Calculation of Capital Gains Tax

The provided content discusses the concept of capital gain tax in the UK, specifically highlighting its computation and applicability. The assignment content presents two case studies: one for Juliet, a self-employed consultant, and another for Care Trust, a non-profit organization. Both cases demonstrate how to calculate capital gains and taxes using the straight-line method of depreciation. The content also touches upon the importance of understanding taxation systems to ensure proper tax obligation payment.

TAXATION
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Describe the UK tax environment..........................................................................................4
1.2 Analyse the role and responsibilities of the tax practitioner..................................................6
1.3 Explain the tax obligations of tax payers or their agents and the implications of non-
compliance...................................................................................................................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Calculate relevant income, expenses and allowances............................................................8
2.2 Calculate taxable amounts and tax payable for employed and self-employed individuals
and payment dates........................................................................................................................9
2.3 Complete relevant documentation and tax returns...............................................................10
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Calculate chargeable profits.................................................................................................11
3.2 Calculate tax liabilities and due payment dates...................................................................13
3.3 explain how income tax deductions are dealt with..............................................................13
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Identification of Chargeable assets......................................................................................14
4.2 Computation of capital gains and taxes...............................................................................15
4.3 Computation of tax liability on capital gain tax...................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................18
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Index of Tables
Table 1: Financial Data of XYZ Limited......................................................................................11
Table 2: Statement showing computation of operating profit......................................................12
Table 3: Statement showing Calculation of taxable profit.............................................................12
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INTRODUCTION
Tax is defined as a financial charge which is imposed to an organizational body or an
individual against the income. Government is entitled to impose tax and its collection so as to
raise funding expenditure. In a general phenomenon, Tax is an obligation for legal and individual
entities against their respective incomes. Main aim of government of United Kingdom is to make
a transparent and easier system (Dowell, 2013). This report deals with the different aspects of
UK tax environment as well as the role and responsibilities of tax practitioners. This report also
represents the types of taxes, obligations and implications of non-compliance with tax liabilities.
Furthermore, various hypothetical examples are quoted in relation to calculate taxable amounts
and tax payable for employed and self-employed individuals as well as computation of
chargeable profits, capital gains and losses.
TASK 1
1.1 Describe the UK tax environment
The tax environment of UK is transparent and major purpose of imposing tax on public
or legal entities is to generate a sources of income for the UK's central Government (Brudno,
2005). There are different types of tax that are imposed in UK which are as follows:
Income tax: Income tax is the major source of income for the government of UK as a
large amount of fund come from income tax. Further, individuals get allowance on income tax.
The basic rate of income tax in UK is 20%, over the income tax threshold of £10,400.
Nonetheless, many changes have been put to the income tax pattern in UK (Types of Tax in UK.
2015).
Income tax rates in UK Amount
Basic rate 20% £10400 to £31,865
Higher rate 40% £31,866 to £150,000
Additional rate 45% Over £150,000
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Corporation tax: Corporate tax is paid by the people of UK against their profits whether
they are resided or domiciled. In case of legal bodies, if the origination of company are based in
UK or they are going to treated as a resident thus, taken as a scope of the corporation tax.
Capital gains tax : Capital gains tax is said to be a one of the major types of income tax.
This is kind of gain which is achieved through selling and exchanging capital assets such as
stocks and bonds. Furthermore, this is a profit which is earned by trading of real assets against
which individual has to pay tax. This tax is calculated for the companies on the basis of profit
after deducting cost (Types of Tax in UK. 2015).
Inheritance tax- Particular tax is chargeable on the transfer of property after the death
of owner. There are various reliefs and exemptions that are related to this tax. It is particularly
levied in the situation where asset is transfer prior to the death of party in 7 years (Inherent tax.
2015).
In addition to that residents of UK have to pay National insurance contributions which is
also a type of income tax that is based on the principle of percentage of income.
