The effects of particulate matter PM10 from

The effects of particulate matter
PM10 from Coal-Field Power
Plants on Johannesburg, South
Africa Highveld Priority Area

Introduction
• Air pollutants have a
major role in the issue of
environmental pollution.
• In South Africa more
than 2200 people die
every year due to the air
pollution from Eskom
Power Plants. Moreover
cases of asthma and
bronchitis also affects
children and adults of
that region (Centre for
Environmental Rights,
2019).

Continued…
• The injurious air
pollutants include
particulate matter
(PM), sulphur
dioxide
(SO2) ,nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), and
carbon monoxide
(CO).
• The particulate
matter which has
the diameter of less
than 10 μm is

Overview of the Paper
1 • Description of area
2 • Management Policies
3 • Policies Implications
4 • Management Implications
5 • Decision Makers
6 • Characteristics of Pollution
7 • Impact on Health
8
• Model Applications and
implementation
9 • Recommendations

Description of the Region
• South Africa is one of
the major industry
based economies in
the Southern
Hemisphere region.
• Moreover, it is the only
regional energy
producer area having
adequate numbers of
metallurgical and
mining activities
(Morakinyo et al.,
2017).

Continued…
• In the year of 2007, the
Highveld area south of
Johannesburg was declared
as National Priority by
Ministry of Environment.
• The priority area covers 31
106 km2 , including parts of
Gauteng and Mpumalanga,
Provinces, with a single
metropolitan municipality,
three district municipalities,
and nine local municipalities.
• The high concentration of
pollutants makes the air
quality very poor of that area
(Environmental Affairs,
2011 ).

Continued…
• There are almost 12
power plants in the
HPA, South
Johannesburg area.
• The power plants are
owned by Eskom
Power Plant.
• The priority areas are
mainly Middleburg ,
Ermelo, Herdrina,
Segunda and WItbank

Management policies
• NEM:AQA policy targets
including national
compliance to air quality
standards by 2020
• The DEA regulated NAAQS
criteria for pollutants PM10,
particulate mass in case of
70 to 20 micrograms per
cubic metre (μg/m)
• International Environmental
Law and Policy guided by
WHO for reduce 15% of the
PM10 Polutents

Management policy
implications
• Development of a PM 10
Assessment team for the
surrounding area of Coal-
Field Power Plants on
Johannesburg
• Developing a PM10
control plan through
reforming the coal mine
operations and carbon
emission filtering (Centre
for Environmental Rights,
2019)
• Forming standardized
emission measures for

Management policy
implications
• Forming an
intergovernmental
coordination and
cooperation for
outsourcing equipment
• Installing and calibrating
effectiveness and
developing evaluation
draft (Wang et al., 2015)
• Taking further decision
based on the emission
scored compared with
standardised protocol

Decision Makers in the South of
Johannesburg
• Department Of
Environmental Affairs
Environmental Quality
And Protection
• Chief Directorate: Air
Quality Management
• Provincial
environmental
departments in the
Highveld Priority Area
(HPA) (Environmental
Affairs, 2011 )

Decision Makers in the South of
Johannesburg
• Air Quality Officer’s
Forum (AQOF)
• Multistakeholder
Reference Group
(MSRG)
• MDEDET, GDARD,
municipalities for
intergovernmental
coordination and
cooperation (Centre for
Environmental Rights,
2019)

Air Pollutants (PM)
Characterization
• Filterable particulate
matter (FPM)
• Condensable PM (CPM)
• Particulate matter which
has the diameter of less
than 10 μm (PM10)
• Particulate matter which
has the diameter of less
than 2.5 μm PM2.5 (Pei,
2015)
• Total particulate matter
(TPM)

Coal-Field Power Plants and PM
• In Particulates from coal
fired boiler, the Major
Element is Carbon
spheres
• In Along with Carbon
spheres the major
elements are: Si, S, K, Ca,
Ti, Fe (Tiwary & Williams,
2018)
• Along with these carbon
and metallic speres the
Minor elements are: Al, P,
Cl, Mn, Cu

PM 10 Impacts
• The impact of PM 10 is high
in Brain, Lungs, Cardiac
functions
• Initial level symptoms are
breathing troubles, Asthma
Attacks and Bronchitis,
stroke Arterios Clerosis and
Heart attack (Thabethe et
al., 2014)
• Long term impact can cause
lung cancer in adults,
developmental defect in
children and pre mature
death

Modelling Applications
• Dispersion Modelling is a
complex modelling
procedure that includes
1. Portable Particulate
Monitor - Measure PM2.5 /
PM10
2. GIS-based emissions
quantification
3. Prognostic
meteorological procedures
4. The CALPUFF
simulations

Initial Inputs for Preparation
• The centre of the modelling
map will be the Coal-Field
Power Plants on
Johannesburg
• For modelling the domain of
Highveled will be extent 400
km east-west and 360 km
north-south covering total
area of 144 000 squire km
• 50 Km buffer will be used
for each side of the chosen
data calibration area (Gulia
et al., 2015)

Input And Output Data
• Inputs are:
25 Portable Particulate Monitor PM10
Station will be developed across the
area, The emission inventory model
will developed by the threshold of
PM10 density based of liner distance
form the power plant areas (Tiwary &
Williams, 2018)
• Outputs are:
calibrating the wind speed, wind
direction, temperature, relative
humidity, pressure, rainfall, sunshine
Probability distribution of PM 10 based
on selected zones that will allow to
make decision about effectiveness of
new remodelling of coal power plant

Conclusions
• PM10 has major role in global
air pollution as well as the
pollution of Coal-Field Power
Plants on Johannesburg, South
Africa Highveld Priority Area
• Identification, mapping and
implementation of the PM10
detection based system will be
required
• Implementation and
management plan includes the
following stapes: assessment,
modelling, governing
collaborations, implementation

Recommendations
• Collaboration and
coordination within the
different governing
systems, policy makers
and provincial and central
governance system
should be ensured
• Standardized assessment
is required as per the
national and international
immersion inventory
based guideline.

Recommendations
• Implementation of the
Information Technology based
information sharing system
should be ensured to secure
the information integration
• During the change
implementation and
installations in the power plant
area effective change
management plan should be
executed to minimize the
resistance force and to
increasing diving force.

References
• Centre for Environmental Rights (2019). 2019 World Environment Day highlights SA
deaths from air pollution. Cer.0rg.za. Retrieved from-
https://cer.org.za/news/2019-world-environment-day-highlights-sa-deaths-due-to-air-po
llution
[Accessed on 9th April 2020]
• Environmental Affairs. (2011). Highveld priority area air quality management plan.
Environmental Affairs. Retrieved from- http://www.saaqis.org.za/documents/HIGHVELD
%20PRIORITY%20AREA%20AQMP.pdf
• Gray H. A. (2019). Air quality impacts and health effects due to large stationary source
emissions in and around south africa’s mpumalanga highveld priority area (hpa). Gray
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https://www.ee.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Andy-Gray-Report-to-CER.pdf
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References
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Health risk of inhalation exposure to sub-10 μm particulate matter and
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Thank You