Financial Management Issues Report 2022

Financial Management

FINANCE 1
Question 2
Number of ordinary shares 600000
Shareholder's fund 700000
Profit After Tax 140000
Amount to be raised 180000
Price before issue of Ex-right shares 1.9
Number of shares to be reissued 1.8 100000
Number of shares to be reissued 1.6 112500
Number of shares to be reissued 1.4 128571
The number of shares is to be reissued on the basis of three options such as 1.8, 1.6 and 1.4. The
company issues the shares by 100000, 1125000 and 128571 with the price rate 1.8, 1.6, and 1.4
respectively as the amount is 180000 is raised by the organization for issuing the shares.
Number of share has been evaluated by dividing the raised amount with the adjusting price rate
such as 180000/1.8.
Computation of theoretical ex-rights fair value per share

FINANCE 2
132000
0
132000
0 1320000
700000 712500 728571
1.88571 1.85263 1.81176
Ex-rights fair value per share has been evaluated with this formula:
Fair value of all outstanding shares immediately prior to exercise of rights shares issued in the
exercise +Total amount received from exercise
Number of shares outstanding prior to exercise+ Number of shares issued in the Exercise
(Xplained, 2014)
As per the evaluation, 1.88, 1.85 and 1.877 are the Ex-rights fair value per share with the 1.8, 1.6
and 1.4 price rates respectively.
Computation of adjustment
facto
Fair value per share prior to exercise of
rights
Theoretical ex-rights value per share
1.9 1.9 1.9
1.88571
1.8526
3
1.8117
6
1.00758 1.0255 1.0487

FINANCE 3
7
The computation of adjustment factors state that the fair value per share is 1.9 and ex-rights
value per share is 1.88, 1.85 and 1.81 respectively.
Expected EPS Net Profit After Tax
Weighted average number of shares
140000 140000 140000
604545 615341 629221
0.23158 0.22752 0.2225
The company has 140000 as the net profit after tax. Weighted average number of shares has been
evaluated by the amount of issuing shares multiple by ex-rights value per share. At the end
expected EPS are 0.23, 0.22 and 022 on 1.8, 1.6 and 1.4 respectively.
V.
In the above evaluation, there are three options of rate of issuing the shares. The organization has
to evaluate the EPS with all three options in order to select the best option. There are three price
rates that the organization use to issues the shares and these are 1.8, 1.6, and 1.4. There are three
options and those are discussed below in detail:
The amount of capital that the company raised for issuing shares is 1,80,000.
Option A

FINANCE 4
In option A, the price rate is 1.8 due to which the number of 100000 shares has been issued. In
this option, the number of shares is less as compare to the other option but after all the evaluation
the expected earnings per share on this price rate is 0.23. Earnings per share are the major point
that the organization analyzed while adjusting the share price (Anwar, 2019).
Option B
In option B, the price rate is 1.6 from which the company can issue the 112500 shares. In this
option, adjustment factor is 1.03 and due to which the expected earnings per share is 0.22.
Option C
In option C, 1.4 is the price rate that the organization set for issuing the share and as per the
evaluation 128571 shares are issued by the company on the capital 180000. The expected
earnings per share is 0.22 in this option as its price rate is 1.4.
As per the evaluation of these three options, it is observed that the Option A has high expected
earnings per share which is beneficial for the organization as compare to the other options. The
expected earnings per share is 0.227 and 0.222 in the case of option B and option C respectively.
The theoretical ex-rights value per share is also high of Option A as compare to the Option B and
Option C. The ex-rights value per share is 1.01, 1.03 and 1.05 in option A, B and C respectively.
As the ex-rights value per share is high of Option A due to which the chances of earning per
share of Option A is also high. It is recommended that the Option A is the best choice among the
three right issues.
Question 3
(A)

FINANCE 5
There are many capital budgeting tools that the organization used to evaluate the projects of
investments in order to take the best decision to earn the high profit (Kengatharan, 2016). The best
option for the organization in investment is one from which the company earns the high revenue
and gets the high amount of return. In this question, ARR (Accounting Rate of Return), IRR
(Internal Rate of Return), NPV (Net present value) and Payback period are the methods of
capital budgeting have been used to evaluate the best option among the other option in
investment projects.
Given Data
Cost 320000
64000
Residual value 32000
Cost of Capital 12%
Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Initial capital
outcomes -320000
Cash Inflow 105000 105000
10500
0
10500
0
10500
0
10500
0
Cash outflows 15500 15500 15500 15500 15500 15500
Annual Cash
Flows 89500.00 89500.00
89500.
00
89500.
00
89500.
00
89500.
00
Discounting factor 1.000 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567 0.507

