The Casual Impact of Immigration on Trade: Econometric Evidence from the USA

This dissertation aims to assess the casual impact of immigration on US trade level, with a focus on political refugees. It explores the relationship between immigration and trade, and recommends strategies for trade growth in the USA. The study highlights the significance of immigrants in promoting trade and their role in lowering business costs for the host nation.

The Casual Impact of Immigration on Trade:
Econometric Evidence from the USA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................3
Background of the study..........................................................................................................................3
Research aim and objectives....................................................................................................................4
Aim and objectives..................................................................................................................................4
Research questions..................................................................................................................................4
Rationale of the study..............................................................................................................................4
Significance of the study.........................................................................................................................5
Structure of dissertation...........................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................................10
Research type........................................................................................................................................10
Research philosophy..............................................................................................................................10
Research approach.................................................................................................................................11
Research design.....................................................................................................................................12
Data collection.......................................................................................................................................13
Data Analysis........................................................................................................................................13
Sampling................................................................................................................................................14
Ethical consideration.............................................................................................................................15
Validity and Reliability..........................................................................................................................15
Limitation of the study..........................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Topic: To ascertain the casual impact of immigration on US trade level: Evident from the political
refugees.
Background of the study
US is one of the developed nation and largest economy of the world. US is one of the largest
exporter and importer in the world. There are number of factors that are playing crucial role in making US
economy as one of the largest one. One of these factors is immigration. In past couple of years, it is
observed that in the USA foreign born population is increasing at rapid pace. Due to fast increase in the
immigration trade of US with other nations also increase at rapid pace. There are number of reasons
behind this. Immigrants who migrate in the USA have deep knowledge about their country people
preferences and also have contacts in their country of origin. These immigrants assist US companies to
get more better and reliable information about foreign market. Moreover, US companies directly do not
prefer to do trade with any company (Alola, 2019). Through personal contacts or corporate contacts,
they if come near to any foreign company then in that case they trust foreign company. In other words, it
can be said that information received through personal or corporate contact is more relied by US firms
and by considering that thing only they make foreign partners. Trust is one of the main factor which US
companies give due priority before entering into trade with any foreign company. In recent yearly many
econometric research studies are carried out and in that it is commonly identified that immigrant play
crucial role in promoting trade between US and its trading partners. It is also observed in the research
studies that bilateral impact of immigration on trade slightly favour host country. Such kind of things not
only promote export and import between nations but also lead to fast growth in FDI in both host and
origin nation.
Migrants play crucial role in lowering down cost of business for the host nation, as they have
better knowledge of the domestic market, language and business practices. They also have good access in
the host country and due to this reason in better way they understand both company needs and wants and
play crucial role in cementing strong partnership between US and foreign nation firm (Peters, 2015).
Past research studies indicate that 10% increase in immigrants lead to 1.5% increase in trade between
nations. It can be said that immigrants proved asset for the USA and play important role in elevation of its
economy.

Research aim and objectives
The aim behind doing current study is to assess the extent to which US trade level affected due to
immigration.
Aim and objectives
On the basis of above aim following objectives have been drafted:
 To develop understanding about immigration and labour economics.
 To investigate the level to which immigrants foster trade within US.
 To analyse the impact of econometric methods on relationship between immigration and trade
level.
 To recommend strategies through for trade growth or enhancement in the context of USA.
Research questions
 What is the relationship between immigration and labour economics?
 What role immigration play in promoting trade between US and its trading partners?
 What strategies US can follow to increase its trade with the trading partners?
Rationale of the study
In current time period US economy is facing a lot of problems as its GDP is growing at very slow
pace. Unemployment rate is also high. However, it gets declined in past couple of years since 2008 but
still US economy is not recovering from the recession. Thus, it become very important for the USA to
take steps immediately or adopt measures that may play important role in increasing exports of USA to
other nations of the world. In past research studies it is identified that immigrants are playing vital role in
elevation of trade of USA with other nations of the world (Gutiérrez, 2016). Thus, it was inevitable to
carry out research to identify that in case of economic downturn is observed in the global economy do
immigrants play any role in US trade growth. If role is identified then in that US Government can take
actions and may use this as an instrument to elevate its export to the foreign nations. By doing so it to
some extent can improve its economic growth rate. Thus, it was necessary to carry out research so as to
identify whether approach that was effective earlier is useful today also.

