The approach towards maintaining this demarcation

Running head: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Research on “What is the impact of affirmative action as a policy on the unemployment rate
of African Americans?”
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

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Abstract
There is a clear demarcation between the domain of the codified law and domain of free
choice. This establishes a contradiction between the restrictions and freedom, which the
employees need to cater while making the required performance in the workplace. The
approach towards maintaining this demarcation holds primary value in terms of assessing the
modifications needed. However, unemployment rates in the blacks and white contradicts the
demarcation. It is the responsibility of the government, private bodies and the committee
members to formulate policies and reforms, which helps in maintaining equality in the social
hierarchy. Consent needs to be taken from the staffs regarding application of these
modification techniques. Not taking consent is accounted as an unethical approach towards
conducting the activities. Data Protection Act (1998) can be mentioned for enhancing the
privacy in the confidential codes and statements of Woolworths. Equality Act (2010) is
adopted in terms of disseminating equal behaviour to the staffs, irrespective of the socio-
cultural background to which they belong.

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Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Research Question..................................................................................................................2
Research Hypothesis..............................................................................................................2
Rationale................................................................................................................................3
Problem statement..................................................................................................................3
Theoretical framework...........................................................................................................4
Significance of the study........................................................................................................7
Major concepts and variables.................................................................................................8
Research methodology.............................................................................................................10
Research Philosophy............................................................................................................10
Research Onion....................................................................................................................10
Research Design...................................................................................................................10
Research approach...............................................................................................................11
Data collection.....................................................................................................................11
Data analysis........................................................................................................................12
Sample size...........................................................................................................................12
Sampling technique..............................................................................................................12
Reliability and validity.........................................................................................................13
Ethical considerations..........................................................................................................13
Timeline...............................................................................................................................14
Literature review......................................................................................................................16
Affirmative action................................................................................................................16
Policies.................................................................................................................................17
Unemployment rate..............................................................................................................17
Impact of the affirmative action on the unemployment rates..............................................18
Conceptual framework.........................................................................................................19
Gaps in literature..................................................................................................................19
Summary..............................................................................................................................20
Findings, summary and conclusion..........................................................................................21
Thematic Analysis................................................................................................................21
Recommendations................................................................................................................33

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Conclusion............................................................................................................................34
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................35
Appendix..................................................................................................................................38

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Introduction
Unemployment is considered to be one of the social malice, compelling the youths to
commit suicide, as it affects the mental health. The two countries considered can be
considered as projecting a contradiction in the provision of services. This also reflects the
instances of rich and poor, which puts the daily sustenance at stake. In this context, mention
can be made of the policies, which assure the youths that their needs would be catered and
valued. Federal Reserves are at the charge of deciding the policies for improving the
standards and quality of the employment (Bls.gov, 2020). Along with this, government is also
involved in the policy formulation for the youths, in terms of their professional development.
Affirmative actions are required for creating mass appeals for reducing the racial
discriminations and involving the communities into the mainstream activities. This approach
is effective, as it enhances the triple bottom line approach. Social contract theory, classical
theory of unemployment, Keynesian theory of unemployment forms an important part in the
study for enhancing the clarity about the impact, which unemployment creates on the
population of Africa and America. Thematic analysis is conducted for gaining an insight into
the impact, which affirmative actions create on unemployment rates of African Americans.
Research Question
 How does affirmative action as a policy affect the unemployment rate of the African-
Americans?
Research Hypothesis
H0: Affirmative action, as a policy, does not affect the unemployment rate of the African-
Americans
H1: Affirmative action, as a policy, affects the unemployment rate of African-Americans

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Rationale
Affirmative actions, by the government have impact on the public domain. This is on
the diversified aspects. One such issue is that of unemployment, which adversely affects the
youths. In this context, the perspective is from that of a policy, which revolves around the
benefits of the youths. In case of the Blacks, the unemployment rate drastically fell to 7.6%.
The reason behind this is the racial discrimination, which broadens the distance between the
rich and the poor. On the other hand, the Americans, the employment rate was stable and the
racial discriminations were at a low rate (Cnn.com, 2020). These situations destroyed the
balance between the societies. Affirmative actions prove beneficial in terms of ensuring the
social welfare. In most of the cases, the actions generate religious protests, affecting the
cultural sentiments. The need is that of the governmental intervention, which would be
effective for altering the standards and quality of the employment. Affirmative action laws
have been enforced long back. However, there are uncertainties regarding the success, which
these laws have bore in terms of the social welfare. This research would look into the aspects
of revising the legislation parameters for providing equal opportunities to the youths,
intending for better employment opportunities (Goodman, French & BattaglioJr, 2015).
Within this process, the main emphasis would be on mapping the impact of the affirmative
actions undertaken by the government for reducing the effects of unemployment in the
population of African American. One of the main aspects, which the research attempts to
cater is the longevity of the impact and its propagation. In this process, one of the main
themes would be that of the racial discrimination.
Problem statement
Unemployment is a challenge in terms of maintaining the stability in the economy. In
the current competitive market, there is a labour shortage and the issue of employment is an
addition to the complexities for the achievement of competitive advantage. Along with this,
the youths also lack the essential managerial skills, which is difficult for the companies to

