The impact of negative emotions in judgement and formulation of decisions

This is a summary of a research proposal on the topic of the impact of negative emotions on judgment and decision-making. The aim of the study is to explore the issue of decision-making from the perspective of emotions, with a focus on the impact of negative emotions. The proposal outlines the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the rationale for the research, and the research aims and objectives. The proposal also includes a literature review discussing decision-making as a complex process, the role of positive emotions on judgment and decision-making, and the relationship between emotion and decision-making. The proposed methodology includes a discussion of research philosophy, research design, data collection methods, sampling methods and sample size, data analysis techniques, ethical considerations, and limitations of the study.

Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Research proposal
Topic: The impact of negative emotions in judgment and formulation of decisions
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author Note

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Abstract
The aim of the study is to find out the issue of judgement and decision making from the
perspective of emotions, with the consideration of the impact of negative emotions. This is
important because decisions and judgement are directly impacted by the process emotional
well being of the individual. It is also important because it has been observed by previous
research that the decision making is the process more than the neurological aspects, it is
inclusive of the sociological and emotional aspects of it. Hence it is crucial to look into the
issue of decision making from the perspective of negative emotions and find out the nuances
of judgement and decision made out of these emotions. This research will be completed by
following a detailed the systematic structure and it is expected to be submitted within the
period of 24 weeks.

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Table of Contents
Abstract......................................................................................................................................1
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Background of the study............................................................................................................3
Statement of the problem...........................................................................................................4
Rationale of the research............................................................................................................5
Research aims and objectives.....................................................................................................5
Research questions:....................................................................................................................6
Literature review:.......................................................................................................................6
Decision making as a complex process:.................................................................................6
Role of positive emotions on judgement and decision making..............................................8
Relation between the emotion and decision making..............................................................9
Methodology:...........................................................................................................................10
Research philosophy:............................................................................................................10
Research design:...................................................................................................................11
Data collection method:........................................................................................................11
Sampling method and sampling size:...................................................................................12
Data analysis technique:.......................................................................................................12
Ethical consideration:...........................................................................................................13
Limitations of the study:..........................................................................................................13
Conclusion................................................................................................................................14
Gantt Chart...........................................................................................................................16

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Source: (Created by the author)............................................................................................16
References................................................................................................................................17

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Introduction
Decision making is the process of choosing between multiple options and choices, it
is not an exclusive field of rationality, and rather it has been argued that the process of
decision making is the balance between the rational and the emotional elements of the being.
Judgement is based on the consideration of multiple factors like availability of data and
information, however it is further supported by the process of past experience of the
individuals. It has been observed that the intensity of emotionstends to overshadow the
rational faculty of individuals (Bachkirov et al., 2015). Hence it is important to consider the
factors other than rationality that are impacting the process of judgement and decision
making. There have been previous researches focusing on the issue of the neurological
aspects of decision making however area of emotions led decision making and judgement has
not been clearly dealt with. Hence this paper will be presenting the thorough research
analysis of the methods to be adopted for conducting this research. It will also be focusing on
the issue from the perspective of the managers and the people at the authoritative positions
within the context of the chosen organisation.
Background of the study
The aim of the paper is to present a research proposal for the purpose of looking into
the critical area of impact of emotions in the decision-making faculty of people. It has been
previously argued by scholars that the decision-makingfaculty of human being are in constant
impact of the emotional faculty (Etkin etal., 2014). There have previous experiments
conducted in this regard which clearly demonstrates the impact of emotions on the decision-
making ability of individuals. It is also important to consider the fact that decisions are
impacted by two predominant sense of emotions, positive and negative. Judgement and