Significance of the study
Current research study has great importance because it will reflect extent to which immigrants
can be utilized effectively by the US Government to improve its economic condition. Moreover, by
considering labour economics labour factors that are responsible for consistent elevation in immigrant
number in the USA will also be identified. Thus, by doing so it will be identified that whether immigrants
play any role in increasing trade between US and partner nations and reasons due to which people are
becoming immigrants in the USA. By focusing on the nations from where large number of immigrants
come like India and China (Burstein. and et.al., 2017) US can increase number of immigrants and can
promote trade with the trading partners. In this regard US can relax its Visa rules etc. Thus, it can be said
that scope of the present research study is wide and is also specific which will lead to generation of useful
results.
Structure of dissertation
Chapter 1: Introduction: It is the one of the most important section of the present research study because
in this immigration and its connection with the elevation in trade is clearly explained which is also
evidenced by the previous research studies. Apart from this, significance and rational of the research
study is also given. Thus, one just be reading introduction section will come to know about research topic
and its background and sort of results that research study may produce.
Chapter 2: Literature review: In this section of the report varied authors views and their literatures are
reviewed in detail and critical analysis is done. By doing so positive and negative views of authors are
identified and broad understanding about the research topic is developed. According to research study aim
and objectives varied themes will be prepared and on that extensive research will be carried out and by
doing so deep understanding about research topic will be developed,
Chapter 3: Research methodology: It is another important section of the report under which ways in
which research study will be carried out is determined in systematic manner. In this section of the report
research approach, design, philosophy and data analysis approaches etc are determined. Thus, it can be
said that clear outline of the research study is clearly determined in this section of the report.
Chapter 4: Data analysis & findings: It is another important section of the research study and in this
data, analysis is done by using method that was determined in the research methodology section of the
report. Data analysis approach may be thematic or quantitative data analysis approach like statistical
analysis tools can be used to analyse data. It depends on the researcher that which of the technique it finds
most appropriate. If one intends to identify relationship between variables then in that case it can use
statistical tools. There are number of statistical tools like regression and T test etc that can be used to

analyse data and to identify relationship between variables. On other hand, thematic analysis just
interprets results and it does not reflect relationship between variables.
Chapter 5: Conclusion & recommendations: In this section of the research study after doing entire data
analysis conclusions section is prepared. In this section results obtained from literature review section and
data analysis section are interlinked to each other and on that basis conclusion section is prepared. After
preparing conclusion recommendation section will be prepared in which appropriate strategy will be
recommended that can be followed by the US government to increase its trade with the foreign nations.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Low income and immigration
As per views of Ottaviano, Peri and Wright, (2018) low income and immigration are corelated
to each other. In most of nations of the world people are migrating to other nation due to low income.
People from countries like India and China have high population in the US and play great role in the
country development. People specially in India believed that though they have higher education they are
not getting salary they deserve. Hence, they promoted to do job in foreign nations. Many people have
target that they will do job on foreign land and will go back to their country and will convert currency
which give boost to their savings. Thus, low income is considered as the one of the main factors
responsible for the immigration in other nations. In India and China people believed that even they have
higher level of degree like MBA and Engineering they get low salary initially and after that few years.
Thus, one has to wait for good salary amount for many years. With passage of times expenditures also
increased which lead to low or no saving. Ultimately, this lead to dissatisfaction among people and they
go to other nation for the job. Overall, it can be said that low income is the primary factor that motivate
people to do job in other nations of the world. Over the years Government of India and China create lot of
employment opportunities but both have large number of youngsters and due to this reason make efforts
prove ineffective. Thus, countries have to provide more earning opportunities for the individuals so that at
fast rate youngsters can observe hike in their salary. Immigration ultimately hurt origin nation because it
loses its talented human resources which adversely affect it.
Contrary to this Kuznets, (2017) state that low income can be not be considered as root cause of
immigration because there are number of people that have low income and also have opportunity to do
job in foreign nation but all of them do not do so. This is because one has low income but if it focusses on
its skill development then in that case it can observe good hike in its salary. India and China both are
developing economies and have pool of talented people. They have vast human capital that is growth
engine of their economy. Those who are educated and gain experience through certifications get job with
good salary. Important point to note is that in nation like India education is more theoretical then
practical. People are not getting practical knowledge during course up to required level and due to this
reason initially and up to few years receive less amount of salary. Youngsters also understand this thing
and due to this reason enrolled in varied certification courses and get good job. Thus, low salary can not
be solely considered main reason behind immigration.
As per views of Martin, (2017) family factor is also main reason that is promoting trade
between two nations. It can be observed that there are large number of Indian Muslims that live in Arab