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enhance the growth rate. All these issues have compelled the government to take some
affirmative measured for reducing the instances of racial discriminations, harassments, which
the Africans and Americans have faced in the workplaces. Materialization of the regulative
alters the perceptions of the minority workers regarding employment (Cascio, 2015).
Stagnancy in the perceptions of the minorities contradicts the difficulties in the process of
assessing the impacts of the affirmative actions on the workers. When the affirmative actions
were first enforced, the poverty rates remained unchanged. The percentile rate for this is
estimated to be 30% in case of the black families. According to the claims of President
Clinton, unemployment rate of the African Americans were twice as that of the whites. Racial
preferences aggravated the complexities in the unemployment (Bls.gov, 2020). This research
would attempt to propose the issues of revising the policies of the employment and ethical
code of conduct, which would add a legal touch to the operations.
Theoretical framework
Theoretical frameworks are effective in terms of gaining effective insight into the
issues and its impact on the society as whole. Theoretical considerations are applicable for all
of the issues, which occur within the society like unemployment, affirmative actions and
others. Theories are an agent in terms of gaining a deeper understanding about the impact of
the actions on the people. In this research, the important theories, which are discussed, are
social contract theory, Keysian theory of unemployment and classical theory of
unemployment.
As a matter of specification, affirmative actions are taken by the government for
ensuring the social welfare (Williams, 2013). In this perspective, 3C Model can be applied, as
it is the interactions between the government and the agencies for the upgrading the standards
of living of the people. In this process, the aim is to enhance the triple bottom line approach
for upgrading the scope and arena of the business through the means of corporate social

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responsibility. Bondarouk and Ruël, (2013) states that the aim in this context needs to be non-
profit, as it is related to the outcome of serving the public domain. Competitors in this context
can be the agencies, who might adopt illegal means for gaining the customer satisfaction.
This competition reflects the aim towards grabbing the power, which is a compromise with
the sentiments of the public domain. This approach broadens the gap between the whites and
blacks, re-affirming the caste system. Kim et al., (2014) states that this situation contradicts
the basic essence of the social contract theory, which is individual rights and the freedom.
Racial discriminations on the blacks is considered to be the act of snatching their freedom
and the basic fundamental rights by the whites and the aristocratic. Pondering on the
situation, it is the selfish nature of the whites and uncertainty and fear of the blacks. Munjuri
and Maina, (2013) opines that this aspect nullifies cooperation and ultimately stressing on the
governmental intervention.
Governmental interventions relate to the aspects of security and certainty in case of
the affected. In this context, Christiansen and Sezerel, (2013) is of the view that government
is entrusted with the responsibility to create a “state entity” with the enforcement of
regulations for maintaining the order and harmony of the country. One of the important
aspects of the theory is that of “absolute”, which relates to the absence in the case of the
separation of the power”. In case of the unemployment for the African Americans, Martin, ,
(2014) clearly demarcates the power of the blacks and the white. The power of the blacks is
subdued under the dominance of the whites. This situation stresses on the need for the
governmental intervention in terms of enforcement legislations like that of Equality Act
(2010), which the citizens are to follow. Here, Wilson, (2014) highlights the movement of
anarchy from the national and international level. The state of nature in the social contract
theory is very simple, filled with primitive innocence and ignorance. Coulter and Faulkner,
(2014) is of the view that the state nearly approaches perfection. In case of the state of

