Despite advances in treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), there is still a need to improve patient outcomes. The use of predictive biomarkers can help tailor therapy to individual patients, reducing adverse effects and improving overall survival rates. Current treatment protocols have high failure rates and recurrence rates, highlighting the importance of developing more effective treatments. The development of immunotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors has shown promise in treating HNSCC, with studies demonstrating improved patient outcomes and reduced toxicity.