Technology in Organisations

The report discusses the evolving role of cloud computing, cellular network, IT security and data privacy measures in modern organisations. It also covers the benefits gained by organisations like Amazon post adopting cloud computing. The report includes subject matter related to technology in organisations and is suitable for courses like IT, management, and business studies.

TECHNOLOGY IN
ORGANISATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3
A. Evolving role of Cloud computing within modern day organizations....................................3
B. Discussion of key benefits gained by organizations like Amazon post adopting the cloud
computing....................................................................................................................................5
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................6
A. Cellular network, its principal components and working.......................................................6
B. Benefits of cellular network to a business..............................................................................7
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................8
A. IT security and data privacy measures to be implemented within every organization...........8
B. Key provisions of GDPR that must be included within the IT security and data privacy
measures......................................................................................................................................9
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................10
i) Calculation of Sum, Median, Max and Min value for the Gross salary, taxes and Net salary
of the employees........................................................................................................................10
b.................................................................................................................................................13
c..................................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Technology has a great role to play in modern organisations as it allows for improvement
in the performance increase in overall effectiveness of an organisation’s system, products and
services. Accordingly, with the help of technology businesses are able to expand in a quick and
efficient manner (AlShamsi and Ajmal, 2018). The aid that technology provides to the
businesses are process tracking, contact management, maintenance of data flow and employee
records which results in efficient and effective operation of businesses due to less requirement of
manpower and reduction in cost of doing business. Therefore, in the present report the discussion
will be done pertaining to the evolving role of cloud computing in modern day organisations
along with the discussion of Amazon is gaining benefits by adopting cloud computing system.
Also, the discussion of cellular network, its principal components, working and benefits it
rendered to the businesses will be done in this report. Further, IT security and data privacy
measures needed to be implemented by every organisation along with the inclusion of GDPR’s
key provisions. At last, certain spreadsheet calculations will be done through excel commands
and functions.
MAIN BODY
Task 1
A. Evolving role of Cloud computing within modern day organizations
Cloud computing refers to the storage of data, its management and processing on the network of
servers which has been hosted over the internet in a remote manner. In modern business
environment it is gaining much popularity as it allows for great savings, host of managed
services and enormous capacity along with the high level of security for the management,
storage and processing of business data (Baldwin, 2019). With the help of cloud computing
businesses are able to access information related to their respective affairs in a virtual manner
which results in the creation of flexible and worldwide accessibility for the data without any
constraint of place or time.
Businesses nowadays are concentrating on making investments in cloud computing with the aim
of guaranteeing reliable recovery & backup solutions without any requirement of setting it up on

physical device. The design of cloud in itself is such where data stored in it could be easily
mirrored across the servers, therefore in the case of failure of any one, data would not be lost
instead backed up instantly. In this way, cloud computing plays a great role in modern day
businesses by facilitating management of computing resources online. Also, it allows for
accessing programs and data that is outside the business’s computing environment.
Now further explanations of the role of cloud computing in modern business will be done from
the cloud computing service models point of view which are popularly known as the following
where using only of these or mixture of all depends upon the individual business’s needs and
requirements (Kaiji and et.al., 2021).
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
The first and foremost form of cloud computing is SaaS or Software as a Service which is
generally useful for small businesses where these businesses with small needs can avoid
traditional pattern of installing and storing application in their own server or computer and can
access software applications hosted over the internet. The host of software applications is
responsible for maintaining and controlling the applications along with providing services like
software updates and settings as a business who is a user can have very limited control over the
application and related configuration settings. The common services that this model of cloud
computing render to small or modern businesses are customer relationship management system
CRM and web – based mail services.
Another form of cloud computing that is being used by modern businesses is IaaS or
Infrastructure as a Service which is generally referred to as a renting or buying disk space or
computer power from an external service provider (Babu, Anusha and Devisree, 2021). Under
this option, accessibility is available through both private network and over the internet. Here the
provider of service maintains the computer hardware in a physical way which includes data
storage, memory, network connectivity and CPU processing. The common example of IaaS
cloud computing is Amazon EC2, Windows Azure and Rack space.

The last form of cloud computing or service model of cloud computing is PaaS or Platform as a
Service which can be explained as a crossover of both IaaS and SaaS. Here both the aspects or
features of above - mentioned forms of cloud computing are present like buying and renting of
network capacity, operating systems, computer hardware and storage under IaaS along with the
availability of software applications and server environments (Kreiling and et.al., 2020). Another
advantage of this form is that it provides the business acting as a user with higher control over
the technical aspects in terms of facilitating customisation of computing set up according to what
suits best to their respective needs.
B. Discussion of key benefits gained by organizations like Amazon post adopting the cloud
computing
With the adoption of cloud computing, there are numerous benefits for the businesses like
Amazon which virtual setting up of office can be possible and accordingly, there would be
higher flexibility in connecting with the business any time and from anywhere in the world. With
the further growth in the usage of web – enabled devices in the modern business environment
such as tablets and smartphones which have made data accessibility more and more easy (Li and
et.al., 2018). Therefore, there are many benefits that an organization like Amazon is enjoying by
moving its business on cloud, such as the following:
 There are huge savings that Amazon experienced by not incurring cost associated with
equipment and upgradation of data centres. Accordingly, the need to manage server on-
site gets reduced and so the need for staff. Amazon has developed and refined the biggest
computing infrastructure which is known as AWS. In the recent study, it has been found
that AWS proved to be 40% more cost effective than maintaining physical facilities on –
premises.
 Amazon by adopting cloud computing is able to scale down or scale up their operations
or data storage needs in a quick way in consideration to suit their changing situation.
Amazon is able to avoid buying and installing costly upgrades of their systems as it is all
handle by cloud computing service provider (Alston, 2019). This results in saving of both
time and money which can be invested for making future business decisions.
 Amazon also gets benefitted from flexibility in work practices as with the cloud
computing employees are able to access data directly from any location of the world that