nations. When they decide that they have to return back to their nation they send their children in Arab
countries. Thus, in this way family relationship also promote immigration in Arab nations. This is also
observed in the USA as due to family relationships large number of foreign people comes in the USA and
taken citizenship.
Contrary to this Jacks and Tang, (2018) state that family in foreign nation promote their
members who are living in the country of origin to come and live with them. However, this factor is not
playing any important role in increasing immigration in the USA. There are large number of people who
does not prefer culture and lifestyle of their country and promoted to reside in the foreign nation. Family
factor only assure them that it become easy for them to live in USA. It is the ones intention to do job in
the foreign nation or USA that motivate it to migrate in USA.
Political refugee and immigration
According to Marino, Penninx and Roosblad, (2015) political instability in the Arab nations
and other Muslim nations is the one of the main factor that is promoting immigration in the USA. Apart
from this, in many nations of the world bad behaviour is done with the minorities. For example, in nations
like Sri Lanka and Pakistan Buddhist and Hindu are exploited. Such kind of people flee to USA to protect
themselves and to get employment opportunity. Thus, large number of people every year comes in the US
as political refugee. This is further evident from the fact that in European nations large number of refugee
comes from the Islamic nations. Attack of ISIS in Syria and other nations lead to fast elevation in number
of immigrants to EU. Moreover, from Africa also every year large number of people comes to EU. Thus,
it can be said that political refugee is the one of the factor that promote immigration in EU and US. Thus,
it can be said that condition is very serious and, in many cases, immigration negatively affect EU and US.
In upcoming years also, large number of people will come to the US as with passage of time conditions in
the middle east may become worst which will ultimately lead to elevation in migration. US does not have
any benefit from such kind of migration because in middle east and some African nations condition is
already worst and due to this reason US can not expect any sort of elevation in trade with the relevant
nations. Thus, it can be said that these immigrants are acting as cost for the US. Many of them live in
refugee camps and Government of US have to bear cost. Thus, in the US systematic approach is followed
under which refugee are placed in the specific states and it is ensured that in these states specific ethnic
group does not get concentrated in that specific state. Many times, it happened that ethnic group
concentrated in specific area and start opposing local Government or influence its governance system. For
example, in many Mosques in EU Muslims do prayer outside sacred place. Such kind of thing is legal in
EU. This reflect that concentration of specific ethnic group affect local people to great extent.

Contrary to this Tucker, (2019) state that immigration on large scale is not caused due to
injustice or damage that caused due to terrorist attacks. In middle east nations economy is not performing
good and political instability is the one of the main reason behind it. Due to instability in Government and
activities of terrorist organizations investors are not confident about middle east countries and due to this
reason, they abstain from making investment in middle east. This lead to elevation in unemployment rate
and people are migrating to other nations of the world so that livelihood can be earned. Hence, poor
economic condition of the nation is the one of the main reason due to which large number of people are
migrating to EU and US. With passage of time if economic condition of these nations will get improved
then in that case it can be expected that immigration will reduce to US from middle east nations.
Unemployment and immigration
According to Alarcón, (2017) unemployment is the one of the main reason behind elevation in
immigration to USA. In many nations of the world unemployment was already prevailed before 2008 but
due to recession this problem further deepens to great extent. Due to lack of employment opportunity
people from many nations of the world comes in the USA and Middle east nations for employment
purpose. Thus, it can be said that poor economic conditions from the nation greatly play an important role
in increasing unemployment in the nation. Still global economy is in recession and due to this reason
economic condition of the most of nations of the world is not good. Thus, in the future time period
unemployment may further increase. US Government in order to handle such kind of situation is taking
tough steps and make Visa rules very strict. Such kind of strict rules ensure that less number of
immigrants will become able to come in the US. Although, immigrants play vital role in assisting US
Government to increase its trade ties with the trading partner. Despite of this fact considering
employment conditions in the self-land US Government is not allowing most of people to come and settle
in the US. Thus, it is clear that unemployment is increasing immigration in the US. In many nations of the
world unemployment rate is about 8% and more specially in the African nations. Condition in these
nations is very bad. Number of factors may such kind of situation like corruption across Government
departments’, terrorism, high illiteracy rate. Economic infrastructure in these nations is not good and due
to this reason people have less income and large population is working on contract basis. Such kind of
situation motivate people to come in US for job purpose so that they can earn good amount of money to
fulfil all their needs and wants.
Contrary to this Anderson, (2015) state that unemployment is not the main reason behind
immigration in to US. Lack of career development opportunity is the one of the factor that motivate
people to move to US. In many nations like India which is developing economy there are number of
highly educated people but not getting wages and salaries according to the talent they possess or work

they do in the company. Lack of career building opportunity is motivating people to go to US because
they know that there they will get compensation according to their knowledge, talent and skills. Thus,
unemployment is not main reason behind fast increase in immigration in the US market. It can also be
observed that like Middle east countries US is not facing problem where there is no availability of
workforce for doing low skilled task. If one has skills then it definitely gets job in its country of origin,
there is not doubt on this thing. This is the reason due to which just because of unemployment one does
not prefer to go to US, even such kind of people go to Middle east nations for doing a job. Thus, in no
way unemployment can be considered as one of the main reason behind people immigration to USA.
Exchange rate and immigration
According to Hainmueller, Hiscox and Margalit, (2015) exchange rate greatly affects any
economy as in balance of payment export are more then import of goods then in that case demand of local
currency become strong and its value increase relative to other currencies. It can be observed that if
currency of the nation is strong the business firms of country get more value from export. Thus, it can be
said that currency exchange rate has a very high importance in the trading market. In same way, currency
also affect labours to great extent. In many nations there is trend among people that their children’s cross
20 send to the Middle east or other foreign nation whose currency is so strong then their country of origin
currency. In such kind of nations labours from foreign nation send remittances to their country of origin
which after conversion into domestic currency become higher amount. Thus, concept is that labours
believed that they are unskilled and cannot earn much money in their nations and due to this reason must
go to foreign nation and earn money and convert it into domestic currency so that wealth can be
developed. Thus, exchange rate is also one of the main factor that is promoting people to migrate to other
nations of the world. In Middle east large number of Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans
work on unskilled job and exchange rate difference between host nation and their country of origin is the
main reason behind it. This factor will prevail in future also. Thus, immigration in Middle east nations
will increase in the upcoming time period. However, in case of USA this is not a factor that play decisive
role in promoting immigration. This is because in US on unskilled jobs most of local people are employed
and foreign individuals are only doing a skilled job.
Opposite to this Jaeger, Ruistand Stuhler, (2018) state that there are large number of people
that are doing a job in USA because its currency conversion value is very high in the domestic currency.
Many people individually do job in the US and send remittances to their parents. Moreover, there are
large number of foreign individuals who are doing job and also keep parents with them but their family
partially live in country of origin. Thus, exchange rate is the one of the common factor that is greatly
promoting people to immigrate to the US. This factor will be consistently factor that will motivate people

