Rate Of Teenage Suicide Worldwide

Running head: TEENAGE SUICIDE
Teenage Suicide: Why it Happens and What to Do about It
Task 1
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1TEENAGE SUICIDE
Table of Content
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Data Extraction................................................................................................................................3
Analysis of findings.........................................................................................................................8
Discussion and implication..............................................................................................................9
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10

2TEENAGE SUICIDE
Introduction
The number to teenage and adolescent suicide cases is increasing across the world. The
physiological, psychological and social determinants are associated with the suicidal tendencies.
The adolescent or teenage group indicates the population within the age group of 10 to 19 years
(Moreno, 2016). In teenage population of Malaysia death form suicide is going to be the major
cause of death within next 10 to 15 years (Abdul Aziz et al., 2019). The depression driven
suicide attempt is also becoming a common factor in Malaysia. Therefore, critical analysis of
biological, psychological and social determinants is required to identify the major drivers while
aiming at reducing the number of teenage suicide cases (Bratsis, 2014).
The aim of this study is to conduct a semi-systematic literature review with the help of
scholarly articles and peer reviewed articles in order to find the underlying factors behind the
teenage suicide while finding the preventive measures against this trend. In the following section
the data from included literature has been extracted through template and after that a qualitative
analysis has been conducted to analyse the major findings found in the data extraction phase.
Followed by the analysis and finding the discussion and implications have been made in
accordance with the analytical explorations
Data Extraction
This literature review is included the research papers based on some exclusion and
exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for this literature review were the study should be about
teenage suicide, based on primary or secondary method, published in a registered journal,
published within past 5 years. The exclusion criteria for this literature review were the paper
should not be in other than English language, not be news report, not be poorly structured with

3TEENAGE SUICIDE
incomplete or missing pages. Online databases have been used to collect data. Initially 30 papers
have been collected. After excluding the duplicate papers 25 papers have been sorted. After
using exclusion criteria 15 papers have been excluded. After using inclusion criteria 6 paper has
been selected for the final systematic review. In the following table the extracted data from the
included papers has been presented considering the author, title, method, research sample,
design, results and discussion.
No Author Title Method Research
sample
Research
designs
Results Discussion
1 A. B.
McLoug
hlin, M.
S.
Gould,
K. M.
Malone
Global
trends in
teenage
suicide:
2003–
2014
The paper is
based on the
literatures
that were
published
between
2003 to
2014
103
studies
were
included
for review
Database
with
percentage
distribution
of social and
psychological
determinants
with data
trends has
been analysed
Environment
and psycho-
logical
factors are the
major driver
of suicide
attempt
within
teenagers
The major
driving factors
are mental
illness, access to
mental health
services,
alcohol and drug
use, bullying
and peer
victimisation,
exposure and
contagion has
been found as
major factors
2 Pandey
GN
Biological
basis of
suicide
and
suicidal
behaviour
Neurobiolog
y of suicide
has been
studied
using
platelets,
lymphocyte
465 cases
are
included
with the
help of
post-
mortem
Comparative
analysis of
secondary
data collected
from post-
mortem
report for
Serotonin
receptor
subtypes,
abnormal
receptor-
linked
signalling,
The study is
focused on
neurobiology
and hormonal
contribution
towards
depressive and

4TEENAGE SUICIDE
s, and
cerebrospin
al fluid
obtained
data from
the post-
mortem
report of
suicide
victim
report different
biological
inspections
5HT
receptors,
kinase-3b,
HPA axis
function,
BDNF and
Trk-B
receptors,
cytokines are
the major
associated
factors
self-destructive
mood. Social
contributors are
ignored.
3 Abdul
Aziz,
Fazly
Azry,
Moham
ad
Aznuddi
n Abd
Razak,
Noor
Ani
Ahmad,
S. Maria
Awalud
din,
Noor
Aliza
Lodz,
Rajini
Factors
Associated
With
Suicidal
Attempt
Among
School-
Going
Adolescen
ts in
Malaysia
self-
administere
d
questionnair
es based
data
collection
used by
executing a
nationwide
survey as a
part of
National
Health and
Morbidity
Survey 2017
2-stage
cluster
random
sampling
procedure,
where in
27399
samples
have been
included.
Case control
study design
has been used
for social and
psychological
factors using
odd ratio and
significance
testing
History of
depression,
older than 16
years age,
parental
issues, peer
support,
parent
connectednes
s are the
major factors
found in this
study
associated
with the
suicidal
tendency.
The study
discussed about
social and
personal
determinants
while ignoring
the medical and
neurological
factors and their
association with
suicidal
tendency.

