TCP/IP Model, Software Development Process and ITSM

This document discusses TCP/IP Model, Software Development Process and ITSM. It includes calculation of protocol overhead, coexistence of TCP and IP, advantages and disadvantages of Agile method, comparison of Agile and Evolutionary software development process, uniqueness of Apple design process, reasons for project failure and goals for managing software products within company budget constraints.

Running head: TCP/IP MODEL, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITSM
TCP/IP MODEL, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITSM
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1TCP/IP MODEL, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITSM
1. A station running TCP/IP needs to transfer a file to a host. The file contains 1024
bytes. How many bytes, including all of the TCP/IP overhead, would be sent, assuming
a payload size of 128 bytes and both systems are running IPv4? (Also assume that the
three-way handshake and window size negotiation have been completed and that no
errors occur during transmission.)
Given data:
File size = 1024 bytes
Payload size = 128 bytes.
TCP header = 20 bytes
IPv4 header = 20 bytes.
So total TCP/IP header = 40 (20 + 20) bytes.
1024 bytes is divided into 8 segments, which means each segment has 128 bytes.
Then,
(40+128)*8= 1344 bytes
So total 1344 bytes will be sent and this include TCP/IP overhead.
i) What is the protocol overhead (stated as a percentage)? [3 marks]
IPv4 percentage overhead:
Total overhead that is included in eight segments: 8*40= 320 bytes

2TCP/IP MODEL, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITSM
Total data sent: 1024 bytes
Percentage overhead: (320/1024)*100= 31.25%
ii) perform the same calculation, this time assuming that both clients are using IPv6. [2
marks]
File size = 1024 bytes
Payload size = 128 bytes.
TCP header = 30 bytes
IPv6 header = 30 bytes.
So total TCP/IP header = 60 (30 + 30) bytes.
Divide 1024 bytes is divided into 8 segments and this specifies that each segment has 128
bytes.
Then,
(60+128)*8= 1504 bytes
So total 1504 bytes will be sent that includes the overall TCP/IP overhead as well.
Protocol overhead:
IPv6 percentage overhead:
Total overhead in eight segments: 8*60= 480 bytes
Total data sent: 1024 bytes

3TCP/IP MODEL, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITSM
Percentage overhead: (480/1024)*100= 46.87%
2. IP is a connection-less protocol, whereas TCP is connection-oriented. How can these
two protocols coexist in the same protocol stack? [4 marks]
TCP and IP are integrated into a network communication model known as the TCP/IP
protocol. TCP makes the connection between two devices that communicate with each other
while IP does not require any dedicated connection and communicate through a set of defined
logical address known as IP address (Nath & Uddin, 2015). Hence, TCP is a connection-
oriented protocol, while IP is a connectionless protocol.
Although connection is provided by TCP protocol, it is possible to communicate with
the device in the network if address is not known which is provided by the IP protocol. Once
IP protocol assign address to the data packets provided by the TCP protocol, it is sent to the
actual location due to dedicated connection provided by the TCP protocol (Nath & Uddin,
2015). Therefore, it is seen that both TCP and IP protocol depends on each other and work in
close association which allows these two protocol coexist in the same protocol stack.
3. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of Agile method. [4 marks]
Advantage:
Agile methods offer an incremental approach for project execution and this makes it
easier to plan and execute different aspect of project such as project planning, developing
product and service, testing products and offering product or service that meets stakeholder
expectations (Ritchie, 2015)
Disadvantage:

4TCP/IP MODEL, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITSM
Agile method is not suitable for projects that are large, complex and requires accurate
estimation of time and budget compared to incremental approach
4. Compare and contrast the Agile method and Evolutionary software development
process. Explain with an example. [4 marks]
When a product is developed in agile method it is done in incremental approach,
which means that instead of the whole products, some part of the products is only developed
and it then provided to the consumers (Krishnan, 2015). However, it is ensured that
functionality that is offered with the partially completed product is fully functional and it is
verified with extensive testing process before it is provided to the consumers and this is
where the agile method has significant difference with the prototyping model. An
evolutionary software development process considered here is spiral model, which is a
combination of both prototyping and iterative model. In one iteration, the entire project
aspects related to the life cycle is included. For example in one iteration requirement analysis,
risk analysis, project planning along with software design and architecture is provided. Once
this is delivered, the project then either provide a prototype or it might also include a working
software.
Therefore, in that aspect both of these methods have some similarities. However, one
important thing here to analyse is that what exactly is offered to the consumers for review and
feedback.
5. Analyse the uniqueness of Apple design process. [4 marks]
Apple is one of the most successful companies in the world and it made the first
company in the world to register itself as the first organization with $1 trillion valuations in
the market.

5TCP/IP MODEL, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITSM
The success of the company might be attributed to the design of its products, which
definitely plays a significant role in making Apple so successful in the international market
(Kao, 2018). Right from the inception, of the company, the design is something that is never
compromised which has resulted in some of the products that have revolutionary the tech
world after its commercialization.
Some of the features that makes their process from other companies are:
 Less interference of higher authority in design process
 Complete flexibility to experiment with different design ideas
 Assessment of design process in iteration and bring continuous improvement
 Continue experiment with design prototype till perfection achieved
6. Describe three reasons for a project failure. [5 marks]
It is not difficult to ensure success in the project, if it follows proper planning and
strategies. However, sometime project is not successful and there might be various reasons
behind that (Kerzner & Kerzner, 2017). Here in these context three important reasons, which
affects success of the project, have been identified and discussed in details:
 Project schedule is not appropriate: Sometimes project manager is not able to finish
required project activities according to the project schedule and delay in one project
activity delays the overall project activities (Schwalbe, 2015).
 Required expertise is not available: Sometime it is seen that even after proper project
planning, a project is not successful. When a project does not have the required
expertise, it is difficult to design and develop products that meets requirements of the
clients (Heagney, 2016).

6TCP/IP MODEL, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITSM
 Stakeholders are not properly engaged: When a project is not successful in engaging
stakeholders at various phases of the project such as project planning and execution,
stakeholder expectations and requirements are not well known to the project team
(Kerzner, 2018). Therefore, this lead to stakeholder dispute because either their
requirements are not met or final product has some features, which they do not require
at all. Now all of these issues are easier to manage if stakeholder engagement with the
project is effective and efficient which will ensure success in the project.
7. Your company owns several software products and asks you to manage them within
company budget constraints. What will be your goals? [4 marks]
Following goals are defined:
 Offer software that is functional and secure
 Help company achieving competitive advantage in the market by offering quality
service through software that it develop
 Make affordable software by reducing maintenance cost for the software

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References:
Heagney, J. (2016). Fundamentals of project management. Amacom.
Kao, R. (2018). Disruptive Leadership: Apple and the Technology of Caring Deeply--Nine
Keys to Organizational Excellence and Global Impact. Productivity Press.
Kerzner, H. (2018). Project management best practices: Achieving global excellence. John
Wiley & Sons.
Kerzner, H., & Kerzner, H. R. (2017). Project management: a systems approach to planning,
scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Krishnan, M. S. (2015). Software development risk aspects and success frequency on spiral
and agile model. International Journal of Innovative research in computer and
communication Engineering, (3), 1.
Nath, P. B., & Uddin, M. M. (2015). TCP-IP Model in Data Communication and
Networking. American Journal of Engineering Research, 4(10), 102-107.
Ritchie, C. S. (2015). Agile Development: Implementation, Best Practices and Lessons
Learned. Journal of Software Engineering Practice, 1(2), 1-17.
Schwalbe, K. (2015). Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.