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decision making in most of the cases are guided by the personal consideration of emotions
and it is relevant to conduct further research on the aspects of emotions led decision in
contradiction to the rationality led judgement and decision making (Flin et al., 2017). Among
the emotions specifically impacting the decision-making process of individuals, anxiety,
anger and stress is expected to make large impact on their decision making. It is henceforth
important to highlight the process of decision making to find out the impact of emotions of
the same. it has been observed that the effective judgement and decision making is actually a
complex of processes and it is inclusive of multi-layered process (Kassam, 2015). This is
considered to be an art which requires proper skills and effective management of the rational
faculties. It is also highlighted that the process of decision making is guided by the factors
like intuition, reasoning and many other factors (Kassam, 2015). While decision making is
the process of considering few options and course of action for the effective management of
the problem.
Statement of the problem
In recent times, there are number of cases where leaders, entrepreneurs and people at the
personal and professional level has been subjected to wrong decisions. There is repercussion
of every wrong decision and judgement given in case of the professional issue or the
decisions at the personal level. There has also been research which has primarily focused on
the issue of the impact of the neurological factors especially negative emotions impacting the
effective decision-making process of an individual however what is important to note are not
much discussion on the issue of the negative impact of emotions on the judgement and
decision making has remained a grey area for long. Hence this research will be focusing on
how various negative emotions affect the decision making of leaders in the organizational

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context and sometimes leads to wrong decisions that are taken on the basis of these emotions.
Many previous researches have been conducted in the same field such as the research
conducted by Backirov, 2015, did a research on how inducing a specific emotion in an
individual blocks the way information is collected and therefore affects the decision making.
This proposal will help in carrying forward the work as done by Proff Backirov and help in
understanding how various emotions can affect communication and decision making process.
Rationale of the research
The research aims to look into the possible impact of emotions with special
consideration of the negative emotions in the decision making and judgement of individuals
since it has been observed that the individual judgement of things a decision making are often
a reflection of the past experiences and knowledge people have. Decision making is a crucial
aspect of life since it is the ability of individuals to think critically and make decision on
every issue of life. Hence the paper will be focusing on the issue of the judgment and
effective decision making with their correlation with negative emotions. It has been also
observed that there are number of positive impacts of taking into consideration the positive
aspects of emotions, it has also been argued that the process of decision making is not an
exclusive domain of rationality rather it seems to get impacted through the emotional tool of
the individual. It has also been observed that the positive aspects of decision making. Hence
it is expected to develop the knowledge further on this aspect.
Research aims and objectives

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The aim of the research is to highlight the issue of emotion led decision making. This
issue will be studied with the emphasis on the individual aspects of decision making and find
out the role of the negative emotions in modifying decisions.
The research objectives are:
1. To understand the role of negative emotions on the decision-making process and
communication
2. To find out the various means of how decisions are shaped within the context of
society and business entities.
3. To suggest the probable means of dealing with the emotional decision making and
means of achieving rationality led decisions.
Research questions:
RQ1. What are the ways negatives emotions impact the decision-making process of
individuals?
RQ2. What are the ways of experience and emotions affect personal judgement, choice and
decision making within a given context?
RQ3. What are the differences between judgments and decisions based on positive and
negative emotions?
RQ4. Do negative emotions have a role to play in the cognitive biases of individuals and bow
does this process of cognitive biases impact the process of rational decision making?
Research hypothesis:

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1. Negative emotions do not have any correlation with the judgement and decision-making
faculty of people
2. Negative emotions and their expression have a direct link with the biased decisions that
have further consequences.
Literature review:
Importance of Decision making process:
It is interesting to note that the idea of emotions has been widely debated and
discussed in multiple disciplines. There have been multiple attempts of understanding the
underlying factors of what shapes our emotions and the possible outcomes of the emotions
led decisions(LeBlanc et al., 2017). However, what has been primarily researched in the
previous researches is that it is emotions have a role to play in the cognitive judgement and
human thought process. It is to be noted that the process of decision making includes
multiplicity of factors. It is guided by the process of content and style of thought. It has been
highlighted that when a person makes a judgement, positive mindset and aspects of behaviour
can actually enhance the chances of taking risk and in most of the situations, such decisions
based on the positive aspects tend to result in positive outcome (Lerner et al., 2015). It is
further highlighted that the process of positive aspects of behaviour tend to promote and
enhance the process of cognition while the negative aspects of behaviour tend to lower down
the process of cognition and in most of the decisions, this leads to the process of ineffective
decisions. In case of the cognitive processing, it has been further highlighted by the earlier
research that the emotions not only impact the process of cognitive control, it also shapes the
ways of cognitive control of the human mind. The process ofcognitive control and emotional
interactions are complex and difficult at times to comprehend (Modecki et al., 2017). The