5TEENAGE SUICIDE
Sooryan
arayana,
Nik
Adilah
Shahein,
Noraida
Moham
ad
Kasim,
Nor’ain
Abd
Wahab,
and
Rasidah
Jamalud
din
4 Kok, J.
K.
The Will
to Die and
the Will to
Live: An
Ontologica
l Quest for
Teenagers
Who
Suffer
from
Depressio
n, a Study
from
Malaysia
In depth
interview
has been
conducted
on teenagers
who were
diagnosed
with
depression
to collect
data about
their
suicidal
tendencies
and factors.
Through
snowball
sampling
10 samples
have used
for data
collection
Case study
design has
been used
using
narrative
analysis
method for
data analysis.
The design is
based on
qualitative
structure.
Participants
were found to
have self-
existential
questions,
they lost
interest in
life, and they
lost interest in
social
interaction
even with
close one.
The study shows
the
psychological
perspectives of
the patients who
do not want to
live as a result of
depression
disorder. Lack
of social
connectivity and
interest were the
major argument
of this paper.

6TEENAGE SUICIDE
5 Mancea
ux, P.,
Jacques,
D. and
Zdanow
icz, N.
Hormonal
And
Developm
ental
Influences
On
Adolescen
t Suicide:
A
Systematic
Review
The paper is
based on the
literatures
that were
published
between
1990 to
2014 to
analyse f
teen
depression
and suicide
risks with
neuro-
anatomical
information
Both
French and
English
literatures
have been
included
within
total 45
literature
Qualitative
data analysis
has been done
with thematic
presentation
of data after
synthesising
the
information
through
systematic
review
Neuro-
cerebral
alternation
during the
final
development
of central
nervous
system,
sudden
changes in
sexual
hormone,
cortisol and
adrenaline,
BDNF,
HTT
serotonin 5
are the major
contributor of
suicidal
tendencies in
adolescents.
The study
shades light on
biological
perspectives
along with the
psychological
determinants of
over depressive
and suicidal
behaviour.
6 Paun, R. Risk Of
Emotional
Disorders
Toward
Suicide
Intentions
of
Adolescen
The study
conducted a
questionnair
e based data
collection
process with
SMA
Negeri 3
Adolescen
ts included
in this
study
belonged
to 17 to 24
years of
age group.
Non
experimental
study design
has been used
through using
cross
sectional
regression
Depression
level, stress
level,
physical
disorders,
history of
suicide
friends are
The study argues
regarding the
contribution of
personal
problems and
the depression
disorders
independently

7TEENAGE SUICIDE
ts In
Kupang
City
dan SMA
Negeri 4in
Kupang
City to
collect data
about
depression,
anxity and
stress level
The
sample
size was
357
analysis is
deductive
approach.
the
significantly
associated
factors with
suicidal
behaviour.
Anxiety level
has no
association
with suicidal
tendencies.
on the suicidal
behaviour.
Analysis of findings
From the above systematic data extraction it can be said that the collected information is
based on both primary data as well as secondary data where the data is valid for the range from
1990 to 2014. From the above data extraction it has been found that collectively almost 7 major
factors contribute to develop suicidal tendency among adolescents or teenagers. These factors are
history of psychological disorders, personal stress issues, social interaction, history of substance
abuse, neurobiological abnormalities, hormonal changes and age group. According to
McLoughlin, Gould and Malone (2015), has been found the adolescents who belong to their late
adolescence time are more prone to suffer from suicidal tendencies. History of depressive
disorders and other psychological disorders such as bipolar disorder is also a major contributor of
suicidal tendencies. The study conducted by Paun (2020), argued that though anxiety disorder
and depression are associated in neurobiological context, the anxiety issues are not significantly
associated with the suicidal tendency. As argued by Manceaux, Jacques and Zdanowicz (2015),

