TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 Main body........................................................................................................................................3 1. Concept of conflict at the workplace.......................................................................................3 Causes of conflicts.......................................................................................................................4 2. Key theories.............................................................................................................................6 Impact of conflicts on organization performance.......................................................................9 Ways to prevent conflict...........................................................................................................10 Approaches to resolve conflicts.................................................................................................11 3. Conceptual framework...........................................................................................................12 4. Designing own questionnaire.................................................................................................13 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17 2
2.0 INTRODUCTION Literature review is the most important part of any study because it consists of different tools and techniques which proves to be effective to collect large amount of information. It assists researcher to get detail information related to particular topic and accordingly write the detail description of the same. Generally, literature review is done by taking into account different sources such as journals, books and online article. Furthermore, other available information are also considered for writing literature review. The research issues of current study is to assess causes of workplace conflict. In this regard, different themes will be prepared on the basis of topic so as to develop better understanding among scholar. Apart from this, theories and models are incorporated through which ways to integrate personnel can be implemented in the business organization. It enables corporation to cater need of management as well as other related parties. MAIN BODY 2.1. Concept of conflict at the workplace The conflict at workplace take place because of difference exist among employees in term of personalities and values. It directly affects business organization because of poor coordination among them (Abbas and Karage, 2015). This aspect tends to affect performance of business as company need to focus upon good quality of services. It can be made possible only with the help of integrated personnel. However, conflict exist between employees and employers also which is followed by number of reasons (Baillien and De, 2009). Here, sharp disagreement for opposing interest and ideas become the major reason behind conflict among personnel at workplace. However, every organization face issue of conflict as people work together to achieve common goals (Eddy, 2005). It can be beneficial or loss full for business where management take corrective action to resolve the potential issue. There are different types of conflicts such as personality differences, non-compliance with rules and policies as well as misunderstanding. At last, competition remain the most important form of conflict which many times proves to be good for business (Graham and Folkes, 2014). However, many a times, conflict creates considerable ambivalence through which scholar face issue in getting its exact meaning, relevant and ways to manage the same. In 3
common parlance, conflict refers to the process whereby one party reflects that its interest is being opposed by another one. It consists of different aspects such as angry words, actions of opposition etc which in turn increase the conflict at workplace (Cullen and Hammer, 2007). Generally, some people try to avoid situation of conflict because oftheir negative perception towards the same. However, others perceive it as phenomenon necessary to manage whereas some of the people consider that conflictprovide good opportunity for personal growth (DOBRE, 2012). It proves to be effective to cater need of buyers and meet their expectations in an effectual manner. At workplace, conflicts remain associated with heated debates, high frustration and raised voices. Owing to this, businesses face issue in term of poor sales turnover, low profitability and high attrition (Gifford, Gould, Latreille and Urwin, 2016). These kind of issues are resolved by using appropriate strategy to integrate personnel with giving focus upon their issues. In this regard, personnel can be invited to provide their suggestions for implementing appropriate strategy (Jenkins, 2011). Here, they can communicate about problems which they are facing and proposed solution can be derive from them. Such aspect ensure that management of corporation respect for employees and ensure their inclusion in the decision making process. However, it depends on management that how they resolve the issues or conflicts by focusing upon constructive or poor process (Hershcovis, 2011). Thus, in business world, differences related to peer group, environment, situation and personality as well as work experience tends to bring variation in context of value or needs, personal attitudes and belief. All of these factors tend to affect entire business performance because all individual behave in different manner (Lewis and Gunn, 2007). 2.2 Critical review analysis of theory Causes of conflicts According to Nuzulia and Utami, (2014). It is very common for business to have different types of conflicts at workplace. It affects personnel to cope up with changing scenario because conflict generate negative feeling among them and they cannot pay attention on their work. Most of the times, conflict is the reason behind high attrition rate through which personnel face issue in delivering their good quality of services (Machyo, 2009). For example, service sector like hotels face such kind of issues very frequently. Owing to this, personnel cannot achieve their 4
