(PDF) The teacher's role and professional development

Literature Review

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................8
REFRENCES...................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Teacher is person help other people in acquiring knowledge, virtue and competence.
Informally role of teacher can be performed by anyone who teach other how to perform their task
instead of this formal teacher are found in school or colleges. Most of the people are choosing
teaching as their profession because it is playing important role within developed countries
(Muralidharan and Sheth, 2016). But within developing nation it is low paying job so people
don't want to go in this profession. Moreover, ratio of female teachers are increasing day by day
in primary school whereas male teachers are very less for primary school within developing as
well as developed nations. This assignment is based on conducting research studies for finding
why there are more female primary teachers in both developed and developing countries. This
literature review from different eighteen sources will focus on gender inequality within teaching
as their career in both developing as well as developed nation. The source will also discuss the
factors influencing male teachers in selecting the teaching as an profession as well its impact on
the learners.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Topic: "why there are more female primary teachers in both developed and developing
countries".
Source 1: According to the views of Jieun Lee, Dong-Eun Rhee & Robert Rudolf,
(2018), it has been identified that there is relation within teacher gender, student gender and
student achievement. Girl taught by female teacher enhance her maths and reading performance.
Whereas, boys have no effect of teacher gender(Clements, Pawlowski and Manouselis, 2015).
In similar to this, less strong effects are also found for subject appreciation. In addition to
this, traditional academic gender representation remain prevailing within both female and
male teachers. Findings from respective articles says that hiring of more female teachers
in the region can decrease educational gender gaps without any negative symptoms on
boys (Miletzki and Broten, 2017). Ratio of female teachers are increasing at all levels of
education and it is continuously rising at global level. Apart from this, female instructors
or teacher are working in primary school within the both developed as well as developing
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nation and their percentage is 84.5% and 59.3%. But in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) ratio
of female teachers are less i.e., (44.9%).
Source 2: As per the view point of Alia Wong (2019) it has been analysed that
Africa is the continent in which education is male dominating profession. This imbalance
result in gender inequality within teaching profession. In United States, the endurance of
K-12 teaching is widely female profession is sometimes deplore as a sign that certain
workforce gender conventions prevail (Campanelli and Parreiras, 2015). At present, 76% of
teacher within nation are female in comparison of 67% in early 1980. Apart from this, nation
which have few female teachers also have notably high rates of child marriage. At worldwide
level one in four girls get married before or on their 18th birthday. Percentage of respective
activity is high in developing countries as well as particularly in African countries where most of
the teacher are male. Thus, from respective article it has been analysed that in Africa ration of
female teachers are less compare to man's which result in discrimination within
gender(DornSchweiger, 2016).But in some other nation there is high number of female teachers
compare to men's which result in women empowerment as well as increasing literacy ration of
girls.
Source 3: According to the view point of GPE Secretariat, (2019) it has been analysed
that there are several benefits of female teacher within educational institutions. Like, when there
is female teachers only in school or colleges parents feel free to send their girls school. They
think that their will be no chances of any risk and girls feel free while discussing issues with
female faculties (Robertson, 2017). Along with this, they need someone to whom girls can talk
and share issues they are facing. In simple term, female feel safe and secure while they are with
another female as well as they easily share their problems with each other and give solution of it.
Along with this, more girls come to school when there is women teacher in school or colleges. In
Nigeria, US$100 million Global Partnership of Education grant this amount with the motive of
expanding basic education for female students as well as to promote gender equality (Dembek,
Singh and Bhakoo, 2016). But keeping female teachers within the schools result in improving
another matters also such as increasing safety of girls, women's literacy ratio and they can share
issue facing by them as well come out of it.