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process of decision making includes all the underlying factors like past experiences, cognitive
biases, age and the individual differences. In addition to these, it is also influenced by the
process of cognitive biases and the emotions associated with it. Hence it can be argued that
the process of decision making and judgement is impacted by reasons more than the rational
faculty.Moreover, there are certain other factors like family background, life experiences and
other issues which impact our perception in a positive and negative way.Along with the
sociological issues, there are multiplicity of other issues which has been discussed on detail;
by the field of cognitive neuroscience. They have largely focused on the impact of the brain
stricture in the process of decision making. There are previous researches discussed the issue
of decision making process and judgement on the basis of the clinical observations and
methods related to the neuroscience (Montibelleret al., 2015). It has also been critical of the
role played by the hormones of the body like Dopamine. Decision making is guided by the
biological process of subcortical and the superficial cortical structure, however where it lacks
is the role of the emotions irrespective of the biological factors in shaping the decision-
making aspect of the individual.

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Figure 1: Decision making process
Source: (Azadnia, Saman & Wong, 2015)
The decision-making process deals with identification of a decision, gathering
sufficient information related to the same, analysis and evaluation of the various alternatives
for the decision. There are seven main stages in the process of decision making as shown in
the above diagram. These stages include- Identification of a particular decision, gathering
sufficient about the same before taking a final decision, identification of all the alternatives
that are available to the decision-maker, weighing the evidences that have been collected in
relation to the decision, choosing from all the available alternatives and taking decision based
on the same. The first step of the decision making process starts with clearly defining the
problem that the decision maker is facing with and disclose the nature of the same. This is the
most important step in the decision making process because until the decision maker
understand the problem that is being faced by him they cannot take proper Decision. The next

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step is gathering sufficient information about the problem being faced by the decision maker.
These information can be gathered from various sources and it is analysing all the
information properly is necessary in order to identify all the alternatives that is available to
the decision maker. Through proper analysis and evaluation of the available information,
information about various alternatives can be got. The next step in the decision making
process is properly analysing all the alternatives and weighing each one of them on the basis
of the available information and using personal judgement to understand the importance of
the various alternatives. After this process the final stage is selection of the best alternative.
the second stage of the decision making process is the most important stage because all the
following stages are dependent upon it so if the second stage goes wrong and necessary and
relevant information is not collected the entire decision making process will become wrong.
Many times the decision maker is unable to collect necessary and relevant information and as
a result he cannot identify the alternatives and he takes a decision that lacks rationality
because it is taken without all the necessary information. Effective decision-making is
important for various reasons such as motivation of employees; the decision taken by
management plays a very important role in determining the motivation of the employees
because if an employee deserved some rewards and the same has not been given the
employee may feel demotivated to work. Therefore decision making can help in providing
positive reinforcement. Decision making is important for all the organizational departments
and all the organizational functions. For instance the HR department needs to make proper
decisions regarding the selection of a right candidate and if this decision goes wrong it will
lead to further problems such as employee attrition and many others, similarly the marketing
department has to take decision regarding the marketing strategy that needs to be adopted by
them for promotional activities, the financed department has to take decision regarding the