Different methods of collection
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The responsibility of collecting tax is of HMRC which collects tax on the behalf of
Government of UK. However, the method of collection is scheme of PAYE but some of the
individuals are obliged to pay tax through self-assessment tax return. In this case earning is
raised from the course of then PAYE comes into existence. This is the stage when tax is
automatically deducted from the earning of employees. There are two different situations in
which payment through self-assessment tax return is required (Business cases, 2010). This
situation arises when individual is self-employed as well as when individual receive rental or
foreign income. Furthermore, when it is difficult to collect tax through PAYE scheme, self-
assessment tax return is used.
Tax legislation
The legislative authority of UK tax environment is HMRC as it is authorised to handle
taxation legislation. This entity is obliged to collect tax amount from the public and legal entities
on the behalf of government. HMRC also provides guidelines for the assessment of tax
practitioners whether they are fulfilling the obligation or not. This authority is also responsible to
provide continuous amendments in taxation system while considering economic environment
(Garrett and Mitchell, 2001).
1.2 Analyse the role and responsibilities of the tax practitioner
Tax practitioners play a role of mediator between assess and taxation authorities. These
people have sufficient knowledge in relation to taxation provisions and relative systems so they
are eligible to guide tax payer for meeting his/her tax obligations. Different role and
responsibilities of these people are as follows:
Dealing with inland revenue- One of the major responsibility of tax payer is of dealing
with inland revenues. Tax payer fills the return on the behalf of their clients. Information related
to amendments are to be communicated to the clients so as they can meet the tax obligations in a
proper manner (Leicester, 2006).
Providing appropriate advise- Tax practitioners are responsible for advising people or
their clients in regard to the requirements that are to be fulfilled through analysing the tax
situation in the most appropriate manner. The case of dispute are to be handled by the tax
practitioners that are with government authorities, on the behalf of client.
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Computation of tax liability- Tax practitioners are obliged to calculate the actual tax
liability of a tax payer so that they can fulfil the liabilities of bushiness. In respect with the
business scenario, practitioners are obliged to compute liabilities of the organization as well as
individuals. However, it is required that tax practitioners should have sound educational
background in the field of taxation.
Maintaining and respecting confidentiality of client- This has been witnessed that tax
payment includes some confidential information on the behalf of clients so that maintaining
confidentiality is the ethical and judicial responsibility of the tax practitioners. The tax
practitioner should not disclose the information to the third party (Types of Tax in UK. 2015).
1.3 Explain the tax obligations of tax payers or their agents and the implications of non-
compliance
Major responsibility of tax payer is to meet the tax obligation in a proper manner and
their agents are responsible for guiding them for the same. However, various obligations of tax
payers as well as their agents are shown in the below table:
Obligation of tax payer Obligation of tax agent
 Tax payer is obliged to provide the
information to the authorities such as
tax agents so that can properly guide
them for meeting the tax obligations.
 They are also obliged to disclose the
material information without any
deception or manipulation.
 Tax payer is obliged to act in
accordance with standards that are
described by HMRC simultaneously
considering different aspects of tax
payment such as PAYE.
 The major obligation on tax payer is of
 Tax agents have to be act in accordance
with the various guidelines that have
been provided by HMRC
 These entities are obliged for
promoting tax planning instead of tax
evasion.
 Agents are also obliged to render true
and fair information to tax payer
without any misleading guidelines.
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maintaining the accounting data for a
time of span.
Implications of non-compliance
The tax payer and their agents are strictly obliged to pay tax in a proper manner as well as
liable to fulfil obligations in a proper manner. In case, if they ignore any of the policy of
regulation to pay tax, then they become liable to pay pay damages of £3,000. the adverse impact
for the business tax agent can be in the form of cancellation of licence (Gallant, 2013).
TASK 2
2.1 Calculate relevant income, expenses and allowances
Case example of Calculation of relevant income and allowances for Employee
Mr. C is a full-time worker in a retail organization. For the work, he receives weekly
compensation of 45 per hour. As per the contract, the total working hours of C are 52. Along
with this, he receives allowances of £.20 on weekly basis.