is, whether it is home, holiday or workplace itself just by having an internet connection to
get connected with their virtual office easily and quickly.
Task 2
A. Cellular network, its principal components and working
A cellular network is also known as mobile network which facilitates or provides with the
communication network where the link between two end nodes is wireless. So, the network
coverage that this network provides is used for transmission of data, voice or any other type of
content. In other words. Cellular network can be defined as a radio network which is distributed
over the land through cells where all the cells have fixed location transceiver that is known as
base station (Erkutlu and Chafra, 2020). All these cells together provide with a radio coverage
over a large geographical area. For instance, user equipment such as mobile phones allow for
communication where data transmission, storage and voice transmission are possible from each
corner of the world to another corner of the world. Cellular network provides many advanced
features to its subscribers against alternative solutions such as small battery power usage,
increased capacity, low interference from other signals and larger geographical coverage area.
Popular cellular technologies are global system for communication through mobile, general
packet radio service, code division multiple access and 3GSM.
The principal components of cellular networks are:
Base transceiver station or BTS: It consists of numerous different elements where the first one
is electronic section located at the base of antenna tower (Makedon and et.al., 2019). It
comprises of electronics such as radio transceivers, radio frequency amplifiers and combiners &
power suppliers with back up through which communication with mobile handsets becomes
possible. The second element of BTS is antenna along with the feeder which connects the
antenna to the BTS itself. These antennas can be seen on top of tall buildings and masts to enable
the coverage of required area. The third and the last element is the interface between the BTS
and its controller which consists of cable link, control logic and software establishing link
between BTS and its controller.
Mobile switching centre or MSC: It is the control centre for the system operating on cellular
network. The function of this component includes coordinating the action of BSCs, acting as a

connection in public telephone network and providing overall control (Serrat, 2021). The
importance of this component is that it consists of many duplicate and backup circuits which
avoids the probability of network failure, like backup power system is useful in supporting
against major power failure as the same could cause inoperativeness of MSC which in turn leads
to collapsing of the whole network.
Working of cellular network
A mobile network or cellular network is made up of numerous geographical areas which is
known as cells. These cells are accordingly arranged in a manner to facilitate larger areas of
mobile coverage. Within each of these cells, there are mobile base stations which performs the
function of receiving and sending the radio signals from and to mobile handsets that are located
in those cells or geographical areas to enable the user of mobile handsets to connects to the
internet & make calls (Howell, 2019). The base stations within these cells are all linked with a
transmission network along with the core network of mobile carriers which facilitates
connections between own customers & other mobile users and also between its customers & the
internet.
B. Benefits of cellular network to a business
In modern times, cellular network is used more than just a voice call. There is an increase in
network’s speed in transferring data and improved handsets which leads to the development of
range of smartphones or mobile phones, PCs, tablets and many other forms of mobile devices.
The benefits of cellular network include the following:
 Availability of 4G data transmission services facilitates for businesses to deliver data at a
faster rate which is equivalent to fast networks provided by broadband (Rajan and Dhir,
2020). Also, 3G data transmission services allow businesses to deliver data at a rate
equivalent to the speed provided by standard broadband networks.
 Short messaging and multimedia messaging services allows businesses to transfer short
text messages, videos, audios and images and thus provides for source of communication
to a business.
 Business management through mobile devices such as smartphones has become quite
easier with the accessibility to the internet because it provides for greater flexibility in
implementing remote working (Jara-Watson and et.al., 2019). Also, many other services

offered by cellular networks are mobile business applications through which wireless
ordering, online buying, billing and mailing could be possible leading to saving huge
costs.
 Cellular networks allow businesses to improvise their efficiency by cutting down the
costs associated with face-to-face meetings, higher opportunities for communicating with
those staff who spend more of their time on sales floor, on remote working or a job site
along with eliminating the issue of data silos. This in turn helpful in establishing real time
communication for faster decision making and increased alignment among all individual
staff and departments of the business organization.
 In the time when pandemic like COVID – 19 emerges, it is the cellular network through
which employee engagement could be facilitate and even, it has been identified in recent
studies that there is 38% higher workforce engagement resulting from communication
established on cellular network (S. Bargh and et.al., 2021). The reason behind rise in
employee engagement is that businesses are forcibly required to work off – site due to the
need of maintaining social distancing. Therefore, it is the mobile communication solution
facilitated through cellular networks which supports this new business scenario and
ensures higher employee engagement by establishing connections among each and
everyone associated with the business, no matter from where they are working.
Task 3
A. IT security and data privacy measures to be implemented within every organization
With the increased used of technology providing easier and quick accessibility from anywhere in
world, there comes the need for implementing measures related to ensuring IT security and data
privacy within every organization. Therefore, the following measures are necessary:
 The first and the most important measure needed is to establish a strong password in
order to ensure that there would be no accessibility of an unauthorized personnel. Also,
the password must be comprising of lower case and upper-case letter, numbers and
special characters (Jarvenpaa and Välikangas, 2020). This password must be typed for
before logging in to the business account or any other private company info sites. The
databases maintained by company on cloud should also be accessible only after providing
of the set password.