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amount that has to be spent by them for various activities and various other decision are taken
in an organization.
Role of some negative and positive emotions on judgement and decision making
According to neurologist, Dr. Antonio Damasio, known for his work on the relation
between the emotions and the decision-making process, it has been argued that decision
making is the process of choosing between multiple options and choices and it is in this
process that the role of emotions becomes crucial. In the famous book on emotions, decision
making and the human brain, it has been argued that the choice of actions, key determining
factors is emotion. It has been further argued by the scholar that the impact of emotions
especially of positive emotions are immense (Michl et al., 2017). There is further argument
that the emotional decision makers are faster in takin decision or judgment compared to the
rational decision maker. Moreover, it is also interesting to note that positive emotions tend to
make judgement based on the positive comparison of multiple factors and in most of the
situation they are significant. It is also highlighted by the scholar that the role of positive
emotions has been successful in resolving multiple conflicts arising out of the social context.
Lastly it is crucial to note that individual may start with the analysis of a matter form a logical
perspective even though it eventually leads to the process of emotions and the past experience
of the individual (O'doherty et al., 2017). It has been argued that the role of emotions is the
source of reason. Hence the role of emotions is indispensable for the process of
decisionmaking. Judgement and decision making are positively and negatively impa6yed by
the process of the emotions of the individuals.
This is crucial to note that the impact of positive and negative emotions not only have
impact on the decision making rather it is impacting the health and the physical appearance of
people. Even the scientific researches have found out that the positive thoughts and mindset
can heal the mind and body and the way decisions are made. It has been observed that an

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individual makes 35,000 decisions every single day and some of the decisions have greater
impact of the emotions than the rest (Michl et al., 2017). In one of the books by Dan Ariely, it
has been mentioned that the role of the underlying factors on the decision-making process is
more complex than the rest. Through the series of experiment conducted on men and women,
it has been found out by the author that the high emotions led situations like anger, frustration
or any other negative outburst of emotions are damaging and harmful for thedecision-making
process of individual. It has also been argued that highly emotional people tend to take
negative decisions and it comes out from the acceptance of the negative feelings inside the
individuals.However, it is not to deny that emotions act as the tool of interactions and
communications between the individuals. It is not always accepted that emotions always lead
to the process of negative judgement and decision making. It is true that rational judgement
and decision making requires the analytical treatment of all the factors, it is not to deny that
emotions have no role to play in making positive decision, the problem lies in the impact of
the negative decision and the effect it has in the personal and professional judgements people
make.
Negative emotions such as anger, frustration, sadness and fear have a very important
role in determining the decision-making process. There are various reasons for the same.
Many researches have been conducted for the same purpose such that two groups were tested
for this purpose and the groups were divided in the basis of fear or anger. It was found from
the study that people who belonged to the anger emotion were the ones sticking to their
decision when compared to their counterparts belonging to the feared emotion group. This
was because it was found that the sense of anger brings feelings of control, reduces the
perceptions of risks and therefore the individuals who are angry are less likely to accept their
mistake and therefore stick to their decision. On the other hand individuals who are
dominated by the feeling of fear reconsider their decisions deeply analysing the same and

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therefore it was concluded by the research that individual who are angry cannot take rational
decisions because they start having a blocked-mind and it acts as a psychological barrier to
the decision making process. Therefore from the above study it can be interpreted that when
the managerial people take decisions based on emotions like anger they are most likely to
make irrational decisions (Lerner et al., 2015). Due to the existence of such information, the
decision maker in unable to properly carry out the decision making process such that they
will not be able to gather necessary and relevant information because of their blocked
mindedness as result of the emotions and this will have an impact on all their decision. For
instance: If an HR manager is influenced by some negative emotions and a candidate comes
fore interview they may fail to collect necessary knowledge about him and as a result they
may take some decision which will affect the organization in long-run because the HR
manager may employ someone who is actually not interested in the company and as a result
the attrition rate may go up. It is necessary to understand the emotional energy matrix in this
context and to understand how the emotions and energy levels affects the individuals
performances and the same needs to be managed properly in order to avoid all the negative
consequences.