Particulars Calculations Amount (£)
Income of Mr. C 52*45*45 105300
Allowances to Mr. C 52*.20*45 468
Case example of Calculation of relevant income and allowances for self – employed
Mr. B is a self employed in a retail organization, however , the company is not able to
generate returns. Income statement of company is as follows.
Particulars Amount
Income from sales of computer appliances £3,00,000.00
Cost of products £1,10,000.00
Payment made to employees £9,000.00
Rental charges £2,500.00
Drawings £1,500.00
Office expenditure £3,000.00
Travel charges £200.00
Paid for donation £200.00
Bank charges £250.00
Depreciation of office equipment £1,800.00
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Capital Allowance £500.00
Losses on these services of computer appliances £1,300.00
Particulars Amount (£)
Incomes
Income from sales of computer appliances £3,00,000.00
Less: Cost of products £1,10,000.00
Operating profit £1,90,000.00
Expenses
Payment made to employees £2,500.00
Rental charges £2,500.00
Drawings £1,500.00
Office expenditure £3,000.00
Travel charges £200.00
Bank charges £250.00
Depreciation of office equipment £1,800.00
Total expenses £11,750.00
Net profit £1,78,250.00
Less: Capital allowance £500.00
Less: Tax benefit of loss £1,300.00
Taxable income £1,76,450.00
2.2 Calculate taxable amounts and tax payable for employed and self-employed individuals and
payment dates
Taxable amount and tax payable by employee
Taxable amount = Income of Mr B* 12 - allowed deduction
Particular
Incomes and
deductions of Mini
Salary of B £1,05,768.00
Less: Deduction allowed by Income Tax Act of UK (1.08
per hour) £10,600.00
Taxable amount £95,168.00
Income tax due to employee (20%) £19,033.60
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As per the above calculation , it can be said that yearly deduction is of £10,600.00 and the
salary of Mr. C is 1,05,768. The tax rate is 20%. Henceforward, it can be viewed that Income
tax due to employee is £19,033.60.
Taxable amount and tax payable by self employed
Particulars Amount (£)
Net profit Rs.1,78,250.00
Add- Disallowed expenses
(a) Drawing Rs.1,500.00
(b) Depreciation Rs.1,800.00 Rs.3,300.00
Less- allowable expenses
(a) Capital allowance Rs.500.00
(b) Charitable donation Rs.200.00 Rs.700.00
Adjusted profit Rs.1,74,250.00
Taxable amount =(Adjusted-tax losses)
1,74,250-1300
=172950
Tax payable= (150000-42385)*.40 + (172950-150000)*.45
=43046 + 10327.5
=53373.5
The self employed person is obliged for self employed pay tax obligation of £53373.5In
addition to that it can be said that Mr B and Mr. C have to submit their return before 31st October
2015 (till midnight). In case of filling online return the deadline of submission can be extended
to the 31st January 2016.
2.3 Complete relevant documentation and tax returns
There are following documents that are to be considered for making tax returns.
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1. P45- In case the tax payer are not willing to continue operational activities so that they
have to fill this document. This is mandate to fill this form so as to provide information
regarding earnings (Lusty, 2003).
2. P60- The individuals are obliged to use this form and have to show their earning
generated from course of employment. This form allows to provide information in
respect to actual tax liability.
3. P11D- The employers are obliged to fill up the forms so as to provide description of
benefits provided to employees such HRA, dearness allowance and so on and has to subit
this form to HMRC (Fox, Grinyer And Russell, 2006).
