Negative Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy on Future Chances

The assignment discusses the issue of teenage pregnancy in London, highlighting its negative impact on education, health, employment, and housing for teen mothers and their children. The author suggests that the UK government should introduce sex and relationship education in schools to raise awareness about the consequences of early age relationships. Additionally, health and social care organizations should organize pregnancy prevention events, while private and public organizations should provide mix supports to promote healthy behaviors among teenagers. Moreover, parents should maintain good communication with their teen children, and schools should integrate sex education into their curriculum to change the behavior and attitude of adolescents towards teenage pregnancy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am greatly thankful for all those persons who have provided appropriate
guidelines and support to completing the whole dissertation in systematic and
ethical manner. I want to give special thanks to my mentor who has suggested me
this topic for research. Furthermore, I specially thanks to my family and friends
who helped me in all possible accords for attaining all objectives in effective
manner.

Impact of teenage pregnancies
on education, health, housing
and employment in London.

ABSTRACT
Teenage pregnancy can be defined as a teenage girl, usually within the age of 13-19 becoming
pregnant. Major aim of the current research is determining the major impact of teenage
pregnancies on education, health, housing and employment in London. For attaining this aim the
research study has focused on different aspects of teenage pregnancy and its impact on education
and health of teen mother. Further, focus has also given on determining the different effects of
teen pregnancy on employment and housing facilities of teen parents. Further, determining
different ways for reducing the negative effects of teen pregnancy was also considered as major
objective of this report. Researcher has used the secondary data collection methods such as
literature review for obtaining appropriate facts and figures. Including this, there has also been a
usage of appropriate tools of research methodology for conducting whole investigation in
effective manner.. Findings of the current investigation has reflected that major reasons of
adolescent pregnancy in London are peer pressure, lack of parental guidelines, inadequate
knowledge, sexual abuse and rape, teenage drinking habits and different social and economic
factors. All these factors decline the academic performance and health of pregnant woman who
is in teenage years. Along with this, it has also reduced the career opportunities for them.
Overall, teenage pregnancy has adverse impact on whole life of the teen parents as well as child.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
chapter 1: Introduction.....................................................................................................................7
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................7
1.2 Problem statement..................................................................................................................7
1.3 Project rational.......................................................................................................................8
1.4 Aim and Objectives................................................................................................................9
1.5 Research question..................................................................................................................9
1.6 Focus and Purpose.................................................................................................................9
1.7 Dissertation structure...........................................................................................................10
1.8 Framework and Analysis.....................................................................................................11
1.9 Significance of the research.................................................................................................12
chapter 2: Literature Review..........................................................................................................13
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................13
2.2 Teenage pregnancy..............................................................................................................13
2.3 Reasons behind high rates of teenage pregnancy in London...............................................14
2.4 Social disadvantages of Adolescent pregnancy...................................................................15
2.5 Impacts of teenage pregnancy..............................................................................................16
2.5.1 Teenage pregnancy and its impact on education of teen parents..................................16
2.5.2 Adverse effects of teenage pregnancy on health of mother and child..........................17
2.5.3 Impact of teenage pregnancy on housing .....................................................................17
2.5.4 Positive or negative aspect of teenage pregnancy on employment ..............................18
2.6 Role of government of UK towards teenage pregnancy......................................................18
2.7 Different ways for reducing the high rates of Teenage pregnancy......................................19
2.8 Research gap........................................................................................................................21
chapter 3: Research methodology..................................................................................................22
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................22
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3.2 Research philosophy............................................................................................................22
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................23
3.4 Research Design...................................................................................................................23
3.5 Research technique..............................................................................................................24
3.6 Data collection methods.......................................................................................................25
3.7 Data analysis........................................................................................................................25
3.8 Research Limitations...........................................................................................................26
3.9 Ethical issues and considerations ........................................................................................27
chapter 4: Data Analysis................................................................................................................28
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................28
4.2 Thematic analysis.................................................................................................................28
4.3 Findings and analysis...........................................................................................................31
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................33
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................33
5.2 Recommendations ...............................................................................................................34
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In teenage pregnancy females become pregnant under the age of 20 till the pregnancy
ends. It is a serious social issue in British culture. A research study has disclosed that in the
developed nation teens have had sexual relationship at least once between the ages of 15 and 19
(Viner et al., 2012). According to the facts and figures London has high teenage pregnancy rates
as compared to other countries, so government of UK needs to pay specific attention towards this
social problem because it has very adverse impact on social and economic position of the
country. It increases the birth rate of the country which affects the population and economic
position of the whole nation.
Different research studies have concluded that there are different traditional approaches
which play important role in reducing teenage pregnancy rates. These include sexual education
and qualitative sexual health services (Wilson, 2012). But, at present teenage pregnancy is have
various social disadvantages such as unemployment, poverty, discrimination and poor health
conditions, etc. Therefore, for addressing these entire issues researcher has decided to conduct
research study on determination of impacts on teenage pregnancy on education, health, housing
and employment in London.
1.2 Problem statement
There are different research studies which have concluded that teenage pregnancy is one
of the major social problems in London which affect the whole society. Teenage pregnancy is
very crucial problem In the United Kingdom as compare to other developed nation. So,
researcher has chosen the area of London for the whole investigation. It is a problem for UK
because rate of teenage pregnancy is increasing year by year (Minnis et. al., 2013).
Major reason behind this issue is lack of sexual education in schools so, there is
requirement of reevaluation on the subject of teenage pregnancy. Along with this, it is also
considered as economic, educational and health issue for United Kingdom. It increases the
economic cost of the nation as well as it has also had negative impacts on healt h of teenage
mother and new born child. Including this, it reflects root problem of education system of
London. Therefore, high rate of teen age pregnancy has reflected that government and education
system needs to pay specific attention towards the reducing the rate of this problem because it
has huge impact on different sectors of the economy, health and education (Duflo et al., 2014).
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So, researcher has decided to conduct research study on impact on teenager’s pregnancy on
education, health, housing and employment in London.
1.3 Project rational
What is the major issue?
Adolescent pregnancy is a worldwide social and educational concern for developed,
developing and underdeveloped countries. UK is facing the problem of high rate of teen age
pregnancy. It is an issue for teen age mother, child, society and whole economy. It ruins the
future prospect of the mother as well as it can create serious health issue for teen age mother and
child (Black et. al., 2013).
Why it is an issue?