8TEENAGE SUICIDE
the major neurobiological abnormalities that are associated with suicidal tendencies and severe
depressive disorder are Serotonin receptor subtypes that includes HTA, 5HT. Furthermore,
abnormal receptor-linked signalling due to specific neurological growth during adolescence,
kinase-3b and associated beta receptors, BDNF and Trk-B receptors and cytokines are also
highly associated with severe depression and self-destructive tendencies. Jacques and Zdanowicz
(2020),also supporting this fact by adding sexual hormone, cortisol and adrenaline and BDNF as
the major contributors.
From the data several personal and sociological factors have been also found. As per
Abdul et al. (2019), parental support and education related stress are also highly associated with
the severe deprive disorder and suicidal tendencies. Disconnection and separation from parents is
the major parental uses. It has been also supported that peer victimisation such as bullying, social
isolation, physical abuse increase the suicidal tendencies within the adolescents over the age
group of 16years (Pandey, 2013). The socio-psychological determinants have been supported by
4 out of 6 included studies in this paper. Apart from that the neurobiological issues found in this
review are also the result of psychological disturbance during the neuropsychiatric development
during adolescence. Therefore, social determines, personal issues, stress level are the initial
regulator of depressive behaviour. With the severity of these determinants the severity of the
depressive or self-destructive mood is conditioned resulting the suicidal tendencies. The study
conducted by Kok (2014), the major sign or mental states associated with suicidal tendencies are
questioning about self-existential questions because of losing interest on social interaction and
cognitive engagement with surroundings resulting ultimate social withdrawal and withdrawal
from life.

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Discussion and implication
From the above synthesis or analysis of extracted data from the literature review it has
been found that there are many preventive actions that can be taken to reduce the psychological
distress within a teenager that can eventually minimise the neurobiological abnormalities and
hormonal misbalance.
Minimizing peer victimisation such as bullying and other types of abuse can reduce the
number of teenage school going and college going victims. Strict monitoring on student’s
behaviour and taking actions will be effective in this case (Joshi et al., 2015).
Guidance about parenting is also essential and it is the reputability of the authority and
social crevice group to conducting parent counselling session so that they can be educated about
teenage stress and healthy parenting style (Akkaya-Kalayci et al., 2017). Informing parent about
depressive and suicidal behaviour is also critical, which will allow the parents to identify
teenager’s needs and time to consult a psychologists.
Reducing the number of drug and alcohol use in teenage is also necessary. Schools,
collages, local community services should actively engaged with teenage health promotional
activities that can make the teenagers aware of the side-effects of drugs and alcohol abuse.
Proper identification and rehabilitation are crucial for controlling the substance abuse in teenage
group.
Access to psychological clinics should be increased so that the teenagers that need
psychological and psychiatric treatment can easily access the services (Bratsis, 2014). Hence,
both government and non-government healthcare organisations should increase the number of

10TEENAGE SUICIDE
psychological treatment clinics and rehabilitation centres with affordability limit, to ensure the
affordable accessibility of the citizen.
Conclusion
The purpose of this paper was to explore the underlying factors behind the teenage
suicide and suicidal tendencies while finding the preventive measures against this trend. For this
in this study the systematic literature review has been done including the 6 research articles on
psychological, social and biological factors of suicidal behaviour within teenagers. From the
result it can be concluded that 7 major factors contribute to develop suicidal tendency among
adolescents or teenagers. These factors are history of psychological disorders, personal stress
issues, social interaction, substance abuse, neurobiological abnormalities, hormonal changes and
age group. From the comparative analysis of studies it has been found that social determines,
personal issues, stress level are the initial regulator of depressive behaviour are the controllable
factors in this case. However, this paper has major limitation regarding the number of included
studies. Hence, in future more literatures will be included for more informative and critical
analysis.

11TEENAGE SUICIDE
References
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Sooryanarayana, R., ... & Jamaluddin, R. (2019). Factors Associated With Suicidal
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Akkaya-Kalayci, T., Vyssoki, B., Winkler, D., Willeit, M., Kapusta, N. D., Dorffner, G., &
Özlü-Erkilic, Z. (2017). The effect of seasonal changes and climatic factors on suicide
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Bratsis, M. E. (2014). Preventing Teen Suicide. The Science Teacher, 81(6), 14.
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Manceaux, P., Jacques, D., & Zdanowicz, N. (2015). Hormonal and developmental influences on
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McLoughlin, A. B., Gould, M. S., & Malone, K. M. (2015). Global trends in teenage suicide:
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Moreno, M. A. (2016). Preventing adolescent suicide. JAMA pediatrics, 170(10), 1032-1032.
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