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society, the statutory bodies of law take care of the legislative requirements for catering to the
maintenance of the balance in the operations. One of the other themes of the theory is that of
the prevalence of equality in the operations available in the society for the public domain to
use. Unemployment contradicts this equality, broadening the gap between the black and
white. Affirmative actions towards reducing the unemployment rate can be considered to be a
mystic entity, where the aim is to achieve collective equality, fairness and stability. This is
purely hypothetical, affirming the positive hypothesis. Sparrow, Hird and Cooper, (2015)
states that policies are effective in terms of making the creation of the entity a realistic aspect.
If the attention is turned towards classic theories of unemployment, the main reasons,
which can be excavated are interventions of the government and the private agencies; arrears
in the calculations and inaccurate decisions of the entrepreneurs. One of the other aspects in
this context is that of the artificial resistance. According to the arguments of Noe et al.,
(2015), unemployment is something, which is temporary and can be controlled by policies.
Classical views on unemployment reflect its temporary nature. One of the aspects in this
theory is that of flexibility in the price and wages. Over production results in depression and
unemployment, reflecting the collapse in the prices, due to the increasing demands. In this
context, Bailey et al., (2018) is of the view that policies act as an agent in terms of combating
the malice of unemployment, affirming the positive hypothesis. Policies can include the
strategies of cutting down wages, which would be effective for increasing the demands of
labour. Stimulation of the activity needs to initiate from the government. On the contrary,
Pigou’s theory can be implemented in this context for understanding the mechanisms of
unemployment. According to this theory, unemployment is the result of the alterations, which
are made in the demand conditions. Frictional resistances are an obstacle in this context
towards wage adjustment. Classical theories of unemployment favours slight frictional
unemployment, reflecting the switching from one job to the others. In this context, Wrench,

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(2016) states that involuntary unemployment cannot continue for long times. Unemployment
is the situation where the wages would automatically fall until the situation becomes better.
In view of this policy, the positive hypothesis is affirmed.
Bailey et al., (2016) states that wages and employment are not directly related.
Classical economists are of the view that the economy is self adjusting, therefore
governmental interventions are irrelevant. In this perception, the negative hypothesis attains a
high value. Wages and prices are so flexible, according to the perceptions of these
economists. However, Noe et al., (2017) proposes a contradiction that this is not the case in
the practical nature of the economic mechanisms. Money is not considered as a means of
exchange medium, which makes classical theory unsuitable for forwarding the discussions.
Significance of the study
Affirmative actions are undertaken for the welfare of the public domain. In this
context, the government has an important role to play in terms of formulating and revising
policies. Tactful approach is needed in terms of averting the competitive mentality for
ensuring that equality prevails in the society. If the issue of the unemployment is taken, then
affirmative actions relates to the revision of the standards and protocols of the policies related
to the embracing of equality in the employment. Unemployment had taken a toll on the
population of the African Americans. As a matter of specification, it has given rise to the
issues of racial discriminations between the blacks and whites (Sparrow, Hird & Cooper,
2015). These issues reflect the need for a democracy, where the people are bound to abide by
the laws and regulations. However, there are many cases, which reflect the disobedience in
this aspect. Typical examples of this are the cases of the racial and sexual discriminations and
harassments in the workplaces. In spite of the enforcement of the legislations like Equality
Act (2010), this issue compels the researcher to take up this issue for further research.
Affirmative actions in terms of formulating effective policies would be a means for the

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researcher to enhance the awareness of the readers regarding the ways in which malice like
unemployment can be combated (Coulter & Faulkner, 2014). Suggestions are also proposed
in the form of expanding the parameters of recruitment and selection, so that all of the
eligible youths can get the opportunity to expose their talent and achieve professional
development. Inclusive practices through the means of involving the minority workers are
also suggested, which can be a vital source of information for the researchers intending to
conduct further research on the issue of unemployment.
Major concepts and variables
The major variables in this research are affirmative actions, policy and unemployment
rates. Unemployment is the dependent variable and affirmative actions and policies are
independent variables.
Unemployment is such an issue, which affects the professional development of the
youths, who have freshly graduated. This issue also gives rise to the instances of
discriminations, harassments and conflicts, broadening the gaps between the blacks and the
whites. Policies are the actions undertaken by the governmental agencies for reducing the
intensity of the issues like unemployment (Wilson, 2014). Affirmation in this context reveals
the consent, which is needed from the public for formulating the policies. In this, mass appeal
forms effective in terms of producing collaborative approach towards maintaining the
decorum and harmony in the society. The variables would be measured in this research
through the means of relevant themes, which would be fruitful in terms of mapping the
impact of the policies on the population of the African Americans (Martin, 2014).
Demographic details are necessary for shedding light on the impact of the policies. In terms
of the sustenance, scholarly reviews are needed, which are presented in the literature review
section.