Source 4: As per the views of Minella Clutario Alarcon, (2019) it has been identified that
women teacher with their better teaching methods will help in encouraging girls to get engage
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with science subject. Because there is lack of female scientist at high position within both
developed as well as developing nations. Moreover, within developing nations women feel
difficult while participating in science subject(Konstantoglo and Tsangrassoulis, 2016). Because
there are several obstacles standing in their way such as rising negative attitude of society and
cultural values, less teacher for science as well as mathematics, outdates techniques utilisation
for teaching science and lack of support from legal bodies for promoting state-of-the-art methods
in science education. Thus, while taking science as subject major issues are facing by girl is
cultural and society (Ivanov, Dolgui, Sokolov and Ivanova, 2017). But as modifications are
taking place some new ways are also coming for teaching science empowering women's and
assist in decreasing negative attitude. Along with this, teaching give an opportunity for women's
scientist to make their major contribution in filling the gender gap. Thus, female teacher will
help in increasing ratio of science students as well as by taking better positing of scientist.
Source 5: According to the views of Carrington, Francis, Hutchings, Skelton, Read and
hall (2019) it has been analysed that, interaction, academic performance and personal life of
children's will get affected because of gender inequality for primary class teachers in England.
This article is finding differences within male as well as female teacher's and their response
towards students. Most of the children don't respect teachers on the basis of their gender they
value and give respect to every educator by irrespective their gender. Finding of this article are
based on opinion of students and give another perspective also for viewing the
situation(O'ConnorAndrews, 2015)) Thus, author has analysed that response of children's was
more positive in this situation. Apart from this, from findings it has been analyse that only 13%
of boys as well as 33% of girls select or choose teachers as their role model (Baker, 2016).
Although, it has been understood and identified by children's that teaching career is female-
conquered working environment. This article assist in evaluating children view point of having
gender differentiation within teaching occupation in their initial duration of learning. Along with
this, it has been critically analysed that children's believes in that few male teacher have to be
their in primary school.
Source 6: According to the view point of Chan, (2018) it has been critically investigate
that, policies and frameworks of school related to gender educators within Hong Kong. For
evaluating career path of both female and male staffs as well as for understanding the level of
increasing in female leaders in relating to reformed educational setting has been analysed
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through Quantitative research methods (Ali, Frynas & Mahmood, 2017). Although, for analysing
respective issue major focus is on social as well as political forces that will utilise for achieving
the purpose instead of focusing on analysing the existence of gender classifying or sexist bias.
Respective article will be utilise for identifying the consequences reducing male ratio within
education in comparison of other areas. Interview has been conducted for 12 male school
principals with less experience because they have limitation of articles and author want more
information so he is exploring more in respective area. Thus, this research paper will assist in
understanding how male leaders within school think related to gender equality in the working
area and how they will impact as a leader to educator(BorgesBagge and Orozco2016). Along
with this, it will assist in reflecting school principals perspectives on the pattern leaders as well
as staffs within the educational setting.
Source 7: According to the views of Cushman, (2019) they are utilising quantitative
research method for analysing males’ point of view related to the declining ratio male educators
within the education area. Respective research is mainly focusing on major four factors which
has been acknowledged in contributing within diminishing male teachers within primary schools.
There major factors are experiences and attitudes in relation of status, wage, female dominant
working environment as well as physical contact with children (Thomé, Scavarda and Scavarda,
2016). Along with this, author of article suggest further discourse as well as debate within every
educational area on the major topic i.e., diminishing ratio of male primary school teachers. For
conducting research sample size of article was limited up to 17 male teachers. All the same, the
author clarifies the consistent as well as support given through the above focus group for their
precious study. Thus, from the above four factor author as well as study make sure that these
factors are more likely to promote and inspire feminine decision in not selected teaching as their
occupation. It has been expected that gender give wide impact on job satisfaction as well as on
working performance in basic manner.
Source 8: As per the views of Care organisation, (2017) is has been identified that it is
important to have female teacher with school or colleges. In Malawi and Kasungu district, it is
rare to find female teachers as compare to male per school (Faith, 2017). But female teachers are
required within primary as well as secondary schools because their presence for student mainly
girls. Thus, this article is saying that female teacher within school are important as compare to
male because it will encourage parents to send their girls school. When there are female teachers
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girls feel safe and share their issues what they are facing freely with their teachers. Apart from
this, female teachers are essential for the girls as well as community because when communities
see women's are working and taking position as leaders in the development of several areas.