TASK 3
3.1 Calculate chargeable profits
The section presets the information of chargeable profits for which a case of retailing
organization is taken into consideration. The section below presents the financial data of the
company along with calculations
Table 1: Financial Data of XYZ Limited
Particulars Amount (£)
Sales £9,50,000.00 £5,00,000.00
Purchase £3,80,000.00 £1,20,000.00
Direct overheads £40,000.00 £40,000.00
Indirect overheads £20,000.00 £70,000.00
Dividend paid £60,000.00 £60,000.00
Interest paid £60,000.00 £40,000.00
Dividend received (TDS on dividend 10%) £6,750.00 £4,500.00
Capital Allowance for the year £23,000.00 £42,000.00
Depreciation £45,000.00 £30,000.00
Capital gains £10,000.00 £8,000.00
Capital loss £2,500.00 £3,000.00
Income from letting out building £4,000.00 £2,000.00
Wear & Tear allowance £1,800.00 £1,200.00
Interest on investment (TDS on investment 10%) £2,700.00 27000
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Table 2: Statement showing computation of operating profit
Particulars Amount (£)
Sales Rs.9,50,000.00
Less: Cost of purchase Rs.3,80,000.00
Less: Manufacturing expense Rs.40,000.00
Gross profit Rs.5,30,000.00
Less: Other expenditure Rs.60,000.00
Less: Interest paid Rs.60,000.00
Less: Depreciation Rs.45,000.00
Operating profit Rs.3,65,000.00
Table 3: Statement showing Calculation of taxable profit
Particulars Amount (£)
Operating profit Rs.3,65,000.00
Add: Disallowed expenses
Depreciation of asset Rs.45,000.00
Total disallowed expenses Rs.45,000.00
Allowances and other expenses
Less: Dividend paid Rs.60,000.00
Less: Wear and tear allowances Rs.1,800.00
Less: Capital allowance Rs.23,000.00
Total allowed expenses Rs.84,800.00
Trading profit Rs.3,25,200.00
Add:
Income from letting out building 20000
Interest and dividend income [7500*+3000**] Rs.10,500.00
Chargeable gain [12000-4500] Rs.7,500.00
Taxable profit Rs.3,63,200.00
Note : Interest and dividend income was considered at its full value. Value is computed
by adding amount of TDS.
3.2 Calculate tax liabilities and due payment dates
Particulars Amount (£)
Taxable profit (a) Rs.3,63,200.00
Corporation tax (24%) (b) Rs.87,168.00
Marginal relief (c) 21604
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Tax liabilities (a-b)+c Rs.65,564.00
Relief from double taxation Rs.1,050.00
Taxable amount 6336
Due dates
Submission of File annual accounts with Companies House: The final date for
submitting is before 9 months from completion of financial year
Payment of Corporation Tax: The payment date of corporate tax is 9 months from the
date of 1 day of completing financial year
Filing Company Tax Return: The date is before 12 months from completion of financial
year (Lymer and Hasseldine, 2012).
3.3 explain how income tax deductions are dealt with
Marginal relief
= Standard Fraction x (U – A) x N / A
In this formula:
U = Upper profit limit
A = Profits
N = Total Profits
Lower profit limit = Lower profit limit * fraction for period = £300,000 x 12/12 = £450000
Upper profit limit = Lower profit limit * fraction for period = £1,500,000 x 12/12 = £2,250,000
Fraction = Standard fraction =7/400
Marginal relief = ((7/400)*(1500000-300000)*(136800/131800))
21796
Total profits = Total profits + the grossed-up dividends received
=131800 + (4500*100/90)
=136800
Working Note:
Deduction in income tax reduces tax liabilities of assesses. These deductions are provided
to prevent double taxation and tax relief for some organisations. In UK example of tax
deductions are charity, pension plan payment by employees and marginal relief.
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TASK 4
4.1 Identification of Chargeable assets
Chargeable persons
Individual is said to be covered in provisions of chargeable persons if they had
transferred personal possessions of amount equal to more than £6,000. Provision of chargeable
person will also be applied if assesses had left their house and that property is used by them for
commercial purpose (Gillespie, 2007). For this applicability of this provision, it is essential that
house should be big enough for the charging of tax. Capital gain tax will not be chargeable if
there is transfer of shares of NISA, PEP and ISA. Other than these shares and fixed assets of
business is taxable.
Assets and disposals
Asset and disposal can be termed as chargeable assets on which capital gain tax is
payable by individual in situation of disposal. However, transfer of all assets are not taxable
because HMRC had provided exemption on various assets such as government securities, cars
and investment in equity plan. Objective of this exemption is to make reduction in tax burden
and avoid double asset.