Pregnancy of teenagers is an issue because it has negative impact on mother, baby and
whole society. Due to the adolescent pregnancy mother cannot complete their education and
more likely to be a single parent. Along with this, birth of a new baby to a teenage girl also has
negative impact on mother’s and baby’s health (Chin et al., 2012).
Why it is an issue now?
It is an issue now because, as per the current investigations rates of teenage pregnancy
has increased by 40% in current year (Shore, 2014). Along with this, government of the nation
has also invested huge amount of money in reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy by improving
the existing education system of the country (Pazol et al., 2015).
Research will shed light on?
For addressing this issue research will shed light on major impacts on teenager’s
pregnancy on education of teen age mother and father. Along with this, it will identify the effects
of pregnancy on health of mother and baby. In addition, focus will also be given on impact of
adolescent pregnancy on housing and employment in London (Kane et. al., 2013). It will help in
attaining all objectives as well as resolving the research problem in an effective manner.
1.4 Aim and Objectives
Aim:
The major aim of proposed dissertation is to identify the impact of teenage pregnancies
on education, health, housing and employment in London.
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Objectives:
 To understand the major reasons behind the teenage pregnancy in London.
 To identify the impacts of teenage pregnancies on education and health.
 To assess the adverse impacts of teenage pregnancy on housing and employment.
 To recommend appropriate actions to resolve the issues of teenage pregnancy in London.
1.5 Research question
1. What are the impacts of teenage pregnancy on education of young mother and father?
2. What are the negative health outcomes that a young mother and its baby can get during
and after pregnancy?
3. How the teenage pregnancy impacts the housing and employment?
4. What is the level of awareness among young generation regarding negative impacts of
teenage pregnancy?
1.6 Focus and Purpose
For attaining aim and objectives, the research will focus on different reasons of the
teenage pregnancy in London. It will help in determining the major areas which encourage this
serious issue in London. Along with this, study will also focus on effects of teenage pregnancy
on education and health of mother. Further, focus will also be given on impacts on this crucial
issue on housing and employment in London (Viner et al.,2012).
Determining the adverse effects of teenage pregnancy on education of teenage parents is
one of the major purpose of this study. Along with this, purpose of this research is determining
that how teenage pregnancy affect health discrepancies for child and mother. In addition,
identification of impacts of adolescent’s pregnancy on employment and housing in London is
also one of the major base of entire investigation. The above mentioned focus and purpose will
help in attaining aim and objectives of the research in effective manner. Along with this, these
are also effective for resolving the research in appropriate manner (Wilson, 2012).
1.7 Dissertation structure
The whole dissertation will be completed in a systematic structure which will comprise of
different chapter. A brief discussion of every chapter is described as under:
1. Chapter 1: Introduction: In this chapter, researcher will include the outline the whole
investigation. Along with this, it will also describe the major concepts of teenage
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pregnancy. This chapter will comprise aim, objectives, problem statement, rational and
significance of the research. This chapter will help in understanding the whole
dissertation in an effective manner.
2. Chapter 2: Literature reviews: It includes the historical research on teenage pregnancy
and their impact on different aspects of London. It will help in getting appropriate
insights to understand the research problem and getting appropriate solution to resolve all
the issues in an effective manner (Black et al., 2013).
3. Chapter 3: Research methodology: This chapter will comprise different tools and
techniques of research which will help in conducting whole investigation in a systematic
manner. It includes research philosophy, approach, design and technique. Along with
this, it also comprises appropriate tool for collecting and analyzing data. Appropriate
methodology of research will play important role in attaining objectives.
4. Chapter 4: Data analysis: This chapter will include the whole process of the data
analysis. It helps in examining collected facts and figures which will contribute in
determining impacts on teenage pregnancy on education, health, housing and
employment. Therefore, it helps in finding appropriate solutions to all research question
(Duflo et al., 2014).
5. Chapter 7: Conclusion and recommendations: After getting appropriate findings from
data analysis, researcher will make appropriate conclusion for the current study which
will help in determining the impact of teenage pregnancy on health and education.
Moreover, this section will also suggest appropriate actions for reducing the rate of
teenage pregnancy in London.
1.8 Framework and Analysis
Author will use different tools of research methodology which will help in conducting the
investigation on impact on teenage pregnancy on education, health, housing and employment. Research philosophy: Positivism research philosophy will be applied for determining the
impacts on teenage pregnancy. It will be applied because it focuses on objectives of the
research rather than subjectivity of the subject (Kane et. al., 2013).
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 Research approach: Deductive research approach will be followed because it helps in
conducting investigation from general to specific. Therefore, it will help in developing a
new theory on impacts of teenage pregnancy on education, health, housing and
employment. Design of the research: Researcher will apply descriptive research design for conducting
investigation on teenage pregnancy because it will help in collected subjective facts and
figures on current research subject which will play important role in understanding
research problem in effective manner (Chin et. al.,2012). Techniques of research: Qualitative research techniques will be applied by author
because teenage pregnancy is one of the subjective research topic. So, this technique will
help in conducting theoretical analysis in an effective manner. Data collection: As per the research problem and objectives researcher will apply the
secondary data collection method. Secondary data will be collected by different sources
such as books, journals, articles, research papers and literature. Secondary data will help
in getting appropriate insights to attain research objectives in an effective manner.
 Analysis of the data: Collected data will be examined by making use of thematic analysis
because it is one of the appropriate method for examining qualitative facts and figures.
This method includes different themes, charts, graphs and diagrams for analyzing
secondary information on adolescent pregnancy (Minnis et. al., 2013).
1.9 Significance of the research
The current research report is very significant for different research scholars so as to
evaluate the concept of teenage pregnancy. Along with this, findings of the current research
study are also beneficial for determining the negative impact of teenage pregnancy. Along with
this, effectiveness of UK government will also be analyzed with respect to steps taken by it for
dealing with teenage pregnancy. Other than this, research will be very effective because it helps
in determining different reasons behind the increasing rate of adolescent pregnancy in London.
These reasons will be very significant for taking actions for reducing the negative impacts on
teenage pregnancy. Educational system can also improve their segment of sexual education
which will play important role in resolving this issues (Duflo et. al., 2014).
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Further, findings of the current study will help different health and social organizations for
providing appropriate services to teenage mother and their child. Consequently, findings of the
current investigation will be effective for conducting the similar research study on different
country.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Literature review is one of the major part of the current investigation because it playa an
important role in collecting appropriate data about teenage pregnancy and its impact on
education, health, housing and employment. Literature shows historical investigation on teenage
pregnancy which has been conducted by different researchers in past. Review of past studies
help in getting appropriate insights to understand research problems in an effective manner
which play significant role in attaining objectives of the research (Kearney, et al. 2012). Review
of literature is also significant for determining research gap which play an important role in
developing research aim and objectives. The current literature review will focus on different
research articles relevant to teenage pregnancy and major reasons behind this issue in London.