Some parents send their girls to such teachers for counselling because they also want their girls
as taking better position in competitive world.
Source 9: According to the IICBA, (2019) it has been identified that gender equality
within education is a global priority for UNESCO. But in Sub-Saharan Africa girls and women's
are not getting much advantages as compare to male within education sector. Thus, for
promoting equality related to gender within Africa female teachers are playing important role
(Apostolou, Dorminey, Hassell and Hickey, 2019). Because females give some positive results
such as girls enrolment, academic performance, retention, school experience and so on. In
similar to this, positive relation within girls education as well as presence of female teachers give
several positive impact such as: parents get enrol their girls in school as well as girls feel free to
share their issues and teachers resolve these in effective manner. In addition to this, UNESCO-
IICBA is applying girls education projects entitled "Retaining Girls in Lower Secondary Schools
and Increasing their Learning Outcomes" funded by the Italian Government and the Japanese-
Funds-in-Trust(HartiniCiptomulyono,2015). Aim behind implementing this project is to decrease
the dropout rate as well as enhance learning performance of girls in secondary and preparatory
school, designed with the assumption of addressing challenges which are facing by girls within
class rooms, families, school environment and communities at large level.
Source 10: According to the views of Dar, (2019) it has been found out that women
teachers rarely found as the position of authority as well as leadership in schools and for women
teachers career development is rarely prioritized. By author of respective article it has been said
that, if man is getting educated simply an individual is educating but women is educated then
entire nation is getting educated. For Ministries of Education, NGOs and other educational
development agencies recruitment of women teacher is increasing. Because it give impact on girl
enrolment within schools. Presence of women within school given positive impact such as girls
retention as well as their achievement. It also give positive impact on girls education because
they feel free to share issues and resolve it (Tejani and Milberg, 2016). Although, female role
model support as well as encourage girls to complete their studies and even motivate to continue
it and become teacher. Along with this, government are taking several major steps as well as
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implementing policies for promoting female teachers in primary as well as secondary school
because it will directly result in increasing girls education ration.
Source 11: As per the view point of Kirk, (2004) it has been identified that in school role
of women teacher is related to peace building and reconstruction. Because women teachers play
critical role at any time or any context within educational process. Along with this, in school also
several conflict take place in which they make significant contribution of peace building as well
as reconstruction. In addition to this, women handle situation in very simple manner because
they are calm in nature and easily don't get irritate with things. In primary and secondary schools
children sometime create problem in term of conflict which require to be resolve in proper
manner. In this situation, there is requirement to handle issues with peaceful mind and try to
build positive environment as well as health relation in school.
Source 12: According to the view point of Cushman, (2010) it has been identified that
aims of article is seeing for an opportunity to increase gender awareness of the teacher in context
of gender-differentiated classroom practices. It is done through conducting survey and gathering
data from sample size of 12 teachers across the boundary of three nations. Respective article
major focus is on reducing the gap of gender inequality for providing assistance to challenging
stereotypes as well as motivate several skills and interests (Britto and et.al., 2017). In addition to
this article is emphasizes on the effect of sexuality differences of educators on the learners as
well as their gender differences respectively. Along with this, the same article require further
investigation which can be taken in relation of gender related understanding, knowledge as well
as behaviour within the educational sector it is focusing more on the problem related to
declining ratio of male male teacher. This article will increase with more information related to
the research topic in understanding how teachers’ gender affects the gender-differentiated
learners from the perspective of male teacher.
Source 13: As per the view point of Keck Frei, Berweger & Bieri Buschor, (2017) it has
been identified that there are several factors which influencing man’s decision making within
chosen profession of teaching. Main aim of research is to motivation related to teaching
concerning for such students who are showing their interest within teaching profession. It look
like necessary for further discover the reason for decision-making desire prior to taking up the
profession. In simple term This research is emphasizes on findings of justifying interest within
the teaching profession (Richter and et.al.,2017). Here, several more of personal enrichment
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goals like that of passion in working with children, the goodness of long vacations in the mid of
work for relaxation. From the author point of view it has been determined that now a days young
boys are not interested in considering teaching as their profession (Hossain & Kauranen, 2015).
