining the above situation in which Patrick render loan
to his son without signing out any kind of contract nor demanding for any kind of
security and goes for simply verbal foregoing of interest income communication with
son. The in this case the repayment done by Patrick son to Patrick of $52,000 will not
be termed as taxable income for Patrick neither it will attract any kind of gift tax liability.
Whereas, the loan that were repaid by Patrick son after 2 years to Patrick with an
interest of $2400 (S6, 000/5*2) will be treated as taxable income in the hand of Patrick.
Thus, the excess income which is being earned by Patrick would be assessable under
tax after two years when Patrick actually receives the entire value from his son (Hanley,
Shogren and White, 2016).
Thus, in this case the most effective mode of payment will be cheque as it does not
affect upon the accessibility of income liability. Most important of all parties’ intention
matters a lot by the Australian income tax authority. Beside this gift tax liability also may
result in affecting the payment of pension which was received by parents and this would
result in the increment of assessable income of Patrick. Therefore gift tax liability can be
availed by Patrick to $10,000 per month or $30,000 per year whichever is term to be
less. Thus, in case if any payment or gift made exceed the set prescribed limit then it
would term as assessable income part of parent in an assessment year.

CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that the whole project is based on income
from personal exertion, capital gain provisions of income tax and other types of income.
In this report, three questions were covered up and related to Australian Income tax
Law. As in first question, it can be concluded that Helen, who is an assessee, suffer
from capital loss in her first three transactions and in last transaction she earned capital
gain. So, capital loss suffered by Helen were set off to the capital gain and the
remaining loss left were further transferred for next assessment year. In second
question, personal exertion income were discussed on the basis of case scenario
mentioned. Whereas, third question discussed about the Income Tax provisions which
are related to Gift Tax.

REFERENCES
Cooter, R. and Ulen, T., 2016. Law and economics. Addison-Wesley.
Dafflon, B., 2015. The assignment of functions to decentralized government: from
theory to practice. Handbook of multilevel finance, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp.163-
199.
Dietsch, P. and Rixen, T., 2014. Tax competition and global background justice. Journal
of political philosophy, 22(2), pp.150-177.
Filatova, T., 2014. Market-based instruments for flood risk management: a review of
theory, practice and perspectives for climate adaptation policy. Environmental science
& policy, 37, pp.227-242.
Hanley, N., Shogren, J.F. and White, B., 2016. Environmental economics: in theory and
practice. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Paolella, L. and Durand, R., 2016. Category spanning, evaluation, and performance:
Revised theory and test on the corporate law market. Academy of Management
Journal, 59(1), pp.330-351.
Pavkovic, A. and Radan, P., 2016. Creating new states: theory and practice of
secession. Routledge.
Snape, J., 2015. Tax law: Complexity, politics and policymaking. Social & Legal
Studies, 24(2), pp.155-163.
Vatn, A., 2015. Markets in environmental governance. From theory to
practice. Ecological Economics, 117, pp.225-233.

Weber, R., 2014. Tax increment financing in theory and practice. In Financing economic
development in the 21st century (pp. 297-315). Routledge.