to become immigrant in the US market. However, strict rules of HIBI Visa and others now prevent most
of foreign nationals to come and reside in the USA for employment purpose.
Trade cost and immigration
According to Alola, (2019) trade cost and immigration are closely related to each other. It is
assumed and believed by many researchers that immigration play crucial role in minimizing trade cost
between nations. As per facts international trade in the services in past 10 years increase at rapid pace.
From 1980 to 2011trading of goods at global level grew on an average 7.3%. and services grew by 8.2%.
Interesting fact is that at same time in many developed nations immigrants number increased at rapid
pace. Immigrants play a vital role in reducing trade cost between host country and country of origin by
helping firms to break cultural and institutional barriers in the foreign market. When any company enter
into the new market it has to do lot of market research and accordingly have to operate business. This lead
to increase in cost. Moreover, when any firm enter into the market it is not aware about all sort of
alternatives and due to this reason also trade cost get increased. Moreover, due to breach of domestic rules
and regulations also penalty is imposed on the business firm sometime. This also increase trade cost in the
business. In case of business firm take assistance from the immigrant then in that case it receives accurate
information about foreign market people needs and wants as well as preferences and accordingly need to
offer product to people. In case of many companies it is observed that they get huge success in their
domestic market but on foreign market completely failed. This happened due to less awareness of the
people behaviour. Due to lack of awareness firm failed to address customers in proper manner and failed
which ultimately lead to elevation in trade cost. Thus, it can be said that immigration and trade cost both
are interrelated to each other. If immigration increase trade cost decline. It is also observed that
immigrants can play pivotal role in reducing import of substitute cost. This is because immigrant now
about its country and it can assist firm to buy substitutes from any other suppliers at relatively low price
in its country of origin. This lead to decline in the trade cost. Thus, it can be said that trade cost to great
extent is affected by the immigrants.
As per views of Hanser, (2015) immigration assist company to diversify its business in multiple
nations at fast pace and in proper manner. Such kind of thing lead to elevation in overall productivity and
sales. Elevation in sales lead to enhancement in profit in the business. Apart from this, operations are
carried out in the multiple nations which lead to generation of economies of scale in the business. This
means reduction is observed in the trade cost in the business. Thus, it can be said that trade cost and
immigration are closely related to each other and with increase in immigration there is probability that
trade cost may decline for the firm.

Contrary to this Santana-Gallego, Ledesma-Rodríguez and Pérez-Rodríguez, (2016) state
that immigration can not assist firm in reducing its trade cost. This is because when any multinational
company commence its operations in the foreign nation it hires employees from that nation. Even though
that company failed in its business. There are number of US large size firms that failed in the China even
they have Chinese employees in their office. This proved that immigrants can not play any sort of
important role in assisting business firm in reducing its trade cost. Any one is immigrant or belong to
other nation that does not mean that relevant entity have deep and accurate knowledge of its domestic
market. It is the company efforts that make it established brand name in the foreign nation. Company
have to follow unique business strategy to capture share in the foreign market. By making efforts in the
right direction company establish its brand name in the foreign market and compete with the rivals.
Ease of availability of information and immigration
According to Faris and et.al., (2017) immigrants in number of ways assist firm in increasing its
business at rapid pace. Immigrants have deep knowledge of the domestic market and due to this reason,
they can easily provide varied sort of information about the market to the US companies. Information
may be related to consumer behaviour of the people, value system, cultural system and rules and
regulations etc. In past it is observed that many firms of US failed to operate their business in proper
manner in the foreign market like China. For example, in China eBay failed initially and it was no where
in competition in respect to the Chinese firm Taobao. Taobao follow different strategy and under this it
commences instant messaging system. Customers in the China are highly sensitive and they do not trust
such kind of services easily. Customers in China like to interact with the seller directly. They like to
obtain seller online status. EBAY however, had rating system where sellers were give rating on basis of
product they serve and customer satisfaction but Chinese people are highly sensitive and due to this
reason, they do not prefer to buy through mentioned company portal. Chinese people prefer to do
interaction with seller then slightly believe on rating. EBAY also face problem in the Japan as it does not
make changes in its purchasing methods and strategies by considering local preferences. In Japan in order
to make purchase from eBay people have to make use of credit card and make online payment. Cash on
delivery facility was not available in the business. On other hand, Japanese people do not believe in
online payment and prefer cash on delivery. Thus, lack of ease of availability of information greatly affect
firm business in the foreign nation.
As per views of Van den Berg, (2016) immigrants supply a lot of valuable information to the
business firm which help them to establish business in the foreign market in proper manner. In absence of
accurate information sometimes business get failed. Best example of business failure if the Mc Donald
which open its stores in the Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Mentioned restaurant chain

