The Role of Epidemiology in Reducing Negative Health Effects of Smoking on Women

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Dissertation
(THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON THE
EPIDEMIOLOGY, HEALTH EFFECTS
AND CESSATION OF SMOKING)
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ABSTRACT
Main purpose of preparing this dissertation is to identify role of epidemiology in
eliminating of negative effects of smoking on women. In order to attain this
purpose, number of activities or chapters was done by researcher effectively.
Introduction is a first activity of dissertation that was completed by developing
research aim and objectives and also identifying research gap. Literature review is
another part that was ended by researcher by fulfilling research gaps through
research questions. With the help of this section, researcher easily gathered
secondary data from journals, books etc. that results in achieving of research
objectivities. Research methodology is also important and significant part of
dissertation that was ended by investigator by using number of research methods,
techniques, strategies etc. Questionnaire was done by receiving primary data
about the role of epidemiology. Data analysis is another activity that was ended
with the use of frequency distribution analysis as an analytical technique. Ms-Excel
software was also followed by making graphs according to the each question
present in frequency table or questionnaire. Conclusion and recommendation are
last part of the dissertation that was ended by explaining and describing entire data
of report in clear and short manner. This chapter will help in achievement of
research objectives and doing of further study.
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Contents
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................5
Overview of the research title ................................................................................5
Rationale of research ...........................................................................................5
Research question.................................................................................................5
Aims and Objectives...............................................................................................6
Research gap.........................................................................................................6
Structure of the dissertation .................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................8
What are the roles of epidemiology in improving human health? .........................8
What are the benefits of smoking cessation on health of women? ......................9
What are the several ways through which negative effect of smoking on women
health can be minimised? ...................................................................................11
What are the impacts of epidemiology in minimising negative health effects of
smoking on women? ...........................................................................................12
Conclusion of literature ........................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................15
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS/RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...........................19
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................32
Conclusion ...........................................................................................................32
Recommendations ..............................................................................................32
REFLECTION .........................................................................................................35
................................................................................................................................36
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................37
Appendix..................................................................................................................40
Questionnaire ......................................................................................................40
................................................................................................................................41
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge each and every person who played an important
role in completion of my dissertation over the topic of the role of epidemiology in
terminating negative health effects of smoking on women.
I would like to thank my seniors by providing me an effective chance for doing
dissertation on interesting and valuable topic. I also express thanks to my parents,
by providing me an accurate guidance that helped me in completion of this
dissertation.
I would also thank my friends and juniors for their best support and
encouragement in executing the dissertation work.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Overview of the research title
Epidemiology is a branch of medical science that basically deals with the
incidence and control of disease within a population (What is Epidemiology? 2020).
In addition, it is the sum of the factors that helps in controlling of absence or
presence of a pathogen or disease. There are number of effects of smoking on the
users such as cancer, lung diseases, asthma attacks etc. Smoking also has bad or
negative effects on women in different ways such as have more irregular or painful
periods, risk of heart disease, increased risk of cervical cancer, higher risk of being
born too early, higher risk of serious birth defects and many others. All these are
major issues of smoking for women who use on daily basis. In order to overcome
this effect on women, Epidemiology plays an important role by studding about the
diseases in population.
Background of epidemiology
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health
and disease conditions in defined populations (Sanders and Fink, 2016). This is
known as the way by which different aspects like public health, and informs policy
decisions and evidence-based medicine are identified within disease context. The
study by Epidemiologists helps with study design, collection and statistical analysis
of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results. The Greek physician Hip-
pocrates is known as the father of medicine, and was the first epidemiologist. Hip-
pocrates sought a logic to sickness. He is the first person known to have examined
the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences.
Hippocrates believed sickness of the human body to be caused by an imbalance of
the four Humors (air, fire, water and earth “atoms”). The cure to the sickness was
to remove or add the humor in question to balance the body. This belief led to the
application of bloodletting and dieting in medicine
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Rationale of research
Main reason behind doing this research is to analyse the effectiveness of
epidemiology in reduction of bad or negative effects of smoking on women. This
topic is important at academic as well as personal level. At academic level, this
topic will help students by increasing their knowledge regarding the Epidemiology
and its usefulness in eliminating of smoking’s bad effects on the women. If this
dissertation is published in market that will also support societies, organisations or
an individual by increasing their awareness regarding the bad effects of smoking
on women and also importance of Epidemiology in preventing such effects on
women. At personal level, this topic or research will also support researcher by
enhancing its research skills that will support them in doing dissertation effectively
and systematically (Khongji and Lalremruata, 2019).
Research question
 What are the roles of epidemiology in improving human health?
 What are the benefits of smoking cessation on health of women?
 What are the several ways through which negative effect of smoking on
women health can be minimised?
 What are the impacts of epidemiology in minimising negative health effects
of smoking on women?
Aims and Objectives
Aim:
Main aim of this dissertation is “To investigate the role of epidemiology in
terminating negative health effects of smoking on women”.
Objectives:
 To identify the role of epidemiology for improving human health.
 To analysis the advantages of smoking cessation on health of women.
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 To investigate the several ways through which negative effect of smoking on
women health can be minimised.
 To determine the impact of epidemiology in minimising negative health
effects of smoking on women.
Research gap
A research gap is defined as an area or topic for which insufficient or missing
information and data limits the capability to arrive at conclusion for a question.
Within current dissertation, main gap is the role of epidemiology in terminating
negative health effects of smoking on women. In previous studies, there was data
available about the epidemiology role in terminating of negative health effects of
smoking on human but there was lack of information regarding the effectiveness of
epidemiology in reducing bad effects of smoking on women. In order to overcome
this gap, research questions have been applied by researcher in literature review
section (Nordenstam, 2019).
Structure of the dissertation
This is an important and essential part of dissertation because it helps reader
in identification chapters required for completing full project. There are some main
chapters that will be needed by researcher while completing entire dissertation in
systematic manner. These chapters are:
Chapter1: Introduction: This refers as a firs activity and part of dissertation
that includes necessary information about the topic such as overview of the
research, research gap, aim and objectives, research questions, rationale of the
study etc. All these are important and key aspects that will be needed by
researcher for completing introduction chapter (El‐Serag, 2020).
Chapter 2: Literature review: This chapter is based on secondary data that
will be collected from books, articles, publication research, journals etc. These
sources will support researcher in collecting of information about the role of
epidemiology in terminating negative health effects of smoking on women. Main
purpose of this part of study is to fulfil research gaps which are indentified in
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