Healthcare and Its Impact on Society
Added on 2020-03-16
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Running head: CLINICAL MEDICINEClinical MedicineName of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor Note
1 CLINICAL MEDICINEAnswer 4.3The immune system of mammals is composed of innate and adaptive immuneresponse in order to combat against the invading pathogens. In order to maintain ahomeostatic environment between the pathogen, there exist a close interrelation between theendocrine system and immune system. Immune system exerts majority of the effects on theendocrine system via cytokines. Cytokines are small glycosylated proteins secreted by thehuman bodies. Cytokines modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary unit. Cytokines like IL1betaand TNF-alpha inhibits the release of TSH from the pituitary gland via the stimulation of theK+ dependent release of the somatostatin from the hypothalamus of the brain (Boutzios &Kaltsas, 2015). (Source: Boutzios & Kaltsas, 2015)Answer 4.4Disease definitionSigns and SymptomsType 1 Diabetes In type 1 diabetes, body failto produce adequate insulin1. Excessive excretion ofurine
2 CLINICAL MEDICINEleading to high glucose level.Here, body becomes allergicto own beta cells of Islet ofLangerhans of the pancreasleading to their destructionand leading to inadequateinsulin production (Kaufman,2013).2. Increased hunger3. blurry visionHypothyroidismAlso known as un-reactivethyroid disease where thethyroid gland fail to makeadequate thyroid hormone.The common cause ofhypothyroidismisHashimoto’s thyroiditis. It isan autoimmune disorderwhere body produces auto-antibodies that attack anddestroy the thyroid glands(Unnikrishnan et al., 2013).1. Constipation2. Depression4. Slow heart rateAnswer 4.5People who are suffering from diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of gettingaffects with musculoskeletal. People who have type 1 diabetes are at higher risk ofdeveloping rheumatoid arthritis. Both the conditions are regarded as autoimmune disease andresearch suggests that certain genes are associated with both the anomalies. People with type2 diabetes have an increase risk of developing osteoarthritis and gout. In Type 2 diabetes,there occurs increase in body weight leading to strain over the bones which ultimately leadsto osteoarthritis (D'Souza, Al-Sajee & Hawke, 2013).Other musculoskeletal effects of Diabetes Mellitus include muscle cramps, muscleinfraction, loss of deep tendon reflexes, reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, peripheralneuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, stiff hands syndrome, neuropathic joints, and adhesivecapsulitis over the shoulders, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, Dupuytren’scontracture and Tenosynovitis (D'Souza, Al-Sajee & Hawke, 2013).
3 CLINICAL MEDICINEAnswer 4.6Simon Ng has normal fasting blood glucose level. The upper limit of the fasting bloodglucose level is 100 mg per dL. If a person score with in 100 to 125 mg per dL then he or sheis considered to be prediabetic and 120 mg/dL or above than that is considered to be diabetic(Grundy, 2012). Answer 4.7Biological aging is defined as progressive deterioration of the function of the organsand tissues leading to loss of capability to restore homeostasis during stressed situation andthereby leading to age-related diseases. Aging is associated with gradual impairment ofgrowth hormone secretion along with decrease in the body fluid concentration of insulin-likegrowth factor-1 (IGF-1). This leads to hypothalamic decrease in growth hormone releasinghormone (GHRH) with the decrease in the responsiveness of GHRH. These lead to lowerphysical activity and sleep disturbance. With aging, density of the thyroid gland increases.This results in decrease in the concentration of free T3 hormones (Castelo & Soveral, 2014). Answer 4.8With aging, the endocrine system also gets affected. For example, Calcium de-regulation occurs in elderly people irrespective of gender, a condition known ashypocalcaemia. The condition is characterized by decrease in dietary intake and the situationbecomes more severe while there is co-existing vitamin D deficiency. These decrease nVitamin d caused osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Vitamin D supplementation is thusrecommended in elderly people at a dose of 100 to 400 IU daily (depending on body massand severity of the disease). However, medication of vitamin D is not recommended withcalcium, as vitamin concentration is significantly lower than the bioavailability of the vitamin
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