But this article was too less or small for conducting advanced statistical analysis as well as
sequential analysis which is based on the two points in time, therefore, further detailed studies
needed for better results(HossainKauranen,2016). This article will supplement in giving more
information on how to attract more young men’s interest in electing teaching profession to
narrow gender inequality in the educational setting. The article is relevant to my research topic of
why there are more female primary teachers in both developed and developing countries.
Source 14: According to the views of McGrath and Van Bergen, (2017) it has been
analysed that the shortage of male teachers has received much research attention at international
level as there is no study has tracked the trajectory of male teachers in any country. This decrease
is also observed in both primary and secondary schools. However, no one has taken the policies
such as educators, policy makers, and the public for addressing this decline in teachers. However
the findings from the author are not generalized to all the countries. This research can be used as
a model guide for conducting the similar research in other countries as well as for comparing the
international educational setting (Alrashdan, Cirillo and McCullough, 2016). The male teachers
may extinct if the decline will continuously goes on. Due to this, female teacher can dominate
this industry which will create a new sense of stereotypical notion among the younger
generations which will result in thinking that the female are dominating the teaching world. This
thinking will also impact their their capacity to think with versatility due to the lack of male
participation in the system who can provide their support to young generations. This decline
should be addressed by the global leaders in order to reduce the impact on industry and future
performance of the learners.
Source 15: According to the view of Azman, (2013) it has been analysed that author of
respective article is addressing the issue related to gender difference within the teaching
occupation in Malaysia. This nation is going through the issue of high male teacher turnover
ratio as well as requirement of recruiting new male teachers. Although, respective paper try to
investigate first-year student’s teacher’s perspective as well as supports their effort for finding
out the factors which are influencing such results. This article will going to conduct discussion
related to that how Malaysian Ministry of Education take initiate to turn profession of teaching
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within an attractive package; of revised pay, training and enhancement opportunities, promotion,
fancy school which include accommodation facilities for teacher for encouraging more males to
join respective profession (Jannasch, Kröger & Schulze, 2017). In addition to this, there are
several men who are found to be averse for selecting teaching as their profession because there
are less favourable working condition for them. This paper will provide assistance in gaining
more information as well as knowledge related to the young teacher trainees in selecting teaching
as their career or profession. The respective article will going to aids in understanding the
positive viewpoints of male teacher trainee selecting the teaching profession having job security
as well as possibility of further education instead of considering respective profession as low
social status (Liao, Molin and van Wee, 2017). Moreover, the article going to provide assistance
in generating an argument in research topic on having more feminine primary educators. Thus,
major reason behind not selecting teaching as profession by male is low packages as well as
future opportunity because they have several responsibility of family member's also which need
good carrier with package.
Source 16: As per the view point of Richardson & watt, (2006) it has been identified that
Factors Influencing Teaching (FIT) choices give an extensive dynamic to direct system-based
research for this issue. Respective article is attempted for understanding differences as well as
similarities within three universities like as backgrounds, inspirations and career satisfaction.
This offers an in-depth list of reasoning from intending university teachers which reflects on
individualism, demographics, the source of teaching aspirations and so on which will discusses
programs(TadayonnejadAjilore, 2014) This article is clearly focusing on research as well as
findings on the topic who select teaching as their profession and why?. Thus, its resulting is
outcome that more female are selecting teaching as their profession at primary and secondary
level within Australia.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it has been concluded that, Within education system at
primary level teachers are female. But at higher authority within educational institutions male are
also founded. Thus, there is gender discrimination within education sector at primary level
because children feel more comfortable while discussing their issues with female in comparison
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of male. Although, within teaching at primary level wages are minimum this is also main reason
male are not preferring this sector much.
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