Along with this, it will also discuss different social disadvantages of teenage pregnancy (Allen,
et al. 2012).
2.2 Teenage pregnancy
McCullough and et.al, 2012 has stated that “Teenage pregnancy can be defined as the
situation when a teenage girl becomes pregnant on account of sexual intercourse (McCullough,
et al. (2012), pp. 650-654).
On the other hand, Mouliet, et al. (2013), have concluded that “In teenage pregnancy a
girl who have not reached legal adulthood have become pregnant” (Chandra-Mouli, et al. 2013,
pp. 121). There are different factors by which a teenage girl becomes pregnant. These factors
related to the different situations which have been faced by teenage and a group with them they
interact. Different research studies have concluded that rate of teenage pregnancy vary from one
country to another country. Rate of teenage pregnancy depends on the sexual and health
education system of the nation (Garner, et al. 2013). In the developed nation education system
focuses on the sexual education but still rate of teenage pregnancy in that country is high as
compared to developing countries. For example in 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to
women aged 15–19 years in United States (About Teen Pregnancy, 2015, p.1). As per the
different health care professional’s teen pregnancies is associated with the extra health risk for
both mother and baby. McMillan and Schumacher, 2014 has stated that “to get pregnant by
having an extramarital affair is very common in some countries” (McMillan, et al. 2014, 187). In
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contrast, Ye and Lai, 2012 has concluded that “In different Asian countries, the community do
not allow girls to get pregnant before marriage” (Ye, et al. 2012, 646-652). Such types of values
and rules help in reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy. But, in the United States it is not
compulsory to get married for having child. So, teenagers do not fear to engage in sexual
activities. Including this, as per the experience of different health care professionals and
gynecologists, many teenagers do not believe that they will get pregnant if they will engage in
sexual activities. So, it reflects that lack of awareness and knowledge of teenagers about the
sexual activities and pregnancy (Teen Pregnancy, 2015). So, it can harm their individual life
which will have negative impact on their health and education.
2.3 Reasons behind high rates of teenage pregnancy in London
There are different reasons behind the teenage pregnancy in which low self-esteem is one
of the major cause. Lack of love and affection from parents is also considered as a major reason
of teen pregnancy. As per this statement if parents do not provide care, love and affection to their
children special in their teenage, then they try to find search love or affection from others. This
increases the chances of sexual relations with their friends (Gay, et al. 2011). In addition to this,
there are many research reports which has stated various reasons of teenage pregnancy which are
described as under: Peer pressure: Colina-Coca and et.al, 2014 has concluded that “Most of the teenagers
feel pressure to make friends in the age of adolescence” (Colina-Coca, et al. 2014, p.
554). Along with this, in this age friends can easily influence the decisions of others in
different aspects (Langham, 2015). Likewise, Li, Zhao and Chen, 2012 has stated that
“Teens lets their friends influence their decisions to have sex even when they do not have
complete knowledge about it.” (Li, et al. 2012, p.28). In the United States it has become
a part of their life style but sometimes result occurs in terms of unplanned pregnancy.
According to data developed by different health and social care reports, it was reported
that about 29% of teenagers were pressurized to involve in sexual activities and 33% of
teens were not ready to get pregnancy(they did not take any precautions before sex).
Therefore, it can be stated that teenagers are not aware of the consequence which they
have will face because of such actions. (Adolescent pregnancy, 2015, p.1).
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 Lack of parental guidelines: Sunil and et.al, 2014 has concluded that “Parental
guidelines, love, affection and care are considered as important factors for reducing teen
pregnancy problem” (Sunil, et al. 2014, 747). As per this statement lack of guidelines and
care can divert teenagers towards their friends to find out love and affection which may
influence them to get involve in sexual activities. Therefore, lack of parental guidelines in
also considered as major reason of teen pregnancy (Daniel, et al. 2011). Inadequate knowledge: Bhattacharyya, 2009 stated that teenagers who are not educated
in aspects of sexual relationship have high probability to get unintended pregnancy
(Bhattacharyya, 2009). As per this statement, lack of knowledge regarding biological and
emotional aspects of sex is considered as major reason of unplanned pregnancy. Sexual abuse and rape: As per different research studies, sexual abuse and rape can be
also be determined as one of the major reason of pregnancy in teenagers. According to
health and social care survey it has been found that most of teen mothers have
acknowledged that they were impregnated by adult man and most of these cases were
listed to be sexual abuse and rape (Copping, et al. 2013). Teenage drinking: Teen drinking and smoking can also be considered as major reasons
of teenage pregnancy. As per Jackson et. al., 2012 “Many teens experiment with different
types of drugs and alcohol” (Jackson, et al. 2012). Along with this, Singh, Rai and Singh,
2012 has concluded that “Most of the teenagers have sex after drinking or after taking
drugs and because of these things they are unaware of thing which happens after that”
(Singh, et al. 2012, p.17). So, it is also considered as major reasons of adolescent
pregnancy.
 Social and economic factors: Schargel and Smink, 2014 has stated that “environment in
which children grow, lack in proper education or making use of money for addictions,
etc. divert teenagers towards the sexual activity” (Schargel, et al. 2014, p.187). So, these
social and economic factors can also be determined as major reasons of adolescences
pregnancy.
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2.4 Social disadvantages of Adolescent pregnancy
Buckingham and et.al, 2013 has concluded that “Raising a happy and healthy child is one
of the most crucial challenge for most parents” (Buckingham, et al. 2013). As per this statement,
raising child is one of the major responsibility which prepared parents take but it is a crucial and
challenge task for teen parents. Getting pregnant during teenage can negatively affect the health
and education of teen mother as well as baby. Inappropriate education of individuals can affect
children, families and communities. So, teenage pregnancy is one of the major social
disadvantages for every society and nation (Cutler, et al. 2012). In contrast, Duflo, Dupas and
Kremer, 2014 has stated that “proper education, good job, mental stability and safe home are
very essential in managing social challenge” (Duflo, et al. 2014). All these requirements take
time and cost. Therefore, teenage pregnancy is considered as social disadvantage.