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Figure 2: Emotional Energy matrix
Source: (Boyns & Luery, 2015)
From the above matrix it can be understood that decision taken when a person is in
the burnout area of the matrix they have low energy and are affected by negative emotions
and as a result decision turns out to be irrational and affects the performance of an
individual’s therefore individuals should try to be in the performance zone where the
individual’s performance is affected by positive emotions and he tends to have higher energy.
Relation between the emotion and decision making
The relation between emotions and decision making is found to be dependent. There are
previous researches discussing role of positive impact of emotions in individuals where the
fact has been highlighted that people with higher insecurity and fear tend to make choices
that are safer in option (Nunez et al., 2016).Moreover, it is important to consider the fact that

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most of the literature in JDM has dealt with the issue of emotions in valence-based approach.
This valence bases approach taken into consideration the idea of emotions in terms in
association with depths of processing, brain activation and the multiplicity of response.
However, it does not emphasize the impact of emotions of anger and sadness in making
powerful impact on the judgement and decision-making process. Most importantly, in most
of the cases of the decision-making model, namely, the cognitive, situational, socio-cultural,
the emotional components are not directly discussed (Schwartz et al., 2016). Hence, it is an
accepted fact that the role of emotions in judgement and decision-making is can be evaluated
from the level of positive and negative emotions. The process of cognitive gets impacted due
to the positive affect or the negative aspects of emotions. It can either validate the process of
cognition or invalidate the same. hence this research will he focusing on the aspect of positive
and negative validation of cognition.
Methodology:
Research philosophy:
The idea behind research philosophy is to develop the study in detail. Among the different
types of research philosophies, interpretivism, realism and positivism, this research will be
focusing on one of the research philosophies. According to the author, the positivist research
philosophy discusses about the in-depth analysis of the issue from all the possible
perspectives. The notion of interpretivism on the other hand discusses the issue of
management activities and the related issues (Mackey et al., 2015). The third research
philosophy deals with the issue of investigation of the taken research question in the logical
and critical manner, it is also based on the derivation of knowledge from the sensory

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experiences and analysis of facts. Hence the positivism research philosophy is taken as the
model for the analysis (Mackey et al., 2015). The other two research philosophy is not taken
into consideration due to the fact that they depend on the individual perception which
includes the chances of variation from one person to another. Moreover, this positivism
research philosophy will be based on the deductive approach which is based on the detailed
consideration of the facts and information rather than the inductive approach which is based
on the dependent on the researcher on mostpart of the analysis (Simonsohn et al., 2015). It is
also to be considered that the positivism research philosophy will be helpful for this particular
research due to the factors like empiricism where the data and facts are analysed on the basis
of the empirical faculty of the researcher. The inductive process is the formulation of the
hypothesis and the effective validation of the same.
Research design:
There is multiplicity of research design like analytical, exploratory and the
explanatory. Out of the three research designs, the analytical research is based on the
understanding and evaluation of the particular study in the descriptive manner, while the
exploratory research design focuses on the individual analysis of the concept and
development of the concepts in the systematic manner (Panneerselvam et al., 2014). The third
from of research design is based on the consideration ofrelationship of the multiple variables
of the research. Hence it is helpful to use the analytical research design for conducting this
particular research since it provides chances ofdetailed analysis of the existing theories and
relevant concepts within the body of the research (Smith, 2015). The reason behind choosing
the analytical design is that it will help to conduct the research to avoid the unnecessary
descriptive and focus on the analytical part of the research.

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Data collection method:
Data collection constitutes one of the primary aspects of the research since it is the
effective consideration of all the collected data, the research will be successfully analysing
the issues. This research analysis will be based on the consideration of data collection form
the primary and the secondary data (Gast et al., 2014). The primary data will be collected by
interviews of the chosen sample size. This will also be substantiated by the collected of data
from conducting surveys. For the secondary sources, collection of data will be depended on
the consideration of peer-reviewed journals and books form the online and offline
method.Data collected from the primary and secondary researches will be carried out for
conducting this research.Hence it is to be noted that the collection of primary data is based on
quantitative and qualitative data where the primary focus would be considering the survey
results and the interview conducted on the focus groups and case studies (Gast et al., 2014).
Sampling method and sampling size:
The sampling method is based on the selection of population or group of people for
conducting the research.This is the process of selection thee unit of population with similar
interest to in order to conduct the study based on the generalised result (Flick et al., 2015).
This research will be based on the selection of probability and non-probability method of
sampling. Along with these two methods of sampling, some random sampling will also be
taken up for better analysis of the issue. The sample size chosen for the analysis will be 60
individuals form different background and 5 persons of the managerial positions to determine
the impact of negative emotions led decisions within the context of an organization.This will