In this aspect, example of inventory can be considered. It is also an asset but it is not
entitled to be charging of capital gain tax. Objective of this exemption is that profit on transfer of
stock is taxable under corporate profit or income tax. Similarly, non current assets of business is
taxable because these assets are not considered as part of the revenue activities of business. Thus,
individual is required to pay capital tax on transfer of these assets (Grown and Valodia, 2010).
Payment dates
Capital gain tax is payable on 31st January after the completion of taxation year. By this
date assesses are required to pay their obligation through the submission of appropriate forms.
4.2 Computation of capital gains and taxes
Juliet is self-employed and she is providing consultancy services to the different clients. In
accounting year of 2014-15, trading profit of her consultancy firm was 60000. Closing balance of
assets of her business were as follows-
Particulars Amount
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Debtors £15000
Inventory £8000
Fixed assets £60000
Sale of portion of fixed asset
(Book value of fixed cost before depreciation
is 10000. This asset was purchased on 15 April
2014)
£5000
She is straight line method for the computation of depreciation @20% and she is entitled for
capital gain exemption amount to £5600.
Computation of capital gain tax for Juliet
Particulars Amount (£)
Sale value of asset 5000
Cost of asset (10000-1917) 8083
Capital loss 3083
Depreciation is calculated as follows -
Asset=10000*20%*11.5/12=1917
Taxable amount
Juliet is not liable for the payment of tax because there is loss in transaction of sale of
fixed asset. This loss can deducted from the amount of trading profit. Thus trading profit of
consultancy firm will be as follows-
Particulars Amount (£)
Fixed assets 60000
Less: Capital loss 3083
Capital loss 56917
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The benefit of capital gain tax exemption is not applicable for the firm of Juliet because
the amount can only be adjusted against the capital gain tax.
4.3 Computation of tax liability on capital gain tax
Information of operational transaction of Care trust has following regarding their Non current
asset account at the year end is enumerated below:
Non-current assets
Particulars Amount (£)
Fixed assets 56000
Fixed Assets (closing balance) -
Sales proceed received 83000
More Information -
 Fixed assets were purchased by care trust before 3 years
 Trust was making use of Straight line method
 The capital gain tax exemption for trust is £1450 for 2014-15 (Types of Tax in UK. 2015).
Computation of capital gain tax of care trust:
Particulars Amount (£)
Sale value of asset 83000
Cost of Textile Machinery ((56000-
56000*20%*3)
22400
Capital gain 60600
Taxable amount
Particulars Amount (£)
Trading profit -
Capital gain 60600
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Capital gain tax @ 18% 10908
Capital gain tax exemption 1450
Tax payable 9450
Care trust is required to pay tax 9450 prior to the 31st January 2016.
CONCLUSION
From the present investigation, it can be concluded that tax is imposed to individuals as
well as legal authorities but that the calculation of taxable amount varies as per the entities. The
tax participants are required to have sufficient knowledge of taxation system so that they can
help individuals to pay tax obligation in a proper manner.
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REFERENCES
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Gallant, M., 2013. Tax and the proceeds of crime: a new approach to tainted finance? Journal of
Money Laundering Control. 16(2) .pp.119 – 125.
Garrett, G. and Mitchell, D., 2001. Globalization, government spending and taxation in the
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Gillespie, A., 2007. Foundations of Economics. Oxford University Press.
Grown, C. and Valodia, I., 2010. Taxation and Gender Equity: A Comparative Analysis of Direct
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Kaplow, L., 2006. Taxation. Cambridge.
Leicester, A., 2006. The UK tax system and the environment (No. R68). IFS Reports, Institute for
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Lusty, D., 2003. Taxing the untouchables who profit from organised crime. Journal of Financial
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Lymer, A. and Hasseldine, J., 2012. The International Taxation System. Springer Science &
Business Media.
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Poutziouris, P. and et.al., 2000. Taxation and the performance of technology based small firms in
the UK. Small Business Economics. 14(1).pp..11-36.
Online
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