2.5 Impacts of teenage pregnancy
2.5.1 Teenage pregnancy and its impact on education of teen parents
Findings of different research studies have reflected that teenage pregnancy has negative
impact on education and academic performance. In contrast, Kane and et.al, 2013 has concluded
that “ teenage pregnancy affects the education of teen mother highly as compared to teen father”
(Kane, et al. 2013). Black, Devereux and Salvanes, 2013 has disclosed that “Most of the teen
mothers were in schools at the time of their pregnancy. after getting pregnant they had to leave
school before completing their course because of different health and mental issues at the time of
pregnancy” (Black, et al. 2013). Therefore, as per this statement, teenage pregnancy can stop the
education of teen mother which have negative impact on her entire life. In contrary, Goesling
and et.al, 2014 has concluded that “Most of the teen mothers do not leave school even during
their pregnancy time” (Goesling, et al. 2014). But they fail to devote appropriate time to study
and this leads to poor academic performance. Therefore, adolescent pregnancy can be
determined as a barrier for all teen parents. Similarly, Ashcraft, Fernández‐Val and Lang, 2013
has concluded that “Most teen mother cannot go to school after delivery” (Ashcraft, et al. 2013).
As per this statement, teenage pregnancy can ruin overall academic performance of a teen
mother during and after pregnancy period. Lack in proper education can directly affect the life of
child and mother (Sonfield, et al. 2013).
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Due to pregnancy most of teenage girls need to take leaves from schools or put their
studies on hold which delay their education and reduces their career opportunities. Steinmetz and
Sussman, 2013 has also stated that “after delivery, teen mother needs to spend most of the time
with their baby” (Steinmetz, et al. 2013, p.216). So, they cannot continue with their further
studies. Overall, review of different research studies has reflected that teenage pregnancy is one
of the serious issue for girls which affect the education in negative manner.
2.5.2 Adverse effects of teenage pregnancy on health of mother and child
As per the above discussion, teenager’s pregnancy can affect the education of teen
parents. Other than this, it can also negatively affect the health of mother as well as child. Viner
and et.al, 2012 has concluded that “Teenage pregnancy can create number of health risks for
mother as well as child” (Viner, et al. 2012, p.1648). According to research done by health and
social care “After pregnancy teenage mothers lack to have the capability to gain adequate weight
and this lead low weighted child after birth”. Similarly, Wilson, 2012 has stated that “Low birth
weight is linked with the various infant and childhood disorder which is one of the major health
risk for new born child” (Wilson, 2012, p.127).
But Black, Devereux and Salvanes, 2013 has stated in accordance with the above
statement that “when a female gives birth in adolescent age, the risk of early born child has also
increased” (Black, et al. 2013). This type of babies are called premature kids and the resulted in
increase of deaths among new born babies. According to Chin and et.al, 2012, “the probability of
anemia in teens during their pregnancy has also increased because of decrease in the level of red
blood cells during pregnancy stage” (Chin, et al. 2012, pp.990). The reason of developing this
disease is deficiency in iron within the body. The major impact of this is increase in risk of
premature birth, difficulties in delivery, etc. On the other side, Goesling and et.al, 2014 has
explored from his research that “having a baby in teenage, puts the mother at a postpartum
depression which is a kind of mood disorder” (Goesling et al. 2014, p.123). This also results in
diseases and change in emotions like sadness, difficulties in sleeping, anxiety, etc. Therefore,
from the review of overall research and by comparing various thoughts of researchers, it can be
concluded that teenage pregnancy has created adverse effects on adolescent mother as well as on
her child in negative manner.
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2.5.3 Impact of teenage pregnancy on housing
According to Larson, 2007, “it is identified that nearly 100,000 children are born into
poverty each year in London” (Larson, 2007, p.32). Due to this reason, teenagers are facing
various issues such as stressful life, unemployment and hectic physical environments, etc. In
addition to this, increased risks for preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction and poor school
performance are the other major factors which negatively influence the life of individual. In
present era, high pregnancy and parenting rates are emerged as serious ongoing problems
(Larson, 2007). The negative impact of poverty during pregnancy can be seen in form of
subsequent child health outcomes and multiple adverse exposures directly and indirectly. A
Minnesota study determined that 94 percent of homeless youth had sex and 53 percent of
homeless teen mothers were daughters of teenage. Apart from this, 41% of homeless young
mothers were placed in foster care and 60% are more likely to be removed from their parent’s
care (National Network for Youth. 2013, p.1).
2.5.4 Positive or negative aspect of teenage pregnancy on employment
The result of teenage pregnancy on the young girls has put a full stop on the education
indefinitely. Pregnant adults does not find the way to complete their education and it has directly
affected the job opportunities. According to Kane and et.al, 2013, “a teen girl who is employees
may not be able to continue her job if she gets pregnant” (Kane, et al. 2013, p.2149). Performing
a job during pregnancy should be done depended on the nature of work. The most common job
which is done by the teen girls are food servicing, cashier jogs and retail sales. In the context,
Ashcraft, Fernández‐Val and Lang, 2013 has stated that “a job in which employee has to stand
for long time is not at all preferable for pregnant teens.” (Ashcraft, et al. 2013. P.890). The
negative impact of this is that they have to resign their job and staying back at home. On the
other hand, Acharya and et.al, 2014 has explored in his research that “the teens who drop their
high school education face poverty situations” (Acharya, et al. 2014, p.87). This will affected the
growth and development of child and parents may not be able provide sufficient resources or
commodities to child. Therefore, from the above statements, it has is clear that teenage
pregnancy has put negative impact as well as aspects in employment.
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2.6 Role of government of UK towards teenage pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy has raised a major issue in public health sector in 1999. As per the
research of Pazol and et.al, 2015, it has identified that “to keep the control over teenage
pregnancy rate, UK government has made Teenage Pregnancy Strategy” (Pazol et. al., 2015).
The positive outcomes from the above given strategy is that it support young parents by which
they can learn how to care a baby in teenage pregnancy. Along with this, they can continue their
own education and training. This strategy has better able to address the lack of appropriate
housing of many teenage parents. The benefits of this strategy is that UK government is now
able to deal with correct risk factors of teenage pregnancy. In this context, Steinmetz and
Sussman, 2013, has explored in his research that “UK government has determined the needs of
community and try to reduce health inequalities” (Steinmetz et. al., 2013, p.145). The following
role of government has improved the well-being and health of local community in more effective
manner.
According to, Sonfield and et.al, 2013, “UK government has to develop some program
which help in developing clear and consistent communication with the teens and their parents”
(Sonfield et. al., 2013, p. 121). In this context, the government has also made use of different
social media by which they easily reach out teenagers. But Copping, Campbell and Muncer,
2013 has stated in the contrast of the above statement that “UK government has also played an
important role in providing Sex and Relationship Education Guidance which assist the staff of
various schools” (Copping et. al., 2013, p.145). In this context, the rising issue of early child
bearing in teenage has increased including the course of teaching sex and relationship education.
