Networking Fundamentals: TCP/IP Networking Detailed Report

This report provides a detailed exploration of TCP/IP networking, starting with a comparison between the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP networking model, highlighting the advantages of TCP/IP. It includes hands-on projects demonstrating subnet calculations using online tools and delves into the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). A case study focusing on Forshore IT solutions presents a network design for six sites, incorporating 1200 workstations, central and local routers, and a firewall. The design utilizes the 10.0.0.0 private IP address range, with a detailed addressing solution, subnet planning, and considerations for future expansion, including the use of DHCP. The report concludes with an analysis of network configurations, potential scalability issues, and the importance of precise subnet mask calculations.

Running head: TCP/IP NETWORKING
TCP/IP Networking
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1
TCP/IP NETWORKING
Table of Contents
1. Comparison between OSI reference Model with TCP/IP Networking Model............................2
2. Completed Hands - On Project....................................................................................................3
2. A Hands – on Project 2 – 3...............................................................................................3
2. 2 Hands on Project 2 – 5...................................................................................................4
3. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)............................................................................................7
4. Case Study: - Forshore IT solutions............................................................................................8
4. 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................8
4. 2 Detailed Simple Addressing Solution Design................................................................9
4. 3 Conclusion....................................................................................................................12
5. Bibliography..............................................................................................................................12

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TCP/IP NETWORKING
1. TCP/IP v/s OSI
TCP/IP Networking Model OSI Reference Model
It has been a communication protocol It has been a communication gateway
between the end user and the network
It has been referred to the Transmission
Control Protocol and is applicable by and in
the internet’s applications
It has been referred to the Open System
Interconnection,
It can easily borrow its root from the
Defense’s Department and thus, allowing
more than one devices to be connected on
internet
It has been developed by the ISO
(International Organization of
Standardization)
It’s platform points out towards the model
that has been revolving around the internet
It’s platform has been a theoretical model
It has been developed upon four levels It has been developed on the seven layers
It is much reliable in the sense of the gateway It has been considered as less reliable
It combines the presentation and session layer
within the application layer
It took different approaches for the
presentation and the session layer
The above comparison is enough for stating that the TCP/IP has been the better approach
over the OSI model. TCP/IP is helpful in establishing or setting up connection between more
than one type of computers as it supports more than one routing protocols. It is also helpful in
enabling the internetworking connection between the enterprises. On the other hand, in OSI
model, most of the application does not requires the integration of data that has been provided by

3
TCP/IP NETWORKING
it. It is more complex than TCP/IP and cannot be adapted to the “telecommunication applications
on computer.”
2. Completed Hands - On Project
2. A Hands – on Project 2 – 3
2. A. 1 Gesti6IPSubnet-Calculator
Figure 1: Screenshot of http://gestioip.net/cgi-bin/subnet_calculator.cgi
(Source: Taken by Author)
2. A. 2 IP address 192.168.0.0 Entered

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TCP/IP NETWORKING
Figure 2: Screenshot, after entering the IP
(Source: Taken by Author)
2. A. 3. BM, Class C selection
Figure 3: BM, Class C selection
(Source: Taken by Author)
2. 2 Hands on Project 2 – 5
1. www.subnet-calculator.com

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TCP/IP NETWORKING
Figure 4: sub-net-calculator.com
(Source: Taken by Author)
2. Maximum subnets
Figure 5: Maximum Subnet
(Source: Created by Author)
3. Calculation of New Values

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TCP/IP NETWORKING
Subnet mask Hosts per
subnet
Mask Bits Broadcast
Address
Subnet bits Host
Address
range
255.255.255.19
2
62 26 192.168.0.63 2 192.168.0.1
-
192.168.0.62
4. Network Class A
Figure 6: Network Class A
(Source: Taken by Author)
5. Subnet Mask

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TCP/IP NETWORKING
Figure 7: Subnet Mask
(Source: Taken by Author)
6. New Values:
Maximum
subnets
Mask Bits Subnet bits Broadcast
Address
Hosts per
subnet
Host
Address
range
256 16 8 10.0.255.255 65534 10.0.0.1 -
10.0.255.254
Class B of IP address of 172.16.0.1:
Maximum
subnets
Mask Bits Subnet bits Hosts per
subnet
Broadcast
Address
Host
Address
range
128 23 7 510 172.16.1.25 172.16.0.1 -