make good efforts in the Jamaica for the 10 years and open 11 stores in the island. Number of issues it
faced like high barriers to run franchisee in the Jamaica. Slower rate of growth of economy was another
factor lead to low sales in the business and finally Mc Donald shut down its operations. In Barbados
before closing of the year firm shut down its store. This again reflect that due to lack of easy availability
of information large restaurant chain failed in the mentioned nations. If firm will take help of immigrants
that reside in the US and belong to these areas then in that case picture may be different and there may be
a scenario where Mc Donald successfully run its chain in the mentioned nations.
Trust and immigration
According to Kerr. and et.al., (2015) in US like nations business firms easily not do trading
with foreign nation companies as they do not trust them. On other hand, if any immigrant brings foreign
company in contact with the US Company then in that case latter one trust former one. Thus, it can be
said that trust is one of the main factor to which US companies give due importance while doing business
with any entity. This trust is developed through immigrants between both entities. This is the reason due
to which it is assumed that immigrants play an important role in building trust between two entities. This
is the one of the main reason due to which immigrants are given due importance by the US. It can be said
that US do not allow anyone to enter in its nation without looking its business profit.
Contrary to this Xu, Garand and Zhu, (2016) state that US firms do not give much importance
to trust factor. US firms usually contact with the foreign entity and enter into negotiation. If they feel that
front entity is appropriate then in that case they enter into agreement and outsource the task. So, if there
are no immigrant then in that case also business trading happened and new partners are developed. In
every deal immigrants do not play any vital role in formation of partnership between US and non US
firm. It is simply a myth that immigrants play any specific role in formation of partnership between two
entities.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the specific process and techniques which is used to determine and
identify the data related to topic. The research methodology part also helps and allow the reader to
critically evaluate the study's overall validity and reliability. Thus, it is the systematic way to solve the
research problem and also study how the research is done in specific manner (Kumar, 2019). The current
section used Saunder's research onion method and consist of many key element such as research
philosophy, research approach, research design, data collection and data analysis method which are as
mention below:
Research type
Research is a systematic approach that must be followed for an accurate data and rules and
procedures are consider an important part of the process. There are three main type of research such that
Qualitative research type which helps to creates in depth- understanding of problems and issues. This
method is a non- statistical method which is completely dependent upon the experience of researchers.
Such that one to one method, focus group and case study research is consider different types of qualitative
research method (Ledford and Gast, 2018). Next is Quantitative research type which is a method that
helps to collect information and also analyze it to draw valid conclusion. This is statistical method which
involves large population that helps to obtain accurate results as well. In order to use this method,
researcher use SPSS method that helps to generate better results. Last method is mixed research type
which is the combination of both qualitative and quantitative research method. Generally this method is
used to provide better understanding of the research problem (Fletcher, 2017). Interview and
questionnaire, performance test and observation are consider the example of mixed research type.
Among all, researcher uses qualitative research type in which researcher observe the collected
information in non- numerical form. This research type also assist scholar to conduct the research in
better manner and also attain the aim i.e. to assess the extent to which US trade level affected due to
immigration.
Research philosophy
Research philosophy is the notion or a belief about the way in which information is gathered,
analyzed and used that helps to reach final conclusion. Through research philosophy, researcher decide
the best strategy that must be developed and also explain the researcher's view regarding the topic

(Mohajan, 2018). Thus, by selecting the data relevant to the study will help the researcher to determine
the best strategy for conducting the research. There are four types of research philosophy such as,
Interpretivism research philosophy which involves researcher to interpret the element of a study
also integrates the human interest. This philosophy is mainly focus to gain- in depth insight into the lives
of respondents and prefer qualitative methods because it allow for the close interaction with the
respondents. Another type is Positivism research philosophy which collect factual knowledge that is
gained through the observation, its findings are also usually observable and quantifiable, this method also
leads the observation towards statistical analyses. Next is Realism research philosophy, that completely
relies upon the idea of independence of reality from the human mind ( Cazeaux, 2017). Moreover, this
philosophy is completely depend upon the assumption of the scientific approach to the development of
knowledge and also portrays the ideas though personal human senses so that aim and objectives are met.
Last is Pragmatism research philosophy which is world view that underpin different mixed methods. This
method also state that there are different ways of interpreting the word and also undertaking the research
and also analyze that there will be no single point of view that provide entire picture due to having
multiple realities.
From the above, researcher chooses interpretivism research philosophy which helps to conduct
the research in more precise manner and also leads the research towards high level of validity as well.
Moreover, through this study, researcher may easily accomplish the defined aim and objectives and also
research in depth to determine the extent to which US trade level affected due to immigration.
Research approach
It is the plan and procedure which is comprises of different broad assumptions into a detailed
manner. Through research approach, researcher get the best results without any bias and through this
method, scholar also facilitate more on the comprehensive study (Kennedy, 2017). There are three types
of research approach such that
Deductive research approach which is concerned with developing the hypothesis that is based
upon an existing theory and it is actually used to test the hypothesis. The word deductive means reasoning
from the particular to general and assist to identify relationship between two variables as well. This
method also measure the concepts in quantitative manner and reach findings at great level. Another type
is inductive research approach which begin with the observation and theories which are proposed towards
end of the research process with a result of observation (Tuffour, 2017). When researcher uses this
method, then there will be no theory and hypothesis is applied because it only provide an direction for the
study when research process had commenced. Last method is Abductive research approach which is