FINANCE 6
@12%
Present Cash Flows -320000
79910.71
429
71348.85
204
63704.
33
56878.
87
50784.
7
45343.
49
Net present Value
47970.95
546
IRR 5%
Payback Period
Years 0 1 2 3 4 5
Cash Inflow
-
320000 89500.00 89500.00 89500.00
89500.0
0 89500.00
Cumulative cash inflow
-
320000 -230500 -141000 -51500 38000 127500
Payback Period 3.58
Average Revenue 89500.00
Average Investment 320000
ARR Average Revenue
Average
Investment
ARR 89500.00

FINANCE 7
320000 0.28
Working
Note
Cost
32000
0
Less salvage value 32000
Cost for first year
28800
0
Dep. For first year 57600
23040
0
Dep. For second
year 46080
18432
0
Dep. For third
year 36864
14745
6
Dep. for four year 29491.2
11796

FINANCE 8
5
Dep. For five year 23592.96
94372
Dep. For sixth
year
18874.36
8
75497
From the above evaluation, it is observed that the machine is economic feasible as there are some
reasons behind it and these are given below:
 The main reason is that the cash is inflow in the organization by six years is same with
the amount of 105000 even after charging the depreciation. The annual cash flows get the
company from this machine is 89500 in all six year without any fluctuation. It is
beneficial for the company as it earns 105000 as the fixed revenue, it does not face the
issue of loss.
 As per the payback period, it is observed that the company can recover the amount of
investment in the third year. In a very short time period, the company can recover the
amount and also gets the revenue with the fixed percentage.
 The amount of expenses is also less as 15500 every year which is less as compare to its
revenue which depicts that this machine is feasible in term of economic (Freetutes, 2018).
Although, the investment on machine is beneficial for the company but still it face some
challenges such as the present cash flow of the machine has been decreases with the passage
of time. The decreasing cash flow depicts that the company face the financial crisis in the
coming future.

FINANCE 9
(B)
The evaluation has been done by using the methods or techniques of capital budgeting, those are
Payback period, NPV (Net present value) and ARR (Accounting Rate of Return), IRR (Internal
Rate of Return). These methods help to evaluate the economic feasibility of the machine. These
methods have advantages but still there are some difficulties that the organization faces while
using them. The benefits and limitations of these investment appraisal techniques have been
discussed below:
The Net Present Value
Net Present Value defines the difference among the present value of cash inflow and the present
value of cash outflow. This method is used in capital budgeting and investment planning in order
to assess the profitability of a particular project or the option of investment. The positive and
negative Net Present Value defines the different meaning. The positive net present value states
the net profit in an investment and the negative net present value defines the net loss (Berrada,
Loudiyi, and Zorkani, 2017).
Each and every thing has both the aspects such as positive and negative. There are many benefits
and drawbacks of this method and these are discussed below:
Benefits
 The main advantage of Net Present Value defines the time value of money
 This method help in maximizing the organization value by evaluating the best return on
investment projects and the other capital budgeting activities (Hussain, 2015).
 It has been found that the NPV method supports to evaluate the profitability of the project
due to which the company can easily takes the decision regarding the investment. It is

FINANCE 10
required for the organization to evaluate the expected return on investment in future so
that it can take the correct decision from the different investment option. Using this
method to assess the profitability of the investment helps to take the better decision in
order to operate the business effectively (Smit, and Trigeorgis, 2017).
Limitations
 There are also some disadvantages of using the method of NPV such as estimation of
opportunity cost. It is observed that the organization has to evaluate the opportunity cost
for taking the best decision in investment. The opportunity cost defines the next
beneficial investment project for the company. This cost has been considered at the initial
stages by considered the opportunity cost affects the result in terms of wrong decision. As
per this method, people have two options from which it has to select the best one option
for the company in term of investment. But due to evaluating the two investment option
which is considered as the opportunity cost affects the decision of the company in order
to select option for it (Bora, 2015).
 It is determined that the evaluation of Net Present Value is not that easy for a human
being. It requires the professional and well qualified person who can easily evaluate it
with his best knowledge. The company has to hire the well qualified person with the high
compensation so that he performs his job very well. It is observed that the hiring the
qualified person consumes the high cost which affects the net profit of the organization.
The company also has to invest the high amount before starting the project such as on
research and development department. The cost incurred before starting the project
affects the result but ignoring these costs is a difficult task for corporate finance team.