targets and this might become reason of low customer base. At this juncture, management uses different strategies to understand the reasons behind the some but might not resolve the same on right time.Pearson and Porath (2005) argued that cultural and racial differences is the most crucial issue among many of the personnel. This types of differences tend to hamper productivity of entire business as because of these differences employees take time to adjust in current working condition. Similarly, lacking physical resources and implementation of new technology are also the reason behind conflict at workplace (Salam, 2014). Owing this, company can face issue in managing its internal operation which in turn competitive edge of business might be affected. For example, implementation of new technology frustrate personnel as they face issue in managing their operation (Salleh and Adulpakdee, 2012). Owing to this, type cannot devote their 100% to achieve the targets on right time. This int urn again increase the issues among personnel or even in team. However, this issue can be managed with appropriate learning program. It is fact the initially people resist change and then gradually they come to know its positive impact for their personal and professional growth (Speedy, 2006). Accordingly they accept the same and become part of change. Qureshi, Rasli and Zaman (2014)asserted that scope and content of work is another cause of workplace conflict under which employees get dissatisfaction. They do not like to work and try to just pass the time. This type of scenario increases cost of production and as sales turnover go down (Ringstad, 2005). Similarly, new management techniques are also the main reason behind conflict at workplace. Generally, new management techniques are applied by changes in current rules and regulations. For this purpose, personnel are made understand the need of changes and accordingly importance of the same is clarified among them. It leads to ensure well being of personnel and company as well (Pathak, 2010). Furthermore, value conflict arises due to incompatibility of principles and practices as well as preferences of personnel. This kind of aspect create issue for management to team up the personnel. On the other hand, power conflict arises due to extreme amount of influence in relationship or social setting in taking decision (Mills, 2011). For example, one person at similar position is provided opportunity to take decision but other does not. This situation tends to create conflict among them. It is also considered as organizational conflict which shed light on inequalities in the firm (Irvine, 2014). 5
Griffin(2013)reviewedthat,environmentalconflictdirectlyaffectpersonnelat workplace because of external pressure. This external pressure comes at workplace in the form of changing government and recession. This indirect affect all employees or human resource in an organization (Felblinger, 2008). For this purpose, it becomes crucial for company to cope up with changing scenario and build good relationship with them.Giebels and Janssen (2005) reportedfivedimensionsofconflictbehavioratworkplace;competing,avoiding, accommodating and collaborating as well as compromising. All of these factor shed light on dissatisfaction of personnel working in team or those working in different departments (Almost, 2006). This in turn become the reason of high attrition rate. Owing to this, focus can be laid on conflicting perception so as to clarify the situation among personnel (Certo, 2015). It can be effective for employees as well as firm to resolve the potential issue on time. Another potential cause of conflict is conflicting role under which a person is forced to a job which is outside of his assigned requirements (Frazer, Weaven, Giddings and Grace, 2012). Such kind of work affect their satisfaction level and they think in wrong direction. However, feelingofbeingdiscriminatedtakeplaceatworkplace.However,thismightprocedure intentional or unintentional aggressive behavior withing employees (Haumschild,, Hertig and Weber, 2015). Though, many people experience at workplace that associate wield their power in a wrong manner. It becomes the major reason behind employees turnover and other potential issues among personnel (Johnson, 2009). Therefore,potential causes of conflict of are taken into account by business organization which can be done only with greater observation. 2. Key theories According to Kankanhalli, Tan and Wei (2006) clashes among workforce can take place any time to fault of management or differences exist among personnel. It this regard, it is essential to incorporate their views and understanding their emotion or feeling. In this regard, Path goal theory can be applied for explaining about conflict at workplace. It focuses upon role of leader in a team that how it motivates personnel and integrate them to work in the same direction (Lazar, Jones, and Shneiderman, 2006). Here, leader focuses upon issues which are being faced by employees. It is done with the help of clear communication between. However, formal or informal meeting can take place in order to ensure inclusion of view point of employees (Mohamed and Yousef, 2014). Accordingly this theory suggests that 6
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