The environmental theory has been developed

NURSING
THEORIES
Detailed Description of the Theories

Theory 1: Nightingale’s
Environmental Theory
◦ Description of theory:
◦ This particular Nursing Theory was developed by Florence Nightingale
◦ The environmental theory has been developed focusing on the recovery of patients.
◦ The theory states that the environment of the patient can be utilized for the benefit of the
patient helping in their recovery.
Practical Applications:
◦ Nightingale Example 1: Having a clean and warm ventilation system
◦ Nightingale Example 2: Having the healthcare personnel chatter out the hopes of
recovery and advances
◦ Nightingale Example 3: Having a clean bed and bedding set up for the patients
◦ Nightingale Example 4: Tenia Pedis, a diabetic foot disorder was treated by Florence
Nightingale with the utility of this theory.

Theory 1: Nightingale’s
Environmental Theory
◦ Patient outcomes:
◦ Manipulation of the environment ultimately restored the health of the patients.
◦ Individualization of patient care is supported at the early stage according to the signs and
symptoms of the patient.
◦ Increasing quality of health care services is supported by this theory
◦ Fundamental aspects of including hygiene in healthcare is implemented
◦ Nursing Satisfaction:
◦ Wholesome implementation to the nursing concepts of today.
◦ Nursing professionals are highly acclaimed and paid because of the theory providing
hygienic support to the patients
◦ Skills improved due to the environmental utilization to nursing.
◦ Nursing care is more benefitted because of the health and environment safety provided to
the patients

Theory 1: Nightingale’s
Environmental Theory
◦ Barrier 1:
◦ Fails to properly mention the handling procedures.
◦ Can cause psychological drainage to the nurses taking care of the patients
◦ Can affect the other patients receiving care within the same environment.
◦ Barrier 2:
◦ Spontaneous occurrence of illness due to environment
◦ Deep study of bacteriology is required
◦ Extremely needy patient handling is even more difficult
◦ Methods to Overcome:
◦ The five essential component for the nurses to take care of must be included while the
application of this theory.
◦ Improved access to all environment factors must be included.

Theory 2: Peplau Interpersonal
Relations Theory
◦ Description of theory:
◦ The theory enables the study about the interpersonal relationship between the patient and the
attending nurse.
◦ Promotes interpersonal relationship for the well-being of the patient health.
◦ Three phases of the relationship are established that defined how the development of the
relationship is supported.
◦ Has their relevant benefits and challenges.
◦ Practical Applications:
◦ Example 1: Therapeutic process developed between the nurses and the patients with
communication and pattern integration.
◦ Example 2: Psychodynamic nursing is applied in the nursing practises to support human
relations be included in the healing practises.
◦ Example 3: The patients and the nurses come together as complete strangers for the
clarification of the felt need.

Theory 2: Peplau
Interpersonal Relations Theory
◦ Patient outcomes:
◦ Improved physical mobility to the patients are evidenced.
◦ Patients are induced to enrol self-participation in their healing process.
◦ The goals are set for the health improvement process along with the patients
◦ The restrictions and allowances of the patients are decided with the patient’s concern.
◦ Nursing Satisfaction:
◦ The decision of the carried out plans are mutually agreed.
◦ Non-pharmacological methods are also insisted upon
◦ Client’s need are assessed and introduced with the comprehensive agreement by the
patients.
◦ The nurses cannot be held responsible entirely

Theory 2: Peplau
Interpersonal Relations Theory
◦ Barrier 1:
◦ Patient communication
◦ Impacts upon the psychological setting of the patient
◦ Impacts upon the psychological setting of the nurses
◦ Patient data and facilitation of the taking care can be impacted by the interpersonal
relationship.
◦ Barrier 2:
◦ Patients would be partially held responsible for the health impacts.
◦ The health improvement is dependent on the practical thinking of the nurses.
◦ Methods to Overcome:
◦ The nurses should be trained enough to assess the psychological condition of the patients.
◦ Realistic contingency plan should be in place for the nurses.