FINANCE 11
The Internal Rate of Return
It is also a capital budgeting tool that is used to take the decision for a particular project. In this
method, discounting rate where the total of initial investment and discounted cash inflow is
equivalent to zero. It can be said that it is a discounting rate in which the value of NPV is just
equal to zero. In order to compute the IRR (Internal Rate of Return), it is required to evaluate the
NPV or present cash inflow of all years. The evaluation of IRR is based on the formula of NPV.
The amount of discount rate or cost of capital is multiple with the amount of cash flows. Cash
inflow has been evaluated in order to calculate NPV.
Benefits
 Time value of money is major part that is necessary to considered while evaluating the
expected return in future. In this method, time value of money has been considered while
evaluating IRR that helps to estimates the accurate results or returns that the company
gets in future( Clear Tax, 2019).
 Another advantage of this method is that it can easily represent in front of mangers. After
the evaluation of IRR, it is easy for the company to display the IRR to represent the
percentage to managers.
 It has been seen that this method is not only easy to represent the percentage but it also
easy to assess the rate of return. As compare to the other method, it is easy to evaluate the
internal rate of return.
 It helps to take the decision on the basis of rate of return. The managers of the company
evaluate the rate just because of estimation for future plans.

FINANCE 12
Limitations
 It has been found that the difference between two projects cannot be considered or
evaluated by using the method of IRR. It is biggest limitation of IRR method as in this
method, two different projects does not evaluate (CFI, 2018).
 It is also found that this method is a mixture of positive and negative cash flows of future
due to which the chances of appropriate results is less.
 In this method, economies of scale have been ignored as economies scale plays the major
role in order to estimate the correct value.
 It has been noticed that the dependent or contingent projects are ignored while evaluating
the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Not only dependent or contingent projects are ignored
but mutually exclusive projects are also ignored while the calculation of IRR (Gaill,
2018)
 The major limitation of this method is that the change in wealth does not been measured
by the method IRR as it is not possible to evaluate the change in wealth with this method.
The Accounting Rate of Return
Accounting Rate of Return is a financial ratio that has been used in evaluating in capital
budgeting. It defines the percentage rate of return which is expected on assets or the option of an
investment as compared to the initial investment cost. This percentage has been evaluated by
dividing the average revenue from an asset by the company initial investment to calculate the
ratio.
Benefits

FINANCE 13
 ARR is an easy method to compute and also simply to learn or understand it. In this
method, net profit or savings of the company has been considered for evaluation of
accurate result.
 It is useful as it helps to provide a clear picture about the profitability ratio of the
particular project (Money Matters, 2018).
 The method of IRR is valuable to evaluate the current situation of the organization as in
this method net profit has been used to estimates the rate of return.
 This method considered the concept of net profit which is net profit after tax. Net profit is
the important factor in the appraisal of an investment proposal.
Limitations
 The main limitation of this method is not considering the external factors that also affect
the profitability of the particular project.
 This method is not useful while calculating the projects when the investments are made in
two or more installments.
 Fair rate of return does not evaluated on the basis of ARR.
 It does not consider the cash inflow while evaluating the rate which is very essential as
compare to accounting profit (Lambert, and Yitzhaki, 2015).
The Payback Period
The payback period states the time which is taken by the company to recover the cost of an
investment. Simply, it can be said that it is the length of time of an investment which is reaches
at breakeven point. This is a capital budgeting tool which helps the organization to evaluate the
time period in order to recover the amount of investment (Accounting Tools, 2018).