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TCP/IP NETWORKING
5 172.16.1.254
3. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
It can be defined as the protocol that can be utilized for the mapping of IP into the
physical machine address, which can be recognized within the local network. In this protocol, a
table is created under the name ‘ARP cache’ that could be utilized for managing the correlation
between the corresponding IP address and MAC address. It can be helpful in providing the rules
for the protocol in manner to establish the correlation and provide the address conversion within
both sides. It can be stated that the ‘spoofer’ or the answering system in the ARP spoofing replies
to the requests for the address of another system considering the aim “intercepting data bound for
the system.” The ARP containing single address resolution response or request has used a simple
messaging format.
4. Case Study: - Forshore IT solutions
4. 1 Introduction
Forshore IT Company has been expanding the business through establishing the six
different sites in manner to accommodate the various departments under the organization. These
six buildings consist of 1200 different workstations, the central router will control every site and
the workstations, and the network will be distributed to the workstations utilizing six different
routers as explained in the network diagram below. The aim of this report is to put light on the
designing of a network utilizing the 10.0.0.0 private IP address from the view of the Solutions
Architect.

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4. 2 Detailed Simple Addressing Solution Design
Figure 8: Network Diagram
(Source: created by author)
The above network design presents the graphical representation of the established
network solution for the expansion being delivered by the Forhore IT Company in manner to
manage the operational activities between different departments. Since every site has been
located at six different sites, a router for each site has been established in manner to calculate the
subnet plan. There are six routers implemented at six different sites along with a central router
that can be helpful in managing the communication and data traffic within the established
network. In the figure, a firewall has been established in between the central router and the ISP

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TCP/IP NETWORKING
in manner to provide effective and efficient control over the communication and the traffic. The
presented established network should be configured with the first IP after calculating the
assignable IP range. Few of the IP addresses should be kept in reserve for the future considering
the further expansion of the Forshore IT Company. This will be helpful in meeting the need of
the enhanced network solution in manner to provide allowance to the nodes to be connected with
the network and establish an effective communication between every department.
IP addresses: 2046
Major Network: 10.0.0.0/21
Available IP addresses 2036
Needed count of the IP addresses: 1130
Subnet
Name
Dec Mask Allocate
d Size
Broadcas
t
Neede
d Size
Address Assignabl
e Range
Mas
k
IT Call
Centre
255.255.252.0 1022 10.0.3.255 520 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 -
10.0.3.254
/22
Finance
office
255.255.254.0 510 10.0.5.255 260 10.0.4.0 10.0.4.1 -
10.0.5.254
/23
Research
and
Developmen
t Office
255.255.255.12
8
126 10.0.7.127 120 10.0.7.0 10.0.7.1 -
10.0.7.126
/25
Information 255.255.255.0 254 10.0.6.255 130 10.0.6.0 10.0.6.1 - /24

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Technology 10.0.6.254
Marketing
Department
255.255.255.19
2
62 10.0.7.255 40 10.0.7.19
2
10.0.7.193
-
10.0.7.254
/26
Head
Office
255.255.255.19
2
62 10.0.7.191 60 10.0.7.12
8
10.0.7.129
-
10.0.7.190
/26
The calculations made in the above table describe the analysis of the Forshore IT
solutions in manner to operate and establish the effective and secured network connection for the
expanded six sites. The calculation has been made to utilize the subnets efficiently through
limiting the wastage of the IP address. The calculated IP address can be addressed within the
organizational network for accomplishment of the effective and secured communication between
different locations. The presented network solution will be needing the configuration based on
the DHCP protocol that will be helpful in allocating the IP addresses to the hosts those have been
connecting to the network and separate subnet has been created for each different sites.
b. Number of hosts per network over 1024
The complete network will needing to be configured again, if there is sudden increase in
the number of the hosts without establishing additional network devices within the established
network. In this established network, if the modifications and enhancement is needed in the
future, configuration of the router will be needed again considering the reconfiguration of the
completely established setup. There is the need of the precise and efficient calculation in manner