actually introduced in order to address weakness that is link with deductive and inductive approaches.
This method also leads the researcher to generalization from the interaction between specific and general,
so that it will help to build new theory that assist researcher to meet with defined aim and objectives in
better manner.
From the all, researcher chooses inductive research approach that helps the researcher to start
with an observation and reach to the end of a results. This method also involves the search for pattern
from the observation and that is why, through this, researcher also generate best outcomes which assist to
identify up to what level, the US trade level affected with the immigration and also meet the defined
objectives as well.
Research design
Research design is the set of methods and procedure which is actually used in order to collect and
measure different variables that are specified to answer the research problem in better manner (Maher
and et.al. 2018). This element helps to facilitate the smooth sailing of different research methods and it
also creates direct impact upon the reliability of the results which are obtained at the end. There are two
types of research design such that
Exploratory research design refers to explore the research questions but it does not help the
researcher to conclude the final conclusion for the existing problem. Therefore, this type of research is
actually conducted when the research problem has not been clearly defined. Moreover, this type of
research design does not aim is to provide the final conclusion but explore the research topic at deep
level. In addition to this, current method is quite flexible and easily adapt the changes and also helps
researcher to save time and also saves time and other resources as well. Another type of conclusive
research design which is actually applied in order to generate the findings which are useful to conclude
the results and decision making (Creswell and Creswell, 2017). Thus, in this type of research design,
the data requirement has to clearly defined and it provides a way to verify the whole findings of study.
This type of research design is mainly involves the use of quantitative methods of data collection and data
analysis, thus this research design is also tend to be deductive in nature and research objectives are easily
attained.
From the above, researcher chooses descriptive research design under conclusive research
because it helps to conduct the research in more precise manner and also, test the relationship between the
variables and present the entire research in better manner. Moreover, through this method, researcher
easily attain the defined aim i.e. to assess the extent to which US trade level affected due to immigration.

Data collection
Data collection is the method of collection and measuring an information so that it will enable
one to answer the question which are relevant to the study. Thus, it is the systematic approach which is
enable researcher to answer relevant questions and also evaluate the outcomes and then make predictions
about the future probabilities and trends as well (Meyers Gamst and Guarino, 2016). There are two
types of data which are as follows,
Primary data collection method, which is the process of gathering data through surveys and
interviews, this method is collected directly by the researcher for the first time and it is consider original
in nature and this method Is time consuming and quite expensive method as compared to other method.
Another type is secondary data collection which is collected by other person, and it has already undergone
the statistical analysis as well. Moreover, the secondary data are readily available for the other sources
and researcher further obtain data from the source of books, articles and journals ( Haymer and et.al.,
2020). The secondary research method is actually easily available and also require less time for collection
as compared to primary data method. Even this method is less expensive but sometime, the data might not
be specific to the researcher's need and at the same time it may leads to incomplete to reach a conclusion
(Carneiro, Lee and Wilhelm, 2020).
From the above, researcher uses both primary and secondary data collection method that helps to
generate best results and also meet the defined aim and objectives i.e. to assess the extent to which US
trade level affected due to immigration. Such that for primary data collection method, researcher chooses
questionnaire under survey in which different questions are asked to the respondents in order to determine
their views related to topic. On the other side, secondary data collection methods are also used in which
researcher used articles and books related to the relevant topic.
Data Analysis
It is the process of inspecting and cleansing and transformation of the data with a goal o
discovering useful information that helps to support the decision making of the research. Thus, it is the
systematically applying statistical and logical technique that is actually used to describe as well as
illustrate the collected data in better manner (Kyngäs, 2020). Through data analysis method, researcher
keep themselves away from the bias and with the help to statistical treatment, researcher also generate
the best results. Moreover, the method keep creating better relationship with the respondents and
researcher so that they will be easily generate good results and analyse the point of view in better manner.
There are two types of data analysis method such that