With the help of this, the teenagers are able to get proper guidance and strategies related to
different aspects and issues regarding teenage pregnancy. In addition to this, Lavin and Cox,
2012 has stated that Sex and Relationship Education Guidance has also provided direction to
develop different policies related to sex and relationship education in respect of teenager (Lavin
et. al., 2012). The various sex and relationship education framework helps in providing direction
to teens in the context of understand various aspects of teenage pregnancy. Therefore, UK
government has played different kinds of roles in direction of creating awareness among teens
and it has also decreased the rate of early child bearing in teenagers.
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2.7 Different ways for reducing the high rates of Teenage pregnancy
There are various ways which helps in reducing high rates of teenage pregnancy in UK.
As per the viewpoint of Copping, Campbell and Muncer, 2013, “there are some factors which
helps in reducing the rate of early child bearing and create awareness among teens in order to
reduce the effects of teenage pregnancy” (Copping et. al., 2013, p.147). For example, the fear of
AIDS in teen male has decreased the intercourse related activities towards the opposite sex and
the result of this is that it has decrease the premarital sex. Another reason of decreasing rate of
teenage pregnancy by changing the adolescent male attitude towards sex and relationship. But
Winner and et.al, 2012 has not agreed with the above stated statement and suggested that “the
mix efforts of global and private health and social care organizations in the direction of creating
awareness regarding teenage pregnancy in adolescent” (Winner, et al. 2012, p.2001).
According to Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2012, “the various teen pregnancy prevention
programs have helped in reducing the pregnancy rate” (Cutler, et al. 2012, p.45). Sex education
and reproductive health services, career counselling etc. also assist in bringing awareness and
giving knowledge about diversified and major impact of early child bearing. In this contrast,
Acharya and et.al, 2014 has explored that “by using different media campaigns, increased rate of
teenage pregnancy can be easily reduced” (Acharya, et al. 2014, p.171). In this context, by using
print and electronic media, it will be easy to increase the approach towards large number of teens
for changing their perception related to early child bearing.
On the other hand, Finer and Zolna, 2014 has stated that “with the help of abstinence, it
can be simple to prevent from teenage pregnancy in adolescent age” (Finer et. al., 2014, p.45). It
is 100% effective method which will avoid early child bearing situations. But Duflo, Dupas and
Kremer, 2014 has not agreed with the above statement and suggested that “by using
contraception during sexual intercourse, the teenage pregnancy rate can be reduced” (Duflo et.
al., 2014, p.171). From the research, it has found that 1/3 adolescent girls do not use any kind of
contraception in sexual intercourse. Therefore, it is important to educate teens about the use and
benefits of using contraception’s and this will be helpful in changing the behaviour and attitude
of teenager towards safer sex practices (Trends in Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing, 2015).
From the point of view of Kearney and Levine, 2012, “communication is an important method of
preventing early child bearing situation in adolescent” (Kearney et. al., 2012, p.26). From the
research, a fact has identified that conversation between parents and children about early sex has
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proven more beneficial to stop teenage pregnancy. Hence, from the studied of numerous
literature reviews, it has explored that there are different kinds of methods and ways which help
in reducing the rate of early child bearing in adolescent age.
2.8 Research gap
Different areas of research, question and problems in a particular field and which have
not been identified yet are known as research gap. It helps in completing the future research on
different subjects. Literature review of particular subject has helped in determining appropriate
gap of research. For the current investigation author has conducted review of literature on
teenage pregnancy and its major reasons. Along with this, there are also various studies which
have already conducted on teenage pregnancy and their impacts. Literature review has helped in
analyzing that large number of researchers have conducted similar studies on different countries.
But, very few research studies have been done on teenage pregnancy in London. Therefore, the
current research gap analysis has helped in formulating the research objectives and future
investigation on the teenage pregnancy and its impact on education, health, employment and
housing.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Chin et.al, 2012 stated that “Research can be defined as careful, systematic and objective
investigation for obtaining valid facts about research subject which help in drawing meaningful
conclusions and establishing principles for identifying research problems in different field of
knowledge” (Chin et. al., 2012, p.274). Similarly, Amoran, 2012 has asserted that “Methodology
is a systematic process of completing whole investigation using different tools and techniques for
collecting data and finding appropriate solution” (Amoran, 2012, p.5). Likewise, Creswell, 2013
has stated that “Research is a process of getting dependable solution of investigation problem
through a planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data” (Creswell, 2013,
p.97). All these above definitions have reflects that appropriate methodology of research help in
determining impacts on teenage pregnancy on education, health, employment and housing. The
current chapter will comprise research philosophy, approach, design and techniques.
Methodology will also provide different ways for collecting data about the teenage pregnancy.
Afterwards, it will help in selecting appropriate technique for analyzing these collected facts and
figures in effective manner (Fiegen, 2010).
3.2 Research philosophy
Philosophy of the research can be defined as a belief by which researcher can get
appropriate data about a specific phenomenon. Paradigm focuses on the subjectivity and
objectives of the whole investigation. There are two types of philosophy such as positivism and
interpretivist (Finer et. al., 2014). Positivism research paradigm focuses on the objectivity of the
whole investigation means it will help in determining the impact on teenage pregnancy on
education, health, employment and housing. On the other hand, Interpretivist shed lights on the
subjective interpretation of collected data (Acharya et. al., 2014).
For the current research report researcher has used positivism research philosophy which
played important role in attaining all research objectives in effective manner. Along with this, it
coverage the wide range of situations such as it has helped in collecting data about teenage
pregnancy from different sources. Author has use the positivism research paradigm because it
provides a most appropriate look to understand the different aspects and perspective of teenagers
towards pregnancy would will play important role in resolving research problem and attaining
organizational objectives (Minnis et. al., 2013). It is also appropriate for whole investigation
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because it will help in adjusting new issues associated with teenage pregnancy which has also
helped researcher in understanding social disadvantages of adolescent gravidity. Overall,
positivism research philosophy has played significant role in completing all research objective in
effective manner.
3.3 Research Approach
Author uses different types of research approaches for conducting investigation from
general and specific manner (Kamal, 2012). Selection of appropriate research approach is based
on research subject or topic. Approach of the research has also helped in determining
relationship between developed theory and researcher’s observations. There are two types of
research approaches which can be used by researcher at the time of conducting investigation on
teenage pregnancy; these are inductive and deductive research approach. In which inductive
research approach focuses on completing investigation from specific to general and on the other
hand, deductive approach helps in accomplishing whole study from general level of focus to
specific (Pazol et. al., 2015).