Theory 3: Orlando's theory of
nursing
◦ Description of theory:
◦ Effective nurse and patient interaction and intervention is mentioned in this theory
◦ This theory describes that a nurse must not always follow the routine duty as per the
described contract and day-to-day activities.
◦ Mutual understanding between a patient and a nurse must be established.
◦ The perception of both the patient and the nurse must be clear and must be one for the
recovery of the patient.
◦ Practical Applications:
◦ Example 1: Patients are involved in the plan of care to take input from their immediate
needs.
◦ Example 2: Patient interactions are taken as imperative for the nurses during the
treatment period.
◦ Example 3: Sympathetic an supportive nursing skills are displayed in this type of
treatment.

Theory 3: Orlando's theory of
nursing
◦ Patient outcomes:
◦ The patients are listened to carefully.
◦ The patients are provided with supportive environment and are assisted encouragingly.
◦ The plan supports the patients to talk about their difficulties to the nurses clearly without a
chance of self doubt
◦ Demonstration of sympathetic care is provided.
◦ Nursing Satisfaction:
◦ The patients feel overwhelmed by the nursing facilities
◦ The period of the introduction of this theory, nursing was considered to be one of the
considerable contribution to the healthcare factors
◦ Women and men nurses are treated with equal capability entail
◦ Nursing facilities were introduced as a significantly improved and heightened profession.

Theory 3: Orlando's theory of
nursing
◦ Barrier 1:
◦ Exact role of nurses was not clear
◦ Lack of clear responsibilities lie
◦ These are theories that require nursing facilities to be entailing to the roles of nursing
◦ Medical diagnosis is refrained and the automated activities are given more focus to
◦ Barrier 2:
◦ Effective interactions are to be learned out of the general professional needs
◦ Utility of the nursing factors were not paid attention to
◦ Methods to Overcome:
◦ The focus should be given to the integration of the theory and the nursing facilities
◦ Conceptualization of nursing is extensively required.

Theory 4: King’s conceptual
theory
◦ Description of theory:
◦ This theory enables the understanding of the autonomous and cooperative treatment to the
patients.
◦ Conceptual care of 4 principles are supported, namely, health education, treatment and
prevention from disease, care of elderly.
◦ Inductive and deductive reasoning are supported.
◦ Patients are to organized as an individual system.
◦ Practical Applications:
◦ Example 1: People are considered as personal systems.
◦ Example 2: Centers on relationships between and within person systems
◦ Example 3: Perception, self-help, growth and development, body image, learning, time,
personal space and coping are included in the treatment phase.

Theory 4: King’s conceptual
theory
◦ Patient outcomes:
◦ Two or more people are involved in the interpersonal activities including the nurse and the
patient.
◦ The patients are treated as social systems with ordered and structured social roles.
◦ Clinical quality problems are treated well with the utilization of the set frameworks for the
benefit of the patients taken in structured planning.
◦ The communication set with the patients makes the patients understand that they are being
heard.
◦ Nursing Satisfaction:
◦ The nurses are taken as beneficial caregivers.
◦ Nurses are trusted as the actual caregivers for the patients
◦ The orthodox nursing processes are replaced by more well understood scenarios.

Theory 4: King’s conceptual
theory
◦ Barrier 1:
◦ Limited application in nursing practise is found
◦ Sometimes the conversation between the patient and the nurse is non-verbal, making it difficult for the
nurses to understand
◦ Communication barrier forms the most difficulty in the nurses and the patients.
◦ Barrier 2:
◦ The assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation practises would face difficulty due to the
determined goals.
◦ The determination of the attained goals cannot be evaluated through the set frameworks.
◦ The theory of goal attainment applied to the framework are difficult to apply.
◦ Methods to Overcome:
◦ The nursing students must be taught the transactual procedures to understand the theory of goal
attainment.
◦ The empirical data measurement must be done to understand the effective demonstration of the nursing
care.