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Research methodology
Research Philosophy
In a research, there are mainly three types of philosophies used: positivism, post-
positivism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy relates to the development of the
scientific and objective knowledge related to the subject matter of the research (Dougherty,
Slevc and Grand 2019). Post positivism is the act of deducing the results from the anticipated
knowledge. Interpretivism relates to the interpretation of new facts and insights from the
already established facts. In this research, positivism philosophy is applied for developing
tautological knowledge regarding the impact of affirmative actions as policies on the
unemployment rates of the African Americans.
Research Onion
Fig: The research onion
(Source: Sahay 2016)
Research Design
A research is conducted through the implementation of particular designs. These
designs are mainly: exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. Exploratory design implies

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exploring the unexplored realms of the subject matter to enhance the awareness of the readers
about every aspect of the subject matter (Creswell and Poth 2016). Explanatory research
design is that in which the researcher explains every parameter of the subject matter.
Descriptive design implies the description of the facts related to the topic. In this research,
exploratory design is applied for exploring the unexplored realms of the affirmative actions
undertaken by the government for combating the unemployment rates of African Americans.
Research approach
The research is viewed mainly from inductive and deductive approach. Inductive
approach relates to the establishment of new insights and facts from the already established
facts and ideas (Edson, Henning and Sankaran 2016). On the other hand, deductive approach
is used for deducting relevant facts from the collected data. In this research, deductive
approach is used for deducing relevant facts related to affirmative actions undertaken by the
governmental agencies in the form of policies for reducing the intensity of the unemployment
rates of African Americans.
Data collection
The necessary data in a research is collected mainly through primary and secondary
methods. These methods are further subdivided into quantitative and qualitative. In primary
quantitative, data is collected through surveys. In primary qualitative, the data is collected
through interviews (Maison 2018). On the other hand, in secondary method, data collection
process is fulfilled through the means of case studies, books, journals, reports and others
(Leavy 2017). In this research, the necessary data would be collected through secondary data
collection methods. Case studies, journals, government websites, labour statistics would be
used for collecting the necessary information on the impact of affirmative actions, as policies,
on the unemployment rates of the African Americans.

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Data analysis
The collected data needs to be analysed for deducing relevant facts to the research
topic. This analysis is done through the means of primary and secondary methods, which are
divided into quantitative and qualitative methods. In primary methods, the collected data is
analysed through the means of survey questions. The responses are analyzed through the
means of tables, charts and graphs (Finfgeld-Connett and Johnson 2018). On the other hand,
secondary data analysis is done through the development of relevant themes. In this research,
the collected data would be analyzed through secondary sources like case studies, journals,
government websites and others. Themes relevant to the aspects of affirmative actions,
policies and unemployment rates of African Americans would be developed for analysing the
collected data.
Sample size
The whole of the population bears indirect or direct relationship with the research.
However, in order to cope up with the limited time and financial resources, the researcher
selected samples for gaining the essential data. Size of the samples matters in terms of
finishing the process of data collection within the stipulated time. The sample size is
dependent on the type of the research (Chambers 2018). As the data collection and analysis is
secondary, therefore, there is no sample size in this segment of the research.
Sampling technique
The samples selected for the research, is done mainly in simple, random and
probability basis. Simple technique is devoid of any tests and experiments. The same is the
case with random technique. Probability sampling is done through tests and experiments
regarding the acquaintance of the samples to the issue. In this research, the sampling
technique is exempted, as there are no samples from whom the data is collected. On the
contrary, case studies, journals and government websites and labour statistics have been used

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for portraying the impact of the affirmative actions, as policies on the unemployment rates of
the African Americans.
Reliability and validity
The sources from where the necessary data is collected, needs to be from reliable
sites. In this context, mention can be made of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which is
important. Inclusion criteria are the act of referring to those sources, which have been
published in the last 10 years (Ryen 2016). On the contrary, exclusion criteria state that the
data, which has been published more than 10 years, are not to be included (Finfgeld-Connett
and Johnson 2018). In this research, the research abides by the inclusion criteria, assuring
only to include those sources, which have been published in the last 10 years. Consciousness
towards these aspects would be crucial for generating validity in the propositions regarding
impact of the affirmative actions, as policies on the unemployment rates of the African
Americans.
Ethical considerations
Ethics is an important aspect in every research. Adherence to ethics helps in achieving
the desired outcomes. Typical examples of this consideration include exposing liberal
approach to the needs of the samples; compliance with the Data Protection Act (1998),
acknowledging every source referred and not referring to those sources, which needs
subscriptions (Ryen 2016). In this research, the researcher abides by all of these aspects
including an assurance to the samples, that their responses would be used only for the
purpose of research and not for any commercial purposes. The researcher also catered to the
fact that the samples are not pressurized for producing the responses. These approaches
would be effective for the researcher to avert the instances of plagiarism and collusion.