As per the current subject of the investigation author has applied deductive research
approach for determining the impact of teenage pregnancy on different social aspects. Using this
approach author has analyzed general theory on teenage pregnancy which helped in developing
appropriate assumption for current subject. Afterwards, researcher will move towards specific
data from general. Therefore, deductive research approach is appropriate for conducting current
investigation because it helps in reducing the time for whole investigation and in collecting data
(Langham, 2015). Along with this, it is a structured approach of investigation which would help
in attaining research objectives in effective manner.
3.4 Research Design
Researcher needs to determine appropriate way and path to complete whole investigation.
Research design is most appropriate tool for methodology section of current study which helps in
developing a blue print of the whole investigation. Along with this, design of research also plays
important role in understanding individual, group of people in terms of psychological and
behavioral manner (Wilson, 2012). There are different types of research designs descriptive,
exploratory and casual. For the current investigational author has chosen descriptive research
design because current subject is very theoretical and subjective. So, selected research designs
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played important role in understanding the research problem related to different social issues of
teenage pregnancy. In addition to this, impacts of the teenager pregnancy on health and
education can also be determined by descriptive research design (Viner et. al., 2012).
Descriptive research study includes different methods of data collection such as
observation, case study and survey. For the current investigation researcher has followed case
study method. It has chosen by researcher because it helps in conducting in-depth study on
individual and group of individuals. So, for the current investigation author can complete in-
depth study on teenage pregnant girls of London. It played significant role in understanding the
research problem and getting appropriate solution of each research question in effective manner
(Bodeeb, 2015).
3.5 Research technique
Technique of the research can also be defined as a strategy of the research and major role
in research technique in accomplishing whole investigation in qualitative and quantitative
manner. Qualitative research techniques focuses on conducting investigation on subjective
aspect. On the other hand, quantitative research technique helps in findings research questions
using numerical methods (Langham, 2015). Determining the impact on teenage pregnancy on
health, employment, education and housing is a theoretical subject so, author has chosen
qualitative research strategy for completing whole investigation.
Qualitative research techniques help in collecting subjective and theoretical data about
the research subject which helps in making the final conclusion of the investigation. According
to the above discussion researcher has applied case study analysis for understanding the behavior
of teenage pregnant girls of London so, qualitative research technique provided positive
contribution in conducting in-depth study on related individuals. Further, it has also helped in
understanding the research problem (Bhattacharyya, 2009). It has provided an opportunity to
understand the limited cases of teenage pregnancy in depth which has helped in reducing time
and improving the quality of findings. Researcher can also conduct cross case comparison and
analysis of the current subject which also improve the effectiveness of the research study. So,
quantitative research technique is most significant for attaining objectives of the current
investigation (Copping et. al., 2013).
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3.6 Data collection methods
Collecting data is most important task of every investigation and researchers used various
methods for obtaining facts and figures about the research subject. Sonfield and et.al, 2013 has
concluded that “all those methods which help in gathering information are also known as data
collection method” (Sonfield et. al., 2013). Primary and secondary data collection tools are major
methods for obtaining information. For the current investigation researcher has used only
secondary data collection methods for obtaining facts and figures. Author has not applied the
primary techniques because of different ethical, personal and safety issues of the teenage
pregnant girls (Ashcraft et. al., 2013).
There are different research studies which have conducted by other researchers in the past
with aspects of teenage pregnancy in different countries. So, author has used these studies for
collecting secondary information about the research subject. Secondary data collection method
has chosen by researcher because it is very time consuming and cost effective as well as easily
available on internet. Including this, using this method researcher can collect the data on
extensive level which covered different social disadvantages of the teenage pregnancy for
London. It could not focus on the actual issue but it has provided appropriate help to researcher
to create a base for the data analyzing and final interpretation (Cutler et. al., 2012). Therefore,
collected information has helped in resolving research problem and attaining objective in
effectual way.
Data collection instruments
There are different instruments which have used by researchers for collecting secondary
information. These sources include different research papers and articles on teenage pregnancy.
Book, websites, journals and blogs on health and social care services and issues which also
helped in getting various information about the teenage pregnancy and its impact. Therefore, all
these are the major instruments of the secondary data collection which are used by researcher for
collecting facts and figures on impact of teenage pregnancy and its social disadvantage (Singh et.
al., 2012).
3.7 Data analysis
After collecting data researcher needs to use appropriate method and technique to
examine it in effective manner. Data analysis is a process which help in analyzing and examining
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different collected information for getting appropriate findings and results. There are different
methods for analyzing data such as thematic and statistical analysis. Thematic analysis is used by
researcher to examine qualitative information and statistical analysis apply by author to analyze
different numerical information about the subject (Buckingham et.al., 2013). As per the above
discussion, researcher has used only qualitative research technique for collecting subjective
information about teenage pregnancy. So, for evaluating all these information's researcher has
used thematic analysis method.
This method uses different charts, graphs, diagrams and themes to analyze collected data.
It has helped in analyzing the subjective concepts of teenage pregnancy and its social
disadvantages (Schargel et. al., 2014). Along with this, it has also helped in understanding the
research problem and making appropriate findings of the research,
3.8 Research Limitations
Every research is associated with the different limitations which can affect the final
findings and conclusion of the whole study. The current research study has also associated with
some drawbacks relevant to the data collection, time and cost management. But, author has
applied appropriate research strategy for getting proper solution of each research limitation
(Winner et. al., 2012).
Major limitation of the current investigation is lack of time and cost. So, it was very
difficult for researcher to complete whole investigation in less time. But, before starting the
whole investigation author has developed a research plan which include different activity of
investigation with specific time and duration. It has helped in completing all tasks and activities
one time. It has reduced the chances of delay in investigation (Lavin et. al., 2012). Including this,
lack of money or budget is also included as major research limitation which also affect the
investigation. Researcher has faced various problem in managing cost but appropriate research
budget has helped in managing money in effective manner. Including this, researcher has faced
one more problem relevant to data collection. Teenage pregnancy is very crucial issue for
developed nation and lots of the researcher have conducted investigation on such topics but there
is very less scope to get data in general search (Amoran, 2012). So, author has faced problem at
the time of gathering information. For resolving this problem researcher has used the option of
advance search which have helped in collecting most relevant information about the teenage
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pregnancy and its impact on education, health, employment and housing. Therefore, all research
limitations have appropriate overcome by researcher in effective manner (Kamal, 2012).
