Theories and Principles of Teaching and Learning: Communication, Assessment, and Curriculum Development

This presentation discusses the importance of teaching and learning in academic sessions. It analyzes theories, principles, and models of communication, assessment, and curriculum development, including Berne transactional analysis, Piaget's theory of cognitive development, and Tyler's product model. It also explains how these theories can be applied in the teaching and learning process. The presentation is relevant to subjects related to education and training, and it is suitable for students in colleges and universities.

UNIT 21

INTRODUCTION
 Teaching and learning is one of the most
common term but most important one in
academic session, this simply means providing
effective teaching to learner to meet their needs.
 Teaching and learner is crucial for both, learner
as well as teacher, as this allow them to become
stable in career process.
 Teacher can use theories, principles and models
of education and training becoming effective in
their academic session.

2.1 Analyse theories, principles and models
of communication
 Communication is one of the most important thing in
teaching and learning process, this simply means teacher
try to provide effective communication with learner and
allow them to become clear about topic which is been
discussed in the classrooms.
 Berne transactional analysis: Berne transactional
analysis is effective communication theory that highlight
pattern of communication, verbal communication is
consider as most effective because it is done face to face
and allow person to express their emotion.

Piaget's theory of development
 Jean Piaget highlighted importance of language in effective
communication, teacher adopt this theory to understand stages
of cognitive development of learner.
 In teaching and learning process, teacher often focus on notion
of assimilation and accommodation to make teaching more.
 It is very clear that language play vital role, learner often use
both, assimilation and accommodation to learn something.
 There are two elements of Piaget theory which an teacher need
to consider while addressing learner, these are:

FOUR STAGES OF PIAGET
 This theory highlight that, the intelligence takes place in the mind of the
person when they got engage in intelligence activities in the flexible
environment, all the study stages that were made by Piaget were named as the
name of biologist and psychologists the stages of Piaget communication
development are as follows-
 Sensorimotor stage: This includes the learning through trial and errors,
although this stage says that the students of the college are only aware of what
they are watching or what is in front of them, but they don't know how to react
to it.

Principles of communication:
 Communication is process of exchanging
feeling and emotion, in teaching and learning
process, communication need to follow
principles which highlight important element to
make conversation more effective.
 Teacher often try to adopt principles of
communication to create better learning
environment for learner and to help them in
resolving issue they face, there are certain
principles of communication, these are:

Continue…
 Conciseness: conciseness means short and simply, teacher need to avoid wordy
expression while communicating with learner as this will allow them understand
conversation is one go without any confusion.
 Courtesy: courtesy is quality of conversation between teacher and learner, this simply
means teacher need to be sincere while communicating with learner and need to use
those expression that maintain fair process.
 Concreteness: every message should be concretes which means using those facts and
figure that provide exact details, teacher's communication need to be concrete to fulfil
need of learner.

2.2 Explaining ways in which theories, principles and
model of communication can be applied in teaching and
learning process:
 In teaching and learning process, communication become essential.
 In teaching and learning process, theories, principles and model of
communication play vital role, teacher need to consider theories which can
provide valuable teaching with the help of theories, these are:
 Berne transactional analysis: Berne transactional analysis is one of the most
effective theory that highlight process of adult to adult communication or
creating healthy relationship with other.

Case study group communication:
 Communication become challenging in certain situation, I have faced those
situations where my communication skills is been tested.
 For example; while addressing my class, there are wide number of diverse
culture who have different belief and way of learning.
 To overcome such issue, I have used Berne transactional analysis which
helped me to use different ego state and provide effective communication to
learner which allowed me to provide effective teaching.

3.1 Theories, principles and models of
assessment
 Assessment is the approach of collecting and discussing the
data or information from the multiple sources as to create
the understanding about what learners wants to know,
understand as a part of their educational experiences.
 Formal assessment define as the grading system which is
used to track the knowledge of learner.
 Formative assessment: It is refer to the range of
approached which is performed by the instructor to organise
in process evaluation of the learner’s comprehension their
progress during the unit or course.

CONTINUE…
 Diagnostic assessment: This assessment generally
informs both student and tutor about their current
capabilities and their requirement for future.
 Formal assessment: They are the organised and
systematic data based tests which are used to tracks the
student performance as how well they have learned.
 Informal assessment: These are the spontaneous
assessment which can be easily used in day to day
classroom pursuit, they are the performance driven
assessment.

CONTINUE…
 Three examples of assessment for improving learning are as follows:
 Standardised tests:
 These tests helps in identifying the areas as to analyse the strong and weak areas of the
learner so that learning plan can be made for improvements.

CONTINUE…
 Aptitude tests:
 It comes with the series of questions which
helps in knowing the intelligence of the learner
about the specific domain.
 It also helps in analysing the strong and weak
points of the learner regarding their verbal
comprehension, logical reasoning.
 Thus it helps in inclusive learning, as the
student can easily proceed further towards
their learning goals by making improvements.

CONTINUE…
 Portfolio:
 Portfolio a informal assessment
mainly used for the typical classroom
conducts in order to monitor the progress of
the learners towards their curricular
objectives and goals.

