Technology for Non-Verbal Autistic Children: Communication Platform

This document discusses the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on the growth rate of individuals with ASD. It also presents primary research data collected from professionals in the field and case studies of autistic children. The document proposes a communication platform of digital content-based image retrieval for autistic children to enhance accessibility to distinct functions on a single platform.

Running head: TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
COMMUNICATION PLATFORM FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Table of Content
Chapter 2:...................................................................................................................................3
Market research......................................................................................................................3
Primary research.....................................................................................................................4
Gap in current process..........................................................................................................16
The idea................................................................................................................................17
Chapter 3: The case study........................................................................................................17
Interviewing.........................................................................................................................17
Identified gaps by specialists...............................................................................................17
Real user-facing problems....................................................................................................18
Proposal for new intervention..............................................................................................18
Chapter 4: An artifact of design...............................................................................................19
Background and gap.............................................................................................................19
Purpose of new design.........................................................................................................19
Proposed idea.......................................................................................................................20
Add value.............................................................................................................................21
Rationale for this new idea...................................................................................................21
Chapter 5: Artifact and development.......................................................................................22
Name of the Application......................................................................................................22
Conceptual design of the application...................................................................................22
Development techniques......................................................................................................23

2TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Code development................................................................................................................23
Summary..............................................................................................................................24
Chapter 6: Evaluation...............................................................................................................24
Usefulness............................................................................................................................24
Evaluation outline................................................................................................................24
Evaluation timeline..............................................................................................................25
Summary..............................................................................................................................25
Chapter 7: Conclusion..............................................................................................................26
Conclusion............................................................................................................................26
Future works.........................................................................................................................26
References: Harvard.................................................................................................................27

3TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Chapter 2:
Market research
The recent years have seen the prevalence of Autism Spectrum
Disorder(ASD) increase at unprecedented rate. So far, the development
condition is listed among the major cases of mental disorders in various
parts of the worlds including the UK, US, and India. Note that the
incidence rate in the mentioned regions are 1 in 64, 1 in 68, and 1 in 150
respectively (Kuriakose & Lahiri 2017). The lifelong condition is usually
evidenced in the children under the age of 3, and it curtails their ability to
communicate normally, from social relationship, and engage in normal
behaviour. The modern world is characterized by sophisticated level of
Information and Communication Technology(ICT) advancement that
appear instrumental in the alleviation of most of the communication and
socialization challenges faced by autistic children. As far as autism
concerned, major process has been made in the fields of Information
Technology and robotics (Teevan, Dumais, & Horvitz 2017). A range of
computer, smartphone, and artificial intelligence (merged with robotics)
software have been developed to help this population cope with their
communication and socialization needs (Golestan, Soleiman, & Moradi
2017). By now, it is apparent that different interventions have emerged in
attempt to improve the lives of people spectrum from autism. Some of the
common applications include Pocket PC Picture Exchange Communication
System (PECS), Let’s Talk Voice Output Communications Aid (VOCA),
dmTEA, and AUTHIC. Note that the first two focus on developing the

4TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
children’s communication skills (Shminan, Sharif, Adzani, & Lee 2017).
dmTEA is a diagnosis tool while AUTHIC improves the autistic child
emotional capabilities. It suite to restate that the mentioned applications
are among the various interventions implemented for autistic individuals.
When placed into perspective, a huge operating system can be created
where both GUI and AR functions can be accessed by the autistic children.
For the sake of this argument, the search engine concept described by
(Zamir, Korn, Fikes, & Lawrence 2010) is quite illustrious: such a system
utilizes a user profile to extract relevant information based on the user’s
query. With the help of the guardian/practitioner, an autistic child can
utilize this system to access various functions including the learning
medium (AR or tablet mode), the learning concepts (communication, basic
mathematics, or socialization), and level (based on progress).
Primary research
Information has been collected from the professionals of this field, who are working
in a associations where the autistic children within the age group of 4 to 11 years are assessed
and rehabilitated. Along with that 3 to therapists from each of the 2 therapeutic facilities have
been interviewed during the observation schedule of some autistic children to collect data
from the case studies.
Group Type of
Sector Institution Languag
e
Therapis
t Participant age (4 to 11) Observation
Male Female Non-verbal
1 Private 1 English A  
Arabic B  
English C  
2 Private 2 English D  
English E  
Arabic F  

5TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
All the result has been collected using google form in both languages (English and the
Arabic) (Google Docs, 2019).
Primary data regarding demographics
Age
25
26 - 30
31 - 35
36 - 40
41 - 45
45 - 50
46 - 50
46- 50
51 - 55
51 and more
Figure 2 Answering by Age (Google Docs 2019)
From the primary data collection regarding age of the participants, it can be clearly visible
that most of the participants are 31 to 35 years old, where the number of parturient from 36 to
50 is also high. Considering all these percentage distributions, it has been found that most of
the participants are from 31 to 50 years old.

6TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Accountant
Banking
Internal auditor
psychologist
Speech Theripest
Unit head
MIS
Instructor of Sports Education
Professional Rehabilitation Specialist
Sudent
Pharmacist
unemployed
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Occupation
Figure 3 Occupations (Google Docs 2019)
From the primary data collection regarding occupation of the participants, it can be clearly
visible that most of the participants are either professional rehabilitation specialist or worker
of banking sector or pharmacist. The number of psychologist was also high in the total
participants.
Country
Egypt
India
Ireland
Jordan
malawi
none
OMAN
Staff
Sudan
Uganda
Figure 4 Response by Country-wise (Google Docs 2019)

7TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
From the primary data collection regarding nationality of the participants, it can be clearly
visible that most of the participants are from Oman. However, number of participants from
Egypt is also very high.
Gender
Female
Male
Figure 5 Responses by Gender (Google Docs 2019)
From the primary data collection regarding gender of the participants, it can be clearly visible
almost half of the participants are male and half are female

8TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
2%
6%
91%
Have you heard about Autism or read about it?
Maybe
No
Yes
Figure 6 Response if they heard about Autism (Google Docs 2019)
From the graphical presentation it can be interpreted that almost all the participants are aware
of the Autism.
4%
32%
64%
Do you know anyone who has the ASD(Autism
Spectrum Disorder)?
Maybe
No
Yes
Figure 7 Response if they knowing anyone having ASD (Google Docs 2019)
From the graphical presentation it can be interpreted that more than half of the participants
(64%) are directly know at least one individual who is suffering from Autistic disorder.

9TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Do you think that the Information and
Communication Technology(ICT) has had an
impact on the growth rate of the number of
individuals having ASD
Figure 8 Information Communication Technology (ICT) (Google Docs 2019)
From the Histogram analysis it can be said that participants acknowledged that the
Information and communication technology has impact on the growth rate of the ASD
children by moderate level.
Autism and PDD Concepts Lite
Other
TOBY Playpad
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Do you know about the following applications for individuals
with ASD?
Figure 9 Application used for ASD (Google Docs 2019)
From the graphical analysis it can be clearly seen that most of the participants are not aware
of the applications for the Autistic individuals. However, among the provided options of the
applications, majority of the participants were acknowledged that they know about the
application Autism and PDD concepts Lite.

10TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
53%
4%
43%
Do you think that the digital applications help in
combating against mental disorders like ASDs
Maybe
No
Yes
Figure 1 Response of using Digital Application (Google Docs 2019)
More than half of the total respondents were not sure about the effectiveness of digital
application to combat against mental disorder like ASD. However, among the rest of the
participants, majority supported that the digital application can help to combat mental
disorders like ASD.

11TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
38%
11%
51%
Do you think this technology would help an
individual with autism?
Maybe
No
Yes
Figure 2 Response If the technology will help ASD (Google Docs 2019)
More than half of the total respondents supported that this technology would help an
individual with autism. However, among the rest of the participants, was not sure about the
effectiveness of technology.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Overall how favorable will the Augmented
Reality(AR) and CBIR based application be in
your opinion for the individual with autism?
Figure 3 Response of AR & CBIR (Google Docs 2019)

12TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
From the Histogram analysis it can be said that participants acknowledged that the will the
Augmented Reality(AR) and CBIR based application have effective impact on the individual
with autism.
Figure 4 Response of about the idea of the technology (Google Docs 2019)
According to the graphical analysis a significant number of respondents think that the best
aspect of the idea using the technology is making improvement. On the other hand, another
significant number of respondents replied that they are not sure about those aspects.

13TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Figure 5 Response if they like least the idea (Google Docs 2019)
According to the graphical analysis a significant number of respondents think that tleast
likable factors regarding this idea is too much screening and high use of costly technologies.
On the other hand, another significant number of respondents replied that they are not sure
about those aspects.
Figure 6 Response of using the application (Google Docs 2019)

14TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Most of the respondents replied that they want to recommend this new technological
implementation for a autistic child from once in a day to once in a month. It clearly portrays
that the respondents are very positive about recommending this technology frequently.
Figure 7 Response if they are interest to buy an application (Google Docs 2019)
Most of the respondents replied that they want to buy this technology for a autistic individual
if the technology is available in affordable price tag.

15TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Figure 8 Response of the amount they will pay for the application (Google Docs 2019)
Most of the respondents replied that they want to pay 5 to 10 OMR for this technology.
However, a considerable number of respondents want to pay 10 to 15 OMR as well.
Figure 9 Response of the important factors (Google Docs 2019)
The most given answers by the respondents regarding the important factors in choosing this
application are good value and high quality construction. However, the participants also
replied that low price and good warranty services has been highly appreciated.

16TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Figure 19 Response of how individual with Autism made (Google Docs 2019)
Most of respondents replied that extensive training and consistent assessment can make an
individual with ASD more independent.
Gap in current process
Such a trend demonstrates the problematic state of the current
progress with respect to the disorder. Logically speaking, it is almost
impossible for a single autistic child to benefit from such a fragmented
approach. Such a bold sentiment follows the fact that one cannot access
all of the applications regardless of the fact that they focus on different
aspects of ASD. Since here in Oman the unavailability or scarcity of using
application tools in the centres to communicate with the nonverbal and
verbal autistic children. Perhaps, communication platform of digital
content based image retrieval for Autistic children can solve this problem
by enhancing the accessibility of the distinct functions – includes digital
library on a single platform(s).

17TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
The idea
For this reason, we have been always curious about nonverbal
children with autism, how they express their feelings, needs and thoughts
with others surrounding them. We find it a quite interesting idea to give
them a communication medium and see what they will offer to us.
Therefore, this dissertation project proposes we inspire to develop a
platform which include an android mobile application and a web admin
panel, together this platform will help the non-verbal autistic children to
communication and give them a way to express themselves.
Chapter 3: The case study
Interviewing
The interview process was executed on different specialists, psychologists and
therapists of autistic filed, who are currently dealing with autistic children of 4 to 11 years of
age. The interviewing process was conducted after collecting the observational data from the
real case studies in multiple observation schedules as mentioned earlier. The purpose of this
interview process is to gather the perspective of specialist regarding the current operational
gap in assessment techniques for Autistic children.
Identified gaps by specialists
Most of the specialist clearly indicates that the autistic children prefers to
communicate through various visual signs and body language, where the most common
emotional attributes are anger, sadness, surprise, happiness and curiosity. The interviewees or
specialists mentioned that during the stipulated time of observation scheduling the problems

18TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
and challenges of an autistic child could not be assessed properly. Apart from that the parents
often report regarding various behavioural issues of their autistic child, however due to lack
of evidences the specialists or therapist could not identify the cause or effective assessment
process for that issue. Apart from that for a novice therapist or specialist interpreting of
child’s emotions and interpreting their expressed needs become very difficult. They need
senior’s advises frequently.
Real user-facing problems
Majority of the specialist clearly indicates that the autistic children prefers to
communicate with their parents and close persons through various visual signs and body
language, where the most common emotional attributes are anger, sadness, surprise,
happiness and curiosity. The interviewees or specialists mentioned that during early phase of
problem detection when a child has to spend a large amount of time with his or her parents,
the parents can not address the issues raised by their child. As a result of that ,the parents
often report regarding various behavioural issues of their autistic child, however due to lack
of evidences the specialists or therapist could not identify the cause or effective assessment
process for that issue. Apart from that, often parents are unable to monitor the regular
improvement of their child while reporting the same to the specialists due to lack of
interpretation capabilities on child’s emotions and expression as well as intellectual
interactions.
Proposal for new intervention
For this reason, we have been always curious about nonverbal
children with autism, how they express their feelings, needs and thoughts
with others surrounding them. We find it a quite interesting idea to give
them a communication medium and see what they will offer to us.

19TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Therefore, this dissertation project proposes we inspire to develop a
platform which include an android mobile application and a web admin
panel, together this platform will help the non-verbal autistic children to
communication and give them a way to express themselves.
Chapter 4: An artifact of design
Background and gap
Such a trend demonstrates the problematic state of the current
progress with respect to the disorder. Logically speaking, it is almost
impossible for a single autistic child to benefit from such a fragmented
approach. Such a bold sentiment follows the fact that one cannot access
all of the applications regardless of the fact that they focus on different
aspects of ASD. Since here in Oman the unavailability or scarcity of using
application tools in the centres to communicate with the nonverbal and
verbal autistic children. Perhaps, communication platform of digital
content based image retrieval for Autistic children can solve this problem
by enhancing the accessibility of the distinct functions – includes digital
library on a single platform(s). The interviewees or specialists mentioned that during
early phase of problem detection when a child has to spend a large amount of time with his or
her parents, the parents can not address the issues raised by their child. As a result of that ,the
parents often report regarding various behavioural issues of their autistic child, however due
to lack of evidences the specialists or therapist could not identify the cause or effective
assessment process for that issue. Apart from that, often parents are unable to monitor the
regular improvement of their child while reporting the same to the specialists due to lack of

20TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
interpretation capabilities on child’s emotions and expression as well as intellectual
interactions.
Purpose of new design
 To extend the CBIR technology to be applied on autistics children.
 Most non-verbal autistic children hardly express their mood or how they feel since
they lack the natural way of self- expression.
 Identified that autistic children can and will express themselves better through Image
based communication and text-to- speech application.
 Understanding by learning what images represent will help them choose the images
that represent what they want to communicate.
 To offer an environment of enjoyable and attractive communication and
personalization platform.
 Provide a platform of interaction to the autistics children, therapists, and supervisors.
 Provide performance track record and measurement indicators for follow up.
 Children with neurological influenced communication.
 Economic accessible
 Social integrated
 Home accessible
Proposed idea
The integrated effectiveness of digital content-based image retrieval application for
ASD children will utilize the structure of a typical search engine. The indicators for
observation schedule, and testing emotional expression in the autistic children. The only
difference is that it has been highly graphical due to the content/sketch-based image retrieval

21TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
algorithms. While designing the application we will sketch a new image using character 2D
sketch for different ages such as mother, father, grandmother, grandfather…etc. we has been
adding some character with traditional Omani and casual cloths it has been familiar for them.
The software has been tested during the prototype stage. Further, enhancements can be done
only after the prototype proves functionality. Also, testing the functionality of emotional
expression in the participant. Tthe system iteration developed inclusive of the evolved and
additional requirements. We will review the code using the therapist’s user feedback received
from the testing and implements the changes and extra functionalities to suit the therapist’s
requirements. Each module has been tested and modified or updated accordingly.
Add value
 There is scarcity of technological tools of information seeking for ID in general
and for autistics in specific. This project becomes contributing to solve this
problem.
 This project will bridge the gap in communication of autistics children to
information seeking and improve their social interactions.
 This project has been a good tool to examine the impact of using CBIR on autistic
skills.
 The early intervention is very crucial in detecting autism. This project will assist
therapists to identify and overcome communication and socialization difficulties
before becoming severe.
Rationale for this new idea
This new technology and multiplatform information interchange system can help to
improve the monitoring system over an autistic child. Apart from that the parents will be able

22TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
to store a particular unrecognisable behaviour of a child and send it to a specialist to get
appropriate interpretation and assessment. Most importantly, this technology will allow the
autistic children to interact with their parents, peers, siblings and others more effectively by
using image recognition and text conversion system. This system will also grow their interest
to learn new things while keeping them highly curious and interested towards the subject.
Hence it can be clearly seen the education process for this special children will going to be
more improved and effective.
Chapter 5: Artifact and development
Name of the Application
Grow me: The ultimate solution for parents, children, professionals
Conceptual design of the application
 A database has been created for this purpose including the following:
o Autistic profile
o Therapist profile.
o Admin profile.
 An application has been created with relevant layout for each of the three users:
Autistics, therapists, and admin.
 CBIR interactive library software has been integrated with the application for the
three users.
 Use of identity referencing for each autistic child (given by the ministry of social
development).

23TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
 Ability to support image formats (jpeg and png)
 Ability to support YouTube video through video URL
 Ability to share and send data (with the therapist)
 Ability to log important data for admin only.
 Ability to log important data for admin user only.
 Ability to assign different privileges to different user (such as Therapist)
 Ability to present report and performance in an easy to understand.
Development techniques
The development process has been based on the number of ASD users and therapists
in the system. For maintenance, once the approved modules has been tested to satisfaction,
and the incomplete modules are redone to full functionality. Development is the last stage of
development. The successful of mobile application has been deployed into a fully operational
system version. It will necessitate various procedures including licenses acquisition,
prototype development, and network expansion. Each stage demands huge amounts of
financial and human resources. Not to mention the fact that such a project can be taken up to
a six month before completion.
Code development
The following requirement must be considered while developing the code, that includes the
coding platform, compiler usage, the user interface development engine and others.
Details Software & Hardware SW.Versio
n
HW.Version
IDE IDE: Android Studio 3.2
Programming Language Java 1.8 and XML 1.8

24TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Web admin Firebase Cloud Firestore and
SDK
17.1.3
Android API 17.1.3
Server Database Firebase Cloud Database 17.1.3
IDE(Integrated development
environment)
Android Studio 3.2
Android device Support android media
framework
According to the above requirements, it can be clearly said that the coding platform
should be platform independent, where the coder can use the software at very alpha stage
using various devices.
Summary
Chapter 6: Evaluation
Usefulness
This new technology and multiplatform information interchange system can help to improve
the monitoring system over an autistic child. Apart from that the parents will be able to store
a particular unrecognisable behaviour of a child and send it to a specialist to get appropriate
interpretation and assessment. Most importantly, this technology will allow the autistic
children to interact with their parents, peers, siblings and others more effectively by using
image recognition and text conversion system. This system will also grow their interest to
learn new things while keeping them highly curious and interested towards the subject. Hence

25TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
it can be clearly seen the education process for this special children will going to be more
improved and effective.
Evaluation outline
Evaluation is a process that critically examines a program. It involves collecting and
analysing information about a program’s activities, characteristics, and outcomes. Its purpose
is to make judgments about a program, to improve its effectiveness, and/or to inform
programming decisions.
It is important to periodically assess and adapt your activities to ensure they are as effective
as they can be. Evaluation can help you identify areas for improvement and ultimately help
you realize your goals more efficiently. Additionally, when you share your results about what
was more and less effective, you help advance environmental education.
Evaluation enables you to demonstrate your program’s success or progress. The information
you collect allows you to better communicate your program's impact to others, which is
critical for public relations, staff morale, and attracting and retaining support from current
and potential funders.
Investigates to what extent the program is achieving its outcomes. These outcomes are the
short-term and medium-term changes in program participants that result directly from the
program. For example, EE outcome evaluations may examine improvements in participants’
knowledge, skills, attitudes, intentions, or behaviours.
Evaluation timeline
Name / Title Type Start Date End Date By
Weeks
By
Days
Design task 1/26/2019 2/28/2019 5

26TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Weeks
Design of the tool milestone 2/23/2019 2/23/2019 1 Day
Testing task 2/24/2019 3/30/2019 5
Weeks
Development of the tool milestone 3/30/2019 3/30/2019 1 Day
Implementation task 4/1/2019 4/12/2019 2
Weeks
Evaluation task 4/13/2019 4/20/2019 1 Week
Evaluation of the tool milestone 4/20/2019 4/20/2019 1 Day
Maintenance task 4/21/2019 4/23/2019 2
Days
Deployment task 4/24/2019 4/26/2019 2
Days
Final Report task 4/26/2019 4/26/2019 Day
Summary
Chapter 7: Conclusion
Conclusion
The lifelong condition is usually evidenced in the children under the
age of 3, and it curtails their ability to communicate normally, from social
relationship, and engage in normal behaviour. The modern world is
characterized by sophisticated level of Information and Communication
Technology(ICT) advancement that appear instrumental in the alleviation
of most of the communication and socialization challenges faced by
autistic children. As far as autism concerned, major process has been
made in the fields of Information Technology and robotics (Teevan,
Dumais, & Horvitz 2017). Information has been collected from the professionals of this
field, who are working in a associations where the autistic children within the age group of 4
to 11 years are assessed and rehabilitated. Along with that 3 to therapists from each of the 2

27TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
therapeutic facilities have been interviewed during the observation schedule of some autistic
children to collect data from the case studies.
This new communication system with multiplatform information interchange system
can help to improve the monitoring system over an autistic child. Apart from that the parents
will be able to store a particular unrecognisable behaviour of a child and send it to a specialist
to get appropriate interpretation and assessment. Most importantly, this technology will allow
the autistic children to interact with their parents, peers, siblings and others more effectively
by using image recognition and text conversion system. This system will also grow their
interest to learn new things while keeping them highly curious and interested towards the
subject. Hence it can be clearly seen the education process for this special children will going
to be more improved and effective.
Future works
In future progress this application can be used for global research where the
individual information collected from clients can be stored and process through a virtual
database system. This database system will store the huge amount of information in cloud
storage while managing the information with systematic interlinked relational entities. This
entities will be fetched depending on their cardinality in order to formulate the global
improvement of autistic children. Apart from that, this application can be also used in nursing
services as well, where the patients are unable to communicate verbally, the healthcare
facility is requiring to keep track of the patients expressions and emotion for more effective
treatment procedure.

28TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
In future, the database system that could be used to store this huge amount of data
regarding digital object, imaged information and patients progress, the blockchain based
decentralised database system will be more secured, where the database encryption will be
more strong and the data masking could not be possible. Along with that, this technology can
also use the Augmented Reality or AR system in order to increase the interest of autistic
individual towards it. The AR system can improve the real time information interchange
system, that can immediate catch the physical properties of a object or a person and inform
the autistic individual quickly.

29TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-VERBAL AUTISTIC CHILDREN
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