3.9 Ethical issues and considerations
There are different ethical issues which can affect the findings of the research in negative
manner. So, researcher needs to consider appropriate actions to resolve these issues. As per the
above discussion researcher has used secondary data collection method for obtaining facts and
figures (Steinmetz et. al., 2013). So, manipulation of the data, plagiarism and complain regarding
copy and paste are included in the ethical issues. For resolving all these issues author has used
appropriate referencing, citations of different research papers. It has helped researcher in
resolving all these issues effectively. Therefore, all these are the major ethical issues and
considerations which will help in completing whole investigation in effective manner (Finer
et.al.,2014).
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CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
Analysis of data is very systematic process which play important role to examine
collected information about the teenage pregnancy of London. There are different tools and
techniques by which author can evaluate all facts and figures such as statistical and thematic
analysis. In this research author has focused on systematic review of literature which can be
examined by using thematic analysis only (Acharya et. al., 2014). It is an appropriate technique
for examining qualitative information, facts and figures. Thematic analysis will be effective for
conducting critical discussion on findings. Overall, analysis of data will provide appropriate
conclusion about the impact on teenage pregnancy on education, health, employment and
housing.
4.2 Thematic analysis
It is one of the most common and popular method for analyzing qualitative data and
conducting a subjective research. Themes help in representing the accurate phenomenon of
teenage pregnancy and its impact on different aspects. Themes represents the different types of
information, facts and figures of the current subject. This technique examines collected facts
using diagrams, charts, graphs and themes, etc. (Goesling et. al., 2014). It has applied by
researcher because it helped in expanding the range and scope of the research by studying past
individual experience. Along with this interpretation of theme also help in supporting data and
research subjects. Therefore, it is one of the best method for analyzing the different qualitative
information of the current research subject (Jackson et. al., 2012). Analysis of the different
themes are described as under:
Theme 1: Major reasons behind the teenage pregnancy in London.
Review of literature or secondary data collection has helped in knowing that there are
different reasons which increases the overall rate of teenage pregnancy in London. According the
analysis of the information major reasons of teenage pregnancy is peer pressure, lack of parental
guidelines, inadequate knowledge, sexual abuse and rape, etc. Including this, study has also
found that teenage drinking habits and different social and economic factors are also considered
as major reasons behind the teenage pregnancy in London. As per the secondary information
peer pressure is the major reason because in teen age girls can easily influence by their peers and
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friends to have sex without any awareness about the sexual relationship and related problems.
So, due to the lack of understanding they get pregnant. Similarly, lack of parental guideline is
also a major reason because if parents pay attention towards providing appropriate guidelines to
their teen children about sexual relations it helps them in increasing their awareness about the
problems and consequences of these. It will also reduce the rate of teenage pregnancy. But, in the
current lifestyle because of lack of time and high business schedule has increased the gap
between teen children and their parents. So, parents cannot provide appropriate guidelines to
their child. It also increases the chances of teenage pregnancy. In addition, study has also found
that inadequate knowledge is also a reason behind the teenage pregnancy in London. Due to the
inappropriate education system teenagers are unable to get appropriate sexual education which
also increase the teenage pregnancy in London. As per the review of literature rate of sexual
abuse and rape are also increasing which augments the unplanned pregnancy among teenagers.
In addition, use of alcohol reduce control over their sexual behavior. Various social and
economic factors are also included in the major reasons of teenage pregnancy. Overall, study has
successfully discovered all the reasons of the teenage pregnancy in London (Kamal, 2012).
Theme 2: Impacts of teenage pregnancies on education.
Findings of literature have reflected that teenage pregnancy affect the health of teen
mother in negative manner. As per the research, teen mother has to leave their school studies in
mid due to the complications in pregnancy. Due to this reason they cannot continue their whole
education which ruined their education life in negative manner which reduces their skills and
knowledge. Lack of education also affect their career opportunities and further studies. Similarly,
research has also disclosed that, after delivery it was also very difficult for teen mother to
continue their studies because of different health issues of child and herself. Low education
directly affects the whole life of teen mother. Along with this, findings have reflected that, if teen
mother does not leave school during their pregnancy but she cannot continue their school which
also decline the overall performance of the teen parents. Due to the lack of education, teen
mother cannot provide a better life to their children. Overall, teenager pregnancy negatively
affects the overall education of the teenage parents in London (Amoran, 2012).
Theme 3: Adverse effects of teen pregnancy on health of teen mother and child
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The findings of the literature review have reflected that the early child bearing in
the adolescent age has made the negative impact on the health of teen mother and baby. During
the teen pregnancy, the chances of health risk has increased. The major adverse effects of it son
health of teen mother and her child are not able to gain adequate weight during pregnancy, low
birth weight, childhood disorders, premature birth of child which increase the risk of death of
baby in infant stage, decrease red blood of cell in body, anxiety, sleeping disorders, sadness etc.
All these things have directly made the impact on the health of the child and teen of mother
which is not good for both of them (Amoran, 2012).
Theme 4: Impacts of teenage pregnancy on housing
From the reviews of the numerous literature review, it has been explored that more than
100, 000 children born in London and living the life under the poverty. It has created the barriers
in the seeking the good education and healthy life. The factors which are affecting individual life
are preterm birth, poor school performance etc. It has promoted the teenage pregnancies and
parenting rates very wide which is serious problem for any community. The impact of living
under poverty has ineffective child mental and physical development and increased the chances
of different kinds of diseases. Therefore, many of the teenage mothers are facing the inadequate
housing issues and not able to meet the needs of baby (Kamal, 2012).
Theme 5: Effects of teenage pregnancy on employment
The findings of the various literature resources have defined the diverse effects of
teenage pregnancy on employment of adolescent female. The effects are negative because during
pregnancy in teen age has drop out the education and it has reduced the changes of doing job.
The major employment that has performed by the teenagers in the pregnancy are cashier jobs,
food servicing and retail sales. These all kinds of jobs are required the long duration standing
work which cannot be performed by teen mother for long time. Another negative impact of
teenage pregnancy is facing then state of poverty and it has unable the teen mother to avail the
basic necessity things for care and development of baby (Langham, 2015).