CONTINUE…
 Medal and mission(petty) theory
 This theory describe that the feedbacks have the good impact over the learning
achievements. It states that the feedbacks should includes the medals and mission. As
medal means to appreciate the learner about their short achievements “for an example to
say as your punctuatuion for the paragraph is good”. It boosts the morale of the learner and
they work hard to perfom better next time.
 2 way feedbacks
 It is the two way communication method which helps in developing the trust and faith in
both parties. Thus for the learning practice teacher can also proceed to ask to the student
about their teaching

Ways in which the theories, principles and models of
the assessment can be applied
 Initial/ diagnostic assessment: As these assessment helps
in identifying the knowledge and skills of the learner.
 It is the learner’s first experience in the learning
organization, with the help of this tutor can easily recognize
the current knowledge and efficiency of the learner in order
to make the desired learning goals and plan.
 Tutors can also begin to conduct the quizzes and standard
test so it will help in knowing the learner’s knowledge and
to conduct the different activities which gives the complete
information.

CONT…
 Formative assessment also helps in learning process as a part of the teaching process
tutor can begin to teach the student as how to implement the certain formula or theory
in practices and to describe the goals to the student.
 Tutor can also begin to use the coloured traffic lights cards, as it helps in determining
the understanding level of the students.
 As the instructor can begin to show the chapter content and allow the students to
indicate the comprehension by placing the cards as red, yellow and green as per their
knowledge.

4.1 Theories and models of curriculum and
development
 Curriculum define as the lessons and the academic information which is
being taught in educational institution. It is often understood as he courses
which is offered by the schools but is can be uniquely use in usual sense of
schools. It can be broken down into the further areas which are as follows:
 Official curriculum: This curriculum mainly published into the
prospectus, which covers the individual course and the course content
which lay out the syllabus, total hours for teaching.


Conti..
 Models of the curriculum development are-
 Product model (tyler):
 This model mainly focus on the final outcome, as if the
product is produced which means that all the requirements
are sufficient and enough to complete the course.
 It is mainly based on motivating the student because of its
behaviourist approach, as with this they know what their
goals is and have a clear direction to complete the course
in a efficient manner.

CONT..
 Process model (stenhouse):
 Process model often use to prioritize the
active learning process. The maim purpose of
this model is to indulge the student with
range of activities to improve their problem
solving skills, and creative skills.

CONT…
 Thematic model:
 This model refer as to involves the themes within
the classroom, as it is one of the efficient method as
students enjoys the themes approaches, they are
enthusiastic in splitting down the monotony of the
classroom.
 It is the most common approach where the learners
can easily become engrossed in the subject as a
outcome of the theme and rapidly relate the course
and theme with their own interest.

Cont..
 Spiral model:
 In this curriculum model a subject title is revisited on various occasions each of this
developed on previous learning process, which takes into the deeper or in a complex level.
 The spiral model of communication is featured throughout the learning process of the
student whether from the primary school to secondary or higher level of education, where
the same topics are covered in a repetitive manner.
 Every time it develops the deeper understanding and challenge the learner while
developing and reinforcing the existing knowledge in them.

4.2 Ways in which the theories and models of
curriculum development can be applied
 As the theories and models of the curriculum can effectively be applied in the
specialism area. As by planning the schemes for the lesson plan can be efficiently
applied in the curriculum scope which is DET.
 It easily ensures the standardisation in the learning at various stage and gives the level
platform for knowing the assessment criteria which are authenticity, reliability, realistic.
 As tyler’s model which is product model can be easily implemented in planning by
organising the content to reflect clearly on designed goals and objectives.
 Thus stenhouse (process) model can easily used for own practice by ensuring that the
learning environment is safe and accessible to all the students.

CONCLUSION
 This report has discussed teaching and learning process and its
importance in academic session.
 Later this report has discussed theories, model and principles of
communication in education and training including theories like.
 Berne transactional analysis and Piaget theory of cognitive
developing where importance of language is been described,
principles of communication such as clarity, concreteness and
other impact communication process.
 Later this report has discussed how theories, principles and model
of communication play vital role in teaching and learning
process.

REFERENCES
 Book and journals
 Berne, E., 2016. Transactional analysis in psychotherapy: A systematic individual and social
psychiatry. Pickle Partners Publishing.
 Bormanaki, H.B. and Khoshhal, Y., 2017. The Role of Equilibration in Piaget's Theory of
Cognitive Development and Its Implication for Receptive Skills: A Theoretical Study. Journal of
Language Teaching & Research, 8(5).
 Demetriou, A., Shayer, M. and Efklides, A., 2016. Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive
development: Implications and applications for education. Routledge.
 Deng, Z., 2020. Knowledge, content, curriculum and didaktik: Beyond social realism.
Routledge.
 Feldon, D.F. and Litson, K., 2021. Modeling Theories and Theorizing Models: an Attempted
Replication of Miller-Cotto & Byrnes’(2019) Comparison of Working Memory Models Using
ECLS-K Data. Educational Psychology Review, 33(4), pp.1907-1934.
 Foley, G. ed., 2020. Understanding adult education and training. Routledge.