Theory 5: Roy’s theory
◦ Description of theory:
◦ This theory is supportive of the goals set by the health and behaviour of the patients.
◦ It is defined as the concept of self-concept, developed by the personal self and physical self.
◦ The theory promotes the concept of self-concept to entail body image and self.
◦ The indication of RAM having a significant utility in the nurses application of self concept in
the treatment.
◦ Practical Applications:
◦ Example 1: Disruptive forces operations within the system is possible to recognize the
symptoms and possible reactions.
◦ Example 2: Interpersonal stressors are paid attention to understand the integration of the
crucial assessment of the patient’s behaviour.
◦ Example 3: Identification of stressors are done through the Neuman Systems Model.

Theory 5: Roy’s theory
◦ Patient outcomes:
◦ The feelings and beliefs of the patients are taken into consideration due to the implementation of this
model.
◦ The patients are listened to at first before their introduction to the healthcare healing facility
◦ The patients are protected from any misunderstanding during the medication process provided.
◦ The effective communication helps the medication process for the benefit of both the patient and the
nurses.
◦ Nursing Satisfaction:
◦ The patients are considered as the source of information before the healthcare restoration process
begins.
◦ The nurses are provided with the best information about the patients health directly from the patient’s
end.
◦ The understanding of the person before the patient is extremely necessary which provides the nurses an
easier field of diagnosis.
◦ The overall information loss would not be bothering for the nurses about the patients.

Theory 5: Roy’s theory
◦ Barrier 1:
◦ Physical loss of information might be a problematic situation
◦ Stressors might become a disruptive force
◦ Possible mitigations might be problematic in cases of actual reactive and recognizable symptoms.
◦ Patient conditions are limited to the mental health
◦ Barrier 2:
◦ There might be generated problems because of the extra-personal stressors.
◦ The mental conditions of the patients might be difficult for the nurses to identify
◦ The nurses might not be eligible enough to understand the overall outcomes of the patients state
of mind.
◦ Methods to Overcome:
◦ The nurses should be ready to understand the overall features of the mental health of the
patients, with necessary steps taken.

Theory 6: Watson’s theory
◦ Description of theory:
◦ Taking care of the patients are extremely important in this theory that is required to endorse
the health improvements.
◦ Central goal of this practise lies in the theorist caring with usual medical cure.
◦ Caring can be efficiently established and applied only interpersonally.
◦ Satisfaction of the human requirements are given utmost importance.
◦ Practical Applications:
◦ Example 1: This theory was defined with the utility of the definition given by love.
◦ Example 2: The creation of a safe environment is provided by this theory to the patients.
◦ Example 3: The effective communications are given utmost importance.

Theory 6: Watson’s theory
◦ Patient outcomes:
◦ The theory is very easy to understand for the healthcare improvement of the patients.
◦ The holistic nursing care is provided to the patients.
◦ The understanding of the moral ethics is prioritized for the benefit of the patients.
◦ The interaction between the nurses and the patients are given full care of.
◦ Nursing Satisfaction:
◦ The demonstration of the diseased person through their body language is done by the
nurses.
◦ The nursing role assumptions are showed utmost concern with the eminent proficiency
display.
◦ The nurses are given former priority for the establishment of this care.
◦ The nurses are often considered are the respondents of therapies.

Theory 6: Watson’s theory
◦ Barrier 1:
◦ The factors of health promotion, stopping diseases and facing peaceful death is given more
priority.
◦ Authentic caring-healing connection is not given much priority.
◦ Nurses with concrete guidelines might not sense security
◦ Takes a lot of time to apply.
◦ Barrier 2:
◦ Nursing practise is hampered a lot during application.
◦ No concrete guidelines.
◦ Interaction between nurse and patient is hampered a lot.
◦ Methods to Overcome:
◦ The methods would only find sole importance by having a holistic training approach.