 Setting up of a firewall is another important initiative and must be implemented within
every business as it controls traffic over the internet that is coming or leaving one’s
business.
 To protect business data, both anti – malware and antivirus are very essential. These
antiviruses are designed to search for, detect, prevent and remove not only viruses but
also trojans, adware, worms and so on (Howell, 2019). Therefore, strongest possible
antivirus must be installed within every business machine such laptop and desktop to
secure business confidentiality.
 Data backup is another crucial type of security and protective measure for business data
and IT system. It can be done through archiving and copying data files which helps in the
event of data lost by facilitating easy retrieval of data.
 Data encryption is another form of data privacy measure through where encryption
software allows for encrypting and decrypting data stream at the time of their
transmission and storage (Rajan and Dhir, 2020). Also, with this IT security can be
ensured as it allows for encrypting the content of file, application or network packet as
well.
 Regular updating of operating system is highly recommended by cybersecurity experts.
Also, installation of latest security patches enables businesses to establish higher IT
security and data privacy as computer systems within the organization are up to date and
free from viruses & cyber threats of any kind.
B. Key provisions of GDPR that must be included within the IT security and data privacy
measures
GDPR or General Data Protection Regulation is a regulatory framework within the
European Union law for the purpose of data privacy and protection in the EU and European
Economic Area and is considered to be the toughest security and privacy law in the world. The
key provisions associated with this regulation are as follows:
 The GDPR is a set of rules that must be in place in an attempt to protect personal data of
people along with their rights attached to it. Therefore, businesses should operate under
this provision by framing a set of rules through which personal data of their employees
and clients could be protected from an unauthorized access (Serrat, 2021). However,

there should be no restrictions on the movement of personal data within the European
Union.
 The next provision is about how GDPR and its requirements gets affected with the
physical location of data subject and organization as a whole. However, the rules set
within the GDPRs are applicable on the personal data of all EU residents irrespective of
whether the information processing organization is within the EU or not.
 The GDPR allows for Pseudonymisation which means replacing information that is
personally identifiable with those of artificial identifiers in an attempt to conceal the
actual data (Babu, Anusha and Devisree, 2021). In the event of unauthorized access, there
would be no fruitful for the hackers or criminals as the additional information associated
with the data to understand it is obviously held separately. Thus, allows for maintaining
data privacy and security.
 At last, a data controller could be assigned to determine what information to be collected,
served and when it should be done or not (Baldwin, 2019). It may be a single person or a
group of individuals assigned with the task of controlling the aspects associated with data
security and privacy.
Task 4
i) Calculation of Sum, Median, Max and Min value for the Gross salary, taxes and Net salary of
the employees

The sum function has been used here to calculate the sum of gross salary, taxes and net salary
column. The command is given as =SUM (E4:E10), where (E4:E10) is cell reference on which
the function is to be applied. Accordingly, it has been dragged to the left to apply the same
function on taxes and net salary column in order to determine their respective sum.
Similarly, the command given for calculating the maximum value is =MAX (E4:E10), which
gives the maximum value within the given cell reference. The command is dragged to left in
order to determine the maximum value in taxes and net salary column.

Function used for Minimum value is =Min (E4:E10) and dragged to the left to determine the
minimum value for gross salary, taxes and net salary.

Average function has been used for determine the value of mean for all the column which is
=AVERAGE (E4:E10) and dragged to the left towards taxes and net column to determine their
mean value.
Median function here used by giving command as =Median (E4:E10) which gives the median
value for gross salary and the dragging to the left command gives the median value for taxes and
net salary column.
b.
In order to determine the number of employees with a gross salary of more than 79900, the
COUNTIF function has been by giving the command as =COUNTIF (E4:E10, “>79900”) which
gives the required results as 4.

c.
The function used here is =COUNTIF (E4:E10, “<67499.99”) to get the number of employees
with a net salary less than 67499.99.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that technology plays a very notifiable role
in modern day business organisation as evaluated in this report. Organisations like Amazon are
able to achieve competitive advantage in the market by using information systems like cloud
computing. It has been evaluated in this report, that how technological environment has
facilitated the communication through mobile devices with the help of cellular networks. Further,
the measures that organization are needed to implement with respect GDPR in order to ensure IT
security and data privacy has been evaluated in this report. At last, the used of spreadsheet in
businesses has been highlighted.

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