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Timeline
Preparation of the timelines is accounted as important aspect of the research strategy.
This timeline is to be prepared at the initial stage of beginning with the topic selection. The
researcher exposed well time management skills in completing the research related activities
within the stipulated time.
Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8
Topic
selection
Gaining
information
Developing
aims and
objectives
Literature
review
Data
collection
Data
analysis
Findings
and
conclusions

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Evaluation
Table: Gantt chart
(Source: Created by the author)

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Literature review
Affirmative action
Affirmative actions refer to the policies and programs developed by the government
for ensuring the social welfare. All of the personnel are involved in the process, which
reflects inclusive practices and team work. This is devoid of the discriminations, which
reflects equality. In this context, Christiansen and Sezerel, (2013) highlights two kinds of
policies for improving the standards and quality of the workers. These are: anti-
discriminatory laws and affirmative actions programs. Anti-discriminatory laws ensure that
equality is maintained in the workplaces and others. Special attention is levied to the
instances of racial differences, discriminations based on caste, creed, colour and religion. All
of these operations are reviewed under the Equal Employment Opportunities Act. Federal
laws are also implemented in terms of maintaining the employment according to the
standards and protocols. The commission is entrusted with the responsibility to deal with the
cases like that of the discrimination, harassments and conflicts. This is done through the
means of investigations, which helps in delving deeper into the matters. On the contrary,
Munjuri and Maina, (2013) is of the view that affirmative actions are the practices, which are
intended towards improving the educational status of living for the minorities. As there is no
discriminatory aspect in these actions, inclusive practices are often conducted, which
enhances the cultural diversity. As a matter of specification, special offers are introduced for
improving the standards and quality of the recruitment and selection processes. Preference is
exempted in terms of the selection, which is termed as the fair practices towards the
employment. Countering this, in most of the cases partiality is shown in terms of preferring
the whites as compared to the blacks. Kim et al., (2014) is of the view that these actions are
less debated and researched.

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Policies
According to Bondarouk and Ruël, (2013), policies are the central doctrine, which
aim at achieving rational outcomes in terms of the social welfare. Government policies are
effective in terms of enhancing the standards of living for the communities. Public policies
are implemented by the government in collaboration with the private bodies. The ultimate
decision is taken by the government, which the citizens are to abide and comply. The official
documents in this case are the policy statement, assumption of the offices and the
announcement of the minister of the Parliament. In some of the countries, the announcement
is made by the head of the government. There are five stages in which the policy making is
completed: agenda setting, policy formulation, adoption, implementation and evaluation.
There are different types of policies for the different sectors of healthcare, employment,
education and others. According to the arguments of Williams, (2013), policies assist the
governmental agencies in the process of both subjective and objective decision making. After
the implementation phase, the impact is assessed in terms of intended and unintended effects.
There is a cycle, which reflects the approaches towards the policy formulation and the impact
on the public domain. The main aspects of the policies are issue identification, policy
analysis, consultation, policy instrument development, coordination and coalitions, program
designing, policy implementation and evaluation.
Unemployment rate
According to Labour Statistics, unemployment proportion of the jobless youths as
compared to the youths, who are employed. There is an indicator, which detects the rise and
falls according to the altering economic conditions. Sluggish economy gives rise to the
situation of unemployment. The government prepares the statistics for the unemployment
rate. According to the arguments of Cascio, (2015), the official unemployment rate is known
as U-3, which reflects the youths, who are available and willing to work. To calculate the
unemployment rate, the formula caters to the percentile ratio of the employed and

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unemployed people. Seasonal adjustments are done in the estimated unemployment rates for
assessing the extra hiring during the holidays. In this context, Goodman, French and
BattaglioJr, (2015) is of the view that tine management are crucial in terms of assessing the
time for which the youths are unemployed. All of these data is collected by the Department of
Labour through the execution of Current Population Survey. Department of Commerce also
plays an important role in this collection of data.
Impact of the affirmative action on the unemployment rates
Affirmative actions intend to improve the lives of the communities and others.
Scarcity in the research on these actions has aggravated the complexities in conducting a
deeper analysis of the impacts. Federal contracts are undertaken for the implementation of the
affirmative actions. Cnn.com, (2020) perceives affirmative actions from the aspect of
longitudinal variation. In this aspect, the reduction strategies of the issues like unemployment
Affirmative actions ensured that the employees are provided with equal opportunities,
irrespective of caste, creed, colour and religion. The Committee members ensured that the
operations are conducted according to the standards and protocols of the regulations. Federal
contractors were given the charge of writing the affirmative action plans regarding the ways
in which the unemployment can be reduced. One of the major aspects were the development
of the goals and timelines. Compliance reviews, audits and evaluations are also conducted in
terms of inspecting the situation. These review reports are further reviewed by the Office of
Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) (Bls.gov, 2020). There are penalties for
breach of conducts in terms of the adherence to the employment contracts and requirements.