Theme 6: Appropriate actions to resolve the issues of teenage pregnancy in London
As per the studied of different kinds of literature reviews, it has important to adopt the
new ways which help in reduced the rate of teenage pregnancy in London. The first and most
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appropriate method is communication between teenage and their parents. The parents have
required to explain the consequences of early child bearing. Another strategy which can be
adopted for decreased the number of adolescent pregnancy is developing Teenage Pregnancy
Strategy by UK government where the teenage parents can learn how to care of baby and
complete the education. By using the different media such as print and electronic campaigning,
it can be easy to increase the awareness in the teenagers about the consequences of adolescent
pregnancy. Along with this, by providing the education related to Sex and Relationship also
assist in changing the behaviour and attitude of the teenagers towards the intercourse relationship
in early age. By using contraception and other pregnancy prevention methods help in reducing
the rate of teenage pregnancy in early age. Rather than this, the private and public organizations
mix efforts can also be bringing the reduction in resolving the issues regarding the teenage
pregnancy in London. Therefore, it is important to create the more and more awareness in
teenagers by the health and social care organizations with the help of health promotion and other
supportive actions (Bodeb, 2015).
4.3 Findings and analysis
Thematic analysis has helped in getting appropriate findings which have helped in
attaining all research objective in effective manner. These findings have also played important
role in getting appropriate solution of every research question in effective manner. As per the
above analysis author has found that major reason reasons of teenage pregnancy in London are
peer pressure, lack of parental guidelines, inadequate knowledge, sexual abuse and rape, teenage
drinking and social and economic factors. In addition, different themes have also helped in
getting appropriate findings for determining impact of teenage pregnancy on education, health,
employment and housing. As per the research findings education of the teen parents highly
affected by the pregnancy and its complications which have direct negative impacts different
aspects of life of teen parents (Singh, 2012). Furthermore, results of the current investigations
have also reflected that Teenage pregnancy is one of the major reasons of different social
disadvantages such as it affects education of teen mother and child which may affect the whole
children, families and communities.
Including this, research findings has shown that teenage pregnancy has adverse effects on
education of teen mother which have direct impact on future career and employment. Poor
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academic performance reduces their job opportunities and income sources which decline their
social and economic position. Due to the low income teenage parents face the problem relevant
to the housing. Overall, study has found that teenage pregnancy has negative impact on
education, health, employment opportunities and housing facilities of teenage mother and child.
In London.
The research findings have shown that the early stage child bearing has made the adverse
effects of health of mother and child in negative direction. Due to this, both have faced the
various kinds of health issues which can affect the development of baby. The common health
problems have incurred with child and his mother are anxiety, sleeping difficulties, sadness,
mood swings etc. The early child bearing in teenage has increased the poverty rate where the
parents are not able to provide the good health and educational environment to their children.
Along with this, the job opportunities in teenage pregnancy has decreased for female because it
this condition, the teen mother has required the complete rest. But, she has also unable to
complete her education which has also reduced the chances of job opportunities in the future.
The overall impact of all these things are negative because the parents have disable to avail the
basic necessity things for their child development (Shore, 2014).
In addition to this, it is more important to reduce the high rate of teenage pregnancy and
in this context, some right actions are required to be taken. The UK government has to introduce
the different types of policies and procedures for creating the awareness and changing the
attitude of the adolescent towards the teenage pregnancy. Another action can be take in terms of
health and social care organizations have to organized the pregnancy prevention events for the
teenager’s so that they can understand the consequences of early child bearing. By using the
contraception and other safer sex things during intercourse, the rate of teenage pregnancies can
be reduced in London. Along with this, the most important thing is developing a good
communication between the adolescent and parents, the teenagers can be preventing from the
facing the adverse effects of early child bearing.
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Teenage pregnancy is a serious and social issue that may impact the future of young
women in negative manner. The current research report has focused on determination of impacts
on teenage pregnancy on different aspects of the future life of teen parents and child. These
aspects include education, health, employment and housing. For attaining this aim researcher has
formulated different objectives which focuses on the determination of major reasons of teenage
pregnancy in London. Along with this, suggesting appropriate ways for reducing associated
issues of teenage pregnancy is also considered as major objective of the investigation.
Author has followed a systematic review of literature using appropriate search terms.
Along with this, author has also followed suitable tools and techniques of research methodology
which helped in finding appropriate results for the whole study. As per the above discussion
author has used the secondary data collection methods for obtaining quantitative facts about
teenage pregnancy. For examining these data researcher has used appropriate method of data
analysis which was thematic analysis. Findings and analysis section has reflected that thematic
analysis was most appropriate method for examining qualitative information about the subject.
This analysis tool has helped enough to get appropriate finding for the current study.
Review of literature and data analysis has disclosed different reasons behind the high rate
of teenage pregnancy which include peer pressure, lack of parental guidelines, inadequate
knowledge, sexual abuse and rape, teenage drinking habits and different social and economic
factors. Therefore, analysis of the research has successfully disclosed the major reasons behind
teenage pregnancy. On the other hand, researcher has found the impact on teenage pregnancy on
education of teen parents. According to the current research study author has found that teenage
mother cannot continue the schooling and further studies because of the different health issues.
So, it adversely affects the education and academic performance of teenage parents.
From the research, the researcher has found that teenage pregnancy has made the adverse
impact on the health of the teen mother and its child. During this phase, she has faced the
different kinds of health and mental issues which affect the development of her baby. Along with
32

this, the female teens have also lived the life under the poverty and due to this they are not able
to provide the good and healthy life to the child. For reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy, the
UK government and the other private as well as public organizations should take the different
actions to reduce the rate of teenage pregnancy and create the awareness in the teenagers.
5.2 Recommendations
As per the research and on the basis of the findings, the researcher wants to suggest some
recommendations to reduce the increased rate of adolescent pregnancy. These suggestions are as
follows.
 The UK government should have introduced the Sex and Relationship education in the
course of school where the teens can understand the consequences of early age
relationship (Amoran, 2012).
 The health and social care organizations should start the Teen Pregnancy Prevention
programs so that some important information regarding the intercourse can be
understanding by teenage students.
 The private and public organizations should give the mix supports to create the awareness
in the teenagers regarding the early age relationship (Buckingham et. al., 2013).
 The different media campaigning such as print and electronics should be used for
promoting the health and consequences of early child bearing.
 The parents should maintain the good communication with teen children and explain
them about the adverse effects of teenage pregnancy (Singh et. al., 2012).
 The schools should introduce the Sex Education as part of the study by which the
behaviour and attitude of the adolescent can be changed in right direction.
 The use of contraception’s should be promoted during intercourse activities to prevent the
unplanned teenage pregnancies (Chandra-Mouli et. al., 2013).
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