Qualitative data analysis method which is a non- numeric form of information which is used by
the researcher to collect in some form of explanation by understanding and interpreting the people's point
of view. Therefore, focus groups, open ended questionnaire and surveys are consider one of the best
method of collecting the data (Domínguez-Zamora and et.al., 2020). Another type is quantitative
research type, which lay emphasize the objective measurement and data are collected through numerical
format. Further, this method also helps to concluded the best results and this method also helps to
conclude the valid outcomes as well.
From the above, researcher chooses thematic data analysis method under qualitative data analysis
in which different graphs and tables are used to look the research in more presentable manner. Further,
researcher also chooses this method because it assist them to collect the information and interpret them in
such a way that helps to determine the extent to which US trade level affected the immigrants and also
cause negative impact too.
Sampling
Sampling is the process which is used in statistical analyze in which a pre- determined number of
observation are chosen from the larger population. Therefore, this method also depend upon the type of
analysis which is being performed in order to get the results from the selected sample. Moreover,
sampling also enables to collect and analyze the data for the smaller portion of the population that helps
to represent the entire population and then apply the results to whole as well (Chavan-Dafle and
Rodriguez, 2020). Further, using sampling, researcher also permit to draw conclusion related to complex
situation and meet the defined aim and objectives in better manner. There are two types of sampling
method which are,
Probability sampling method, which utilizes some form o random selection such that it assures
that there are various unit in the population which have equal probabilities. This method is highly reliable
on the research findings and also increases the accuracy of sampling error estimation. Moreover, through
this method, researcher also increase the chances to make inferences about the population. Another type is
non- probability sampling method which stated that not all the members of the population has a chance of
participating in a study. This method is mainly used in the qualitative research in which researcher want
to demonstrate the particular trait exist in the population. This method is consider cost effective and time
effective method which reflect the descriptive comment related to sample.
From the above, researcher chooses simple random sampling method under probability sampling
in which 50 US immigrants are chosen that helps to determine their views related to US trade level
affected the immigrants and also cause negative impact too. Moreover, by selecting simple random

sample method, researcher determine their views related to the topic and also attain the aim and
objectives with specified deadlines. Or else, through this method, researcher also get results without any
bias and generate outcomes that are completely reliable to the research findings.
Ethical consideration
Ethical consider is consider one of the most important key element of the research methodology
section such that it assist the researcher to conduct the research in proper manner. For that, participants
should not be subjected to harm whatever the reason are, further, participants should also take full consent
from the participants before conducting the research and also make sure that privacy of the research
participants is maintained (Pietilä and et.al., 2020). Further, any type of misleading communication will
also affect the research in opposite manner. Researcher should also maintain adequate level of
confidentiality of the research data and also make sure that personal data should not be shared with the
third party.
Moreover, any type of communication in relation to the research should also be done with
honesty and transparency and any type of misleading information or representation of primary data
findings in a biased way should also be avoided. While conducting the research, researcher make sure that
they comply with Data Protection Act and make sure that privacy and anonymity is also maintained that
helps to generate better results (Brittain and et.al., 2020). Therefore, researcher should also make sure
that by maintaining confidentiality, the results should be generated in better manner and also maintain the
highest level of objectivity in discussion and analyses throughout the research.
Validity and Reliability
Reliability refers to the extent to which the same answer is obtained using the same instrument
such that if the research is link with high level of reliability then other researcher needs o be able in order
to generate the same results. Therefore, for this current study, researcher uses secondary research method
for that proper articles, books and journals related to topic are chosen that assist to reach the accurate
results as well (Bonney and et.al., 2020). Moreover, validity is directly related to primary data
collection method through which survey measure the right element and it is also refers to how well an
instrument is measures. That is why, researcher chooses secondary research method in which articles are
chosen which are published from last 5 years and helps to determine whether US trade level affected the
immigrants. Moreover, by using primary research method, researcher also select the candidate who are
actually present their views related to topic and also meet the defined aim, also answer the research
questions as well.

Limitation of the study
While conducting a research, researcher also faces lots of issue and limitation regarding the
study. However, it is critically important for the researcher to minimize the scope of limitation throughout
the entire research process and this in turn helps to reach accurate result as well. For this current study,
there are many limitation such that due to small sample size, there may chances to increase the error and
also, affect the research in opposite manner. Moreover, due to lack of financial data, researcher did not
spend good amount while collecting primary research method and as a result, outcomes got affected. On
the other side, secondary data collection methods are also did not help to generate better results and this in
turn affect the results.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Alarcón, R., 2017. US Immigration policy and the mobility of Mexicans (1882-
2005). Migraciones internacionales. 6(20). pp.185-218.
Alola, A.A., 2019. Carbon emissions and the trilemma of trade policy, migration policy and
health care in the US. Carbon Management, 10(2), pp.209-218.
Alola, A.A., 2019. The trilemma of trade, monetary and immigration policies in the United
States: Accounting for environmental sustainability. Science of The Total
Environment. 658. pp.260-267.
Anderson, M., 2015. A rising share of the US Black population is foreign born. Pew Research
Center. 9.
Bonney, N. and et.al., 2020. Validity and reliability of an Australian football small-sided game to
assess kicking proficiency. Journal of sports sciences.38(1). pp.79-85.
Brittain, S. and et.al., 2020. Ethical considerations when conservation research involves
people. Conservation Biology.
Burstein, A. and et.al., 2017. Tradability and the Labor-Market Impact of Immigration: Theory
and Evidence from the US (No. w23330). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Carneiro, P., Lee, S. and Wilhelm, D., 2020. Optimal data collection for randomized control
trials. The Econometrics Journal.23(1). pp.1-31.
Cazeaux, C., 2017. Art, research, philosophy. Routledge.
Chavan-Dafle, N. and Rodriguez, A., 2020. Sampling-based planning of in-hand manipulation
with external pushes. In Robotics Research (pp. 523-539). Springer, Cham.
Creswell, J. W. and Creswell, J. D., 2017. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods approaches. Sage publications.
Domínguez-Zamora, F. J. and et.al., 2020. Age-related changes in gaze sampling strategies
during obstacle navigation. Gait & Posture. 76. pp.252-258.