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Conceptual framework
Fig: Conceptual framework
(Source: Created by the author)
Gaps in literature
The researcher has attempted to shed light on the related aspects of affirmative
actions, policies and unemployment rates. Theoretical considerations have assisted the
researcher to enhance the awareness of the readers regarding the impact of the affirmative
actions on the unemployment in the threshold of Africa and America. Linkage has been
proposed between the theories and hypothesis, which has helped in synthesizing the facts
according to the requirements. However, Due to the lack of time and financial resources, the
researcher fails to incorporate an explanatory and descriptive approach towards exploring the
other factors related to the employee retention. Along with this, availability of more time
would have been effective for developing a deeper comparative study of the scholarly
reviews.

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Summary
This segment sheds light on the basic concepts related to unemployment, affirmative
actions and policies. Conceptual framework develops correlation between the dependent and
the independent variable. Theories are assistance in terms of enhancing the awareness of the
readers in terms of the mechanisms behind combating the instances of unemployment in
Africa and America. The motive in this section was to develop a comparative analysis of the
scholarly reviews on the impact of the affirmative actions like policies on the unemployment
rates of African Americans. All of these aspects set the ground for the data analysis, which
would add value to the propositions forwarded.

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Findings, summary and conclusion
Thematic Analysis
Theme 1: Seasonal adjustment of the black unemployment
Fig: Black unemployment in America
(Source: Bls.gov 2020)
According to the figure, fluctuations are reflected in the representation of the Africans
and Americans. The time span is from 1972-2018, where the data for the black
unemployment is the highest of 22% in the era of 1981-82. The overall unemployment in
case of the blacks and whites is the lowest in 2018. This is due to the affirmative actions
undertaken by the government and private bodies in the form of policies, ethical code of
conduct and regulations like Equality Act (2010). Along with this, there are many redressal

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forums, which act towards ensuring the reduction in the cases of racial discrimination,
harassments and conflicts (Bls.gov, 2020).
Theme 2: Increase in the unemployment rates
Fig: Umemployment by race
(Source: Bls.gov 2020)
The above figure represents the increase in the unemployment rates of blacks by
14.4% in the era of 2012. The major drive behind this is the stagnancy in the unemployment
rates of the whites. According to the claims of the Labour Department, the unemployment
rate for the blacks increased by 13.6% in May. This is a sharp contrast to the unemployment
rate of the whites, which is 7.4%. In case of the Hispanics, the rate is 11%. The trend is not
new; the statistics for the black unemployment are estimated to be double, since the tracking
of the rates for the whites. In case of the eligibility for the job holders, the figures represent
an increase by 61 and 62.3% in the periods of May-June (Cnn.com, 2020). Along with this,
there was an increase in the population growth. There was a demand for work among the
blacks, which increased the unemployment rates. This resulted in the lukewarm condition of

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the market, which reflected the need for struggling through the means of affirmative actions
like formulation of the policies.
Fig: Unemployment rates of African Americans
(Source: Cnn.com, 2020)
The above figure represents the unemployment rates of African Americans in the
period of 1972-2019. The data was the highest of 23% in the era of 1982 and the lowest of
3% in the 2019. The major drive behind this is the policies, which aim at catering to the
reduction of the instances of racial differences and discriminations. Mention can be made of
Equality Act (2010), which was enforced for providing the employees with the equal
opportunities in the workplace. However, it was seen that most of the cases failed to comply
with the standards and protocols of the legislative requirements. As a result of this, ethical
code of conduct was formulated for taking strict actions against the issues of discriminations
and harassments. According to the claims of the officials, the data for the whites is usually
low, that is, 3.7% (Bls.gov, 2020).

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Fig: African American Unemployment in 2000-2017
(Source: Bls.gov, 2020)
The above data consists information on the African American unemployment in the
era of 2000-2017. The rates are quite fluctuating. The rates are nearly highest of 17.3% in the
time of 2010-12 and the lowest of 7.3% after 2016 when Trump came into action. This as the
time when stability was there in the affirmative actions in the form of producing policies,
which would be effective for dealing with the cases of unemployment (Bls.gov (2020).
Theme 3: Additional education

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Fig: Additional education, less unemployment
(Source: Bls.gov, 2020)
The figure represents the affirmative actions of introduction for the educational
opportunities for lessening the impacts of unemployment in Africans Americans. Among the
blacks, 22% of the youths were those who possessed less than a high school diploma in the
survey records of 2009. The statistics was 13% for those who were high school graduates and
did not attend college. 12% of the youths were involved in some of college or associated
degree. 5.8% of the youths were of those who received bachelors degree and were waiting for
getting some kind of jobs. The percentages for the unemployment rates were fluctuating since
the initiation of the affirmative actions. With the unemployment, the educational attainment
rates are also striking (Bls.gov, 2020).