Theory 7: Parse’s Theory
◦ Description of theory:
◦ The theory was previously known as Man-Living-Health.
◦ Parse's theory provides a new platform that examines the quality of life as a bio-social-
spiritual angle as opposed to the bio-medical approach.
◦ This theory mainly focuses on the principles of meaning, transcendence and rhythmical
approach.
◦ Consists of three theories.
◦ Practical Applications:
◦ Example 1: Reviews the quality of life from the perspective of any individual.
◦ Example 2: Examines the view of the patient and does not attempt to change them in any
way.
◦ Example 3: The understanding is to identify the perspective of the patient and also find out
the reason behind the perspective of the individual patient.

Theory 7: Parse’s Theory
◦ Patient outcomes:
◦ More humanitarian grounds are specified.
◦ The patients are considered to be individuals first.
◦ The patients are respected as individuals first.
◦ Assertion of the perspective of the individuals are considered even if they are patients.
◦ Nursing Satisfaction:
◦ The nurses are clarified as respective individuals.
◦ More humanitarian efforts are specified in this approach.
◦ The understanding of the humans before patients help the nurses asses the individuals
more.
◦ Finding out the cause of the patients plight helps in diagnosis better.

Theory 7: Parse’s Theory
◦ Barrier 1:
◦ Does not regard the ideal nursing process
◦ Not based on science
◦ Unfit for the emergent classes
◦ Patients not regarded as individuals in ideological healthcare.
◦ Barrier 2:
◦ Considered absurd to think that the patients can be regarded as individuals.
◦ Theory of personalization is dependent on the juxtapositioning of the results.
◦ lays down the framework and a platform for guiding other theories
◦ Methods to Overcome:
◦ The thinking of patient health to attain an optimal state of wellbeing should be promoted.

Theory 8: Culture Care
Diversity Theory
◦ Description of theory:
◦ This concept provides the idea of providing the healthcare for restoration of patient health based on the
specific culture that the patient belongs to.
◦ Understanding of the culture of the patients coming from different cultural background.
◦ Inclusion of the understanding to the application of healthcare facilitation.
◦ Use of patterns, values, lifeways, and other features to promote beneficial care to the people or patients.
◦ Practical Applications:
◦ Example 1: Harmonizing with the cultural beliefs of the patients are considered in some places
in the practical healthcare services.
◦ Example 2: Awareness of patient health and their cultural care is given utmost value in some
areas, not all.
◦ Example 3: The knowledge and skills of the nurses with proficiency about the cultural
background is generated in some healthcare facilities. This generated the idea of recruiting
nurses from different background in the same institute.

Theory 8: Culture Care
Diversity Theory
◦ Patient outcomes:
◦ Easy diagnosis providing comfort to the patients.
◦ Ability to provide services to the patients at the highest level.
◦ Respecting the cultures of the patients helps in gaining their beliefs in the healthcare
facility.
◦ Patients are at ease with the receiving of the healthcare focusing on their cultural aspects.
◦ Nursing Satisfaction:
◦ The patients do not provide a tantrum filled environment.
◦ All the four nursing competence models are taken care of.
◦ The wellbeing and healing of the patients are supportive of the culture of the patients,
having a great lookout at the jobs of the nurses.
◦ The institute can assert the support provided by the nurse.

Theory 8: Culture Care
Diversity Theory
◦ Barrier 1:
◦ The nurses are not able to provide appropriate culture based support based on the patient’s
nationality.
◦ The cultural background consideration for any user do not acknowledge as a practical
approach.
◦ Communication barriers exist.
◦ Barrier 2:
◦ Differences in interpretation prevails
◦ No proper identification of problem is seen
◦ Difficulty in the day to day activities of nurses.

Theory 8: Culture Care
Diversity Theory
◦ Methods to overcome:
◦ There should be inclusions of proper facilities led by the cultural identification in every
healthcare institute.

References
Anderson, J. L., & Morrow, D. A. (2017). Acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal
of Medicine, 376(21), 2053-2064.
Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice. FA Davis.
Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. (2018). Leininger’s Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Theory. Annual Review of Nursing Research, Volume 37: Transcultural and Social
Research, 1
Willis, D. G., & Leone-Sheehan, D. M. (2017). Watson’s Philosophy and Theory of
Transpersonal Caring. Nursing Theorists and Their Work-E-Book, 66.

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