Faris, R. and et.al., 2017. Partisanship, propaganda, and disinformation: Online media and the
2016 US presidential election. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication. 6.
Fletcher, A. J., 2017. Applying critical realism in qualitative research: methodology meets
method. International journal of social research methodology.20(2). pp.181-194.
Gutiérrez, D.G., 2016. A historic overview of Latino immigration and the demographic
transformation of the United States. The new Latino studies reader: A twenty-first-century
perspective. 108.
Hainmueller, J., Hiscox, M.J. and Margalit, Y., 2015. Do concerns about labor market
competition shape attitudes toward immigration? New evidence. Journal of International
Economics. 97(1). pp.193-207.
Hanser, R.D., 2015. Using local law enforcement to enhance immigration law in the United
States: a legal and social analysis. Police Practice and Research. 16(4). pp.303-315.
Haymer, M. and et.al., 2020. Data Collection and Research. In The Equal Curriculum (pp. 253-
260). Springer, Cham.
Jacks, D.S. and Tang, J.P., 2018. Trade and immigration, 1870-2010 (No. w25010). National
Bureau of Economic Research.
Jaeger, D.A., Ruist, J. and Stuhler, J., 2018. Shift-share instruments and the impact of
immigration (No. w24285). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Kennedy, A. M., 2017. Macro-social marketing research: philosophy, methodology and
methods. Journal of Macromarketing.37(4). pp.347-355.
Kumar, R., 2019. Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage Publications
Limited.
Kuznets, S., 2017. Immigration of Russian Jews to the United States: background and structure.
In Jewish Economies (Volume 2) (pp. 201-290). Routledge.
Kyngäs, H., 2020. Inductive Content Analysis. In The Application of Content Analysis in
Nursing Science Research (pp. 13-21). Springer, Cham.

Kyngäs, H., Kääriäinen, M. and Elo, S., 2020. The Trustworthiness of Content Analysis. In The
Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research (pp. 41-48). Springer, Cham.
Ledford, J. R. and Gast, D. L., 2018. Single case research methodology: Applications in special
education and behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Maher, C. and et.al., 2018. Ensuring rigor in qualitative data analysis: A design research
approach to coding combining NVivo with traditional material methods. International
Journal of Qualitative Methods.17(1). p.1609406918786362.
Marino, S., Penninx, R. and Roosblad, J., 2015. Trade unions, immigration and immigrants in
Europe revisited: Unions’ attitudes and actions under new conditions. Comparative
Migration Studies. 3(1), p.1.
Martin, P., 2017. Trump and US immigration policy. California Agriculture. 71(1). pp.15-17.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. and Guarino, A. J., 2016. Applied multivariate research: Design and
interpretation. Sage publications.
Mohajan, H. K., 2018. Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related
subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People.7(1). pp.23-48.
Ottaviano, G.I., Peri, G. and Wright, G.C., 2018. Immigration, trade and productivity in services:
Evidence from UK firms. Journal of International Economics. 112. pp.88-108.
Peters, M.E., 2015. Open trade, closed borders immigration in the era of globalization. World
Politics. 67(1). pp.114-154.
Pietilä, A. M. and et.al., 2020. Qualitative Research: Ethical Considerations. In The Application
of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research (pp. 49-69). Springer, Cham.
Santana-Gallego, M., Ledesma-Rodríguez, F.J. and Pérez-Rodríguez, J.V., 2016. International
trade and tourism flows: An extension of the gravity model. Economic Modelling. 52.
pp.1026-1033.
Tucker, R.W., 2019. Immigration and US foreign policy. Routledge.

Tuffour, I., 2017. A critical overview of interpretative phenomenological analysis: a
contemporary qualitative research approach. Journal of Healthcare Communications.2(4).
p.52.
Van den Berg, H., 2016. Economic growth and development. World Scientific Publishing
Company.
Kerr, S. P. and et.al., 2015. Firms and the economics of skilled immigration. Innovation Policy
and the Economy. 15(1). 115-152.
Xu, P., Garand, J. C. and Zhu, L., 2016. Imported inequality? Immigration and income inequality
in the american states. State Politics & Policy Quarterly. 16(2). 147-171.