FINANCE 14
Benefits
 It has been found that the payback period provides the quick solution as it needs few
inputs and also easy to evaluate due to which it is easy to evaluate it.
 This method is also useful even in the case of uncertainty which is a biggest benefit for
the company.
 It has been evaluated the method of payback period provides the productive information
that no other capital budgeting method reveals. The information provided by this method
is very crucial as it shares the important such as short time period of payback also has a
lower risk (Finance management, 2018).
Limitations
 The main limitation of this method is that it disregards the time value of money which is
essential part for the company. Time value of money defines that the money available at
the present time is worth more than the identical sum in the future due to its potential
earning capacity (Gorshkov, Vatin, Rymkevich, and Kydrevich, 2018).
 It is observed that the method of payback period is so simple which is not considered and
useful for the normal business scenario. The result evaluate by the company is also not
realistic as capital investment is not a onetime investments. Sometimes projects require
the further investments in the coming years; in those scenarios it is very difficult to find
the solution.
 A project with the shorter payback period has no guarantee that it will make the high
profit. Sometimes, cash flow from project stop at the payback period or decreases after
the payback period.

FINANCE 15
 As per the method of payback period, cash flows have been recognized till the time the
initial investment is recovered. This method does not considered the cash flow from
subsequent years. It can be said that the method of payback period is limited in view of
the cash flow.
References
Accounting Tools. (2018) How to calculate the payback period. [online] Available From:
https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/how-to-calculate-the-payback-period.html [Accessed
28/10/19].
Anwar, Y. (2019) The effect of return on equity, earning per share and price earning ratio on
stock prices. The Accounting Journal of Binaniaga, 4(01), pp.57-66.
Berrada, A., Loudiyi, K. and Zorkani, I. (2017) Profitability, risk, and financial modeling of
energy storage in residential and large scale applications. Energy, 119, pp.94-109.
Bora, B. (2015) Comparison between net present value and internal rate of return. International
journal of research in finance and marketing, 5(12), pp.61-71.
CFI. (2018) What is Internal Rate of Return (IRR)?. [online] Available From:
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/internal-rate-return-irr/
[Accessed 28/10/19].
Clear Tax. (2019) Time Value of Money ( TVM ) – Definition, Formula & Example. [online]
Available From: https://cleartax.in/s/time-value-money-tvm [Accessed 28/10/19].

FINANCE 16
Finance management. (2018) Advantages and Disadvantages of Payback Period. [online]
Available From: https://efinancemanagement.com/investment-decisions/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-payback-period [Accessed 28/10/19].
Freetutes. (2018) Technical Feasibility, Economic Feasibility, Operational Feasibility, Legal
Feasibility. [online] Available From: https://www.freetutes.com/systemanalysis/sa3-technical-
economic-operational-legal.html [Accessed 28/10/19].
Gaill, B. (2018) 12 Internal Rate of Return Method Advantages and Disadvantages. [online]
Available From: https://brandongaille.com/12-internal-rate-of-return-method-advantages-and-
disadvantages/ [Accessed 28/10/19].
Gorshkov, A.S., Vatin, N.I., Rymkevich, P.P. and Kydrevich, O.O. (2018) Payback period of
investments in energy saving. Magazine of Civil Engineering, 78(2).
Hussain, S.A. (2015) Net Present Value Criterion. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, pp.1-2.
Kengatharan, L. (2016) Capital budgeting theory and practice: a review and agenda for future
research. Applied Economics and Finance, 3(2), pp.15-38.
Lambert, P.J. and Yitzhaki, S. (2015) Accounting for variability in the growth rate of income.
Economics Letters, 129, pp.71-73.
Lane, K. and Rosewall, T., 2015. Firms’ investment decisions and interest rates. Firms’
Investment Decisions and Interest Rates 1 Why Is Wage Growth So Low? 9 Developments in

FINANCE 17
Thermal Coal Markets 19 Potential Growth and Rebalancing in China 29 Banking Fees in
Australia 39, p.1.
Money Matters. (2018) Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) Method | Advantages | Disadvantages.
[online] Available From: https://accountlearning.com/accounting-rate-of-return-method-
advantages-disadvantages/ [Accessed 28/10/19].
Smit, H.T. and Trigeorgis, L. (2017) Strategic NPV: Real options and strategic games under
different information structures. Strategic Management Journal, 38(13), pp.2555-2578.
Xplained. (2014) Theoretical Ex-rights Price. [online] Available From:
https://xplaind.com/101284/theoretical-ex-rights-price [Accessed 28/10/19].