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Theme 4: Lifestyle of the African Americans
According to the American Time Use Surve, insight can be gained into the time
devoted by the African Americans to various activities.
From the figure, it can be inferred that the employed persons devote highest time to
the work and work related activities. Compared to this, the data is highest for the black

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unemployed youths, who are involved in the work related activities for fulfilling the search
for quality job opportunities. The percentage for the other activities is much in case of the
black unemployed youths and the other employed ones (Bls.gov, 2020).
Theme 5: persistence of the problem
The figure represents the persistence of the problem of unemployment in the African
Americans. In 1994, the issue almost reached the peak. In 2000, the unemployment rate
reduced a little, the rate for which was 5%. In spite of the five year plan, the issue could not
be controlled through the means of the affirmative actions in the form of policies and
employments and reforms. In the next five years, the issue was somewhat in control.
However, there was a lack of strategic planning in terms of implementing the long term
benefits, which reflected the degrading situation in 2012 (Bls.gov, 2020). From the period of
2015, the situation was in control due to the democracy of Trump.
Theme 6: Reformation in the policies

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One of the main aspects of the affirmative actions in the policies was reduction of the
occupational mobility. Here, funds were collected for introducing more training programs to
be levied to the workers. Here, one of the main aspects is the lack of essential skills for which
the youths are suffering from unemployment. As a matter of specification, coding, gaming
and foreign languages were taught to the youths for upgrading their skills, expertise and
knowledge. Along with this, apprenticeship programs were also increased for providing
better opportunities to the youths. One of the other focus of the policies was to improve the
geographical mobility (Goodman, French & BattaglioJr, 2015). In this, the main activities
were revising the property rates and activation of the regional policy. Incentives were also
levied for luring the workers towards the services. This was done through the means of
revising the income tax and welfare reforms. One of the main goals in this aspect was
reduction of the poverty through the means of schemes.
In case of managing the demand side, policies were formulated for cutting the interest
rates for boosting the conditions of the aggregate demand. Fiscal policies were also revised
for tracking the approaches to the tax obligations. Depreciation of the exchange rates were
also planned (Cascio, 2015).

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Fig: Demand side policies
(Source: Bls.gov, 2020)

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The above figure represents the job opening for the employed youths. The data was
the highest in the year 2009-10, reflecting 6.2%. During this time, the youths were offered
more jobs, which reduced the instances of unemployment. The lowest was in the year 2001,
when there were lower numbers of jobs, increasing the unemployment rates. After 2011, the
rates began to reduce due to the introduction of reforms, policies and affirmative actions.
Mention can be made of the schemes of 100 days work for the unemployment youths in the
rural areas. Equal wages were also levied for luring the youths towards the services. The
government agencies indulge in the meetings with the private bodies, which results in the
policy formulation (Bls.gov, 2020). According to this, the affirmative action is the
implementation of the employment policies in the workplace, so that the blacks get equal
opportunities to expose their talents and achieve professional development.
Theme 7: Insurance benefits
The above figure represents the distribution of the unemployment benefits to the
households. The percent of the unemployed insurance benefits is highest (19%), which is
7000-9999$. The lowest is that of 6-16%, the value for which is less than 3000$. This is one
of the affirmative actions, which is undertaken by the governments in the collaboration of the

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private bodies. In comparison to this, the percentage of the households is also accounted in
terms of stagnancy in the incomes (Bls.gov, 2020).
Theme 8: Strategic diversity planning
Strategic diversity planning within the workforce by applying to the individuals,
which can influence the supply of workplace labour, thereby meet the demands and align the
workforce goals and objectives with the business plan. This will also assist in designing
strategies and succession plans required to develop a competent and diverse workforce where
people can work together as a unit and meet the identified and the specified requirements
(Cnn.com, 2020).
Theme 9: Revision of the workforce diversity policies
To manage diversity within the workplace, it is also important to implement
workforce diversity policies related to granting or approval of leave such as extended
bereavement, sorry day, etc. Bereavement policy can be implemented to ensure that the
employees are provided with an extended days of leave based on the entire pay structure
considering the death of a close member of the individual, working for the company. The
culturally sensitive recruitment processes are managed to broaden the talent pool within the
workplace (Bls.go, 2020). The company needs to follow certain legislations including the
Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986, Disability Discrimination Act 1992, Age
Discrimination act, Sex Discrimination Act, etc. to prevent any kids of discrimination during
the recruitment process based on the sex, religion, disability, race or colour.
It has been found that often culture acts as a barrier during the recruitment process
and in such cases, it is necessary for the company to adopt the local culture where the
business has set up, thereby, allow extensive scopes and opportunities for people of the places

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as well as others who might belong from different backgrounds and cultures for assisting in
the creation of a diverse workforce. Complying with the regulatory requirements is necessary
for fulfilling the obligations of the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission and
protecting the employees in terms of employment. Furthermore, Williams, (2013) ensures
successful recruitment and selection processes with extended introduced schemes. With
proper support from the Federal Contract Compliance programs, government would also be
able to manage diversity properly and ensure promoting ideas, opinions and responses for
enhancing the employment for the blacks and whites.
Theme 10: Behavioural approach of the managers
Variables of the behaviour signify different connotations for different people. The
managers need to be aware of the fact that the employees belong to different socio-cultural
backgrounds. This enhances the cultural diversity at the workplace. There should not be any
discriminations between the blacks and the whites. Ethical code of conduct is to be followed
for ensuring that the employees are provided with the equal opportunities to showcase their
talents. Breach of this conduct is considered as punishable (Bondarouk & Ruël, 2013).
Consciousness is needed towards the maintenance of equality in the workplace. If the demand
for labour increases, the unemployment rates would increase simultaneously. Therefore,
forecasts need to be done for estimating the economic outlook, which would be effective for
preventing the issues of unemployment (Kim et al., 2014). Mention can be made of the
variance theory, which is assistance in terms of the ways and means for resolving the
organizational issues. In this, the mechanisms play an important part for gaining an insight
into the approaches towards executing the allocated duties and responsibilities. However,
unemployment contradicts the theory, as there would be illegal means for appointing only the
whites for the operations. Reference can also be cited of the Process Theory, which enhances
the awareness about the sequence in which the events takes place. With this, the

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understanding level of the staffs is attached. Balance in the understanding and the sequence
of the events is assistance for achieving deeper insights into the balance in the workforce
planning (Martin, 2014).
Recommendations
The three major strategies that could support the leveraging of organisational diversity
could be the management of training and developmental sessions arranged for the employees
to strengthen their knowledge, skills and expertise whereas the hiring strategies could be
related to the prevention of discrimination within the workplace while managing the
recruitment and selection of individual within the workplace. The management should
communicate about the policies and principles with the employees and they are held
accountable for promoting an inclusive workforce and better communication. The managers
should constantly keep the performances of employees monitored and at times, ask for their
useful views and opinions prior to the decision making process. Along with this, ethical code
of conduct should be strict for enhancing the organizational behaviour.
Frameworks can be undertaken for planning the inclusive practices, which would
include legal policies, principles and practices and enhance the level of diversity, thereby,
arrange ongoing training for informing the individuals about the legal implications related to
the prevention of discrimination and harassment of any kinds within the workplace too. The
equal pay and compensation are also to be catered for ensuring the wellbeing of the
employees, irrespective of their caste, creed, colour and religion. As stated by (), another
diversity planning method could be the creation of extensive scopes and opportunities for
interacting with the employees within the workplace. This would allow for promoting a
healthy work culture, thereby nurture new ways of thinking for enhancing the innovation and
creativity level, furthermore, make people work together to achieve the shared vision and

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common goals or objectives, irrespective of the different backgrounds or cultures from which
they belong.
Behavioural modification is needed for bridging the differences, which exists in the
discriminations in the workforce planning. For application of the behaviour modification,
principles are followed for assisting the individuals to practice covert and overt learning.
Implementation of these principles proves beneficial for the government and the private
bodies in terms of scanning the social impact. Strategic planning in this direction is an agent
for enhancing the corporate social responsibility. For launching these modification techniques
to the employees, scientific methods are used for gaining positive results. All these aspects
affirm the positive hypothesis.
Conclusion
HR managers are entrusted with the responsibility of formulating new policies in
recruitment and selection, which alters the structure of the employment cycle. Equality in the
workforce planning is effective in terms of averting the issues of discriminations and
harassments. Affirmative actions need to be undertaken by the government and the private
bodies for improving the standards and quality of the employment. Gaps between the blacks
and whites are also to be reduced through the means of enforcing equality acts and policies.
Social contract theory proves to be effective for bridging the gap in terms of the equal
opportunities, which are enforced by the communities. The key principles of effective
workplace planning are to be followed by the managers. The employees, the top management
and the other stakeholders should be involved in the development, communication and
implementation of the workforce plan, which would reflect the inclusive practices. The
critical competencies and skills should which are needed for the achievement of present as
well as present results of programmes should be determined. The strategies for addressing the
numerical gaps, deployment gaps and gaps in aligning the approaches of human capital for

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sustaining and enabling the contributions of the essential competencies and skills, should be
developed as an affirmative action.

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Appendix
Fig: Records of unemployment in Africa America
(Source: Bls.gov, 2020)