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be particularly important to gain knowledge about the aspect of decision making from diverse
perspectives and helpful for conducting the research.
Data analysis technique:
There are number of data analysis technique that are required to consider in order to
derive the result form the data and facts collected. Data collection is one of the crucial parts
of the research will focuses on the analysis of the collected data, for deriving the data based
on the qualitative research, the framework analysis will be taken into consideration while for
the analysis of the quantitative data, the raw data will be converted into graphs and numerical
representation in order to have better analysis of the issue (Choy et al., 2014).
Ethical consideration:
Ethical consideration is another crucial aspect of the research. It will be ensured that the
research adheres to all the ethical considerations. Hence a strict ethical guideline will be
followed throughout the research (Vaioleti, 2016). It is essential to remember that for the
collection of the primary data, none of the participants will be forced to participate and the
process will be conducted wilfully, For the survey paper, a strict guideline will be followed
where any form of symbols will not be used. For further research, all the respective authority
will be consulted and prior permission will be taken before starting the process. For the
purpose of the research, the secondary research, all the journals and books will bereferenced
properly in order to avoid any form of plagiarism of data. Hence it will be ensured that the
research will be conducted following the ethical guidelines. Lastly it will be ensured that
proper authorisation letter is taken beforehand in order to avoid the future consequences of
violation of laws.

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Limitations of the study:
As the author opines, there are certain limitations of every research irrespective of how well it
is designed. Hence this research will also have certain limitations like restraint of time since it
is difficult to manage and collect within the given time. In addition to this, this research will
be also facing the issue of unavailability of resources. Some of the sources may not be
available within the given time which might restrict the scope of the research. Moreover, this
research might face the difficulty in getting the scheduled interviews since it is difficult at
times to get permission from the respective authorities. It is also important to consider the
fact the some of the data derived from the interviews might be biased which can restrict the
research of the issues. It is also to be considered that there may be lack of previous studies on
this area which mightrestrict the scope of further research. This limits the scope of discussion
in many ways. It is further important to consider the fact some of the research variable is
beyond the control of the researcher even thoughin many cases these limitations are less
significant, howeverit is not to rule out the fact that such variable can make probable
restriction on the research. Even though these limitations might not pose serious problems for
conducting this research, however it is to be noted that some of the issues can make this
research unreliable. It is more serious when there is not enough information on one of the key
issues of the researches. Moreover, there can also be limitations of the researcher as an
individual. Even though it is true that the true research would be based on the unbiased
analysis of the researchers, there might be situations of skewed understanding of the
researcher in some issues. Hence it can be concluded that lack of proper information or lack
of familiarity with the issue might, impact the successful conduction of the research.

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Conclusion
The aim of this paper is to prepare and present the research proposal for conducting the study
on the issue of emotions and the impact of the same on the cognitive, decision making and
judgement of the individual being. This study will be focusing on the nuances of decision
making as it is a complex process inclusive of multiple aspects of sociological, neurological
and many other aspects. It has also been argued that the process of decision making does not
necessarily lead to the process of rationality and empirical thinking rather it is inclusive of the
emotional factors. Moreover, it is to be acknowledged that there has much research on the
field of the neurological aspects decision making of the individual however there is lack of
understanding on the issue of how the negative emotions impact judgement of individuals.
Hence this paper is an attempt to understand the issue of the same by conducting further
research on it. This research will be complemented by through the analysis of the data
collected from the primary and secondary sources and the final draft will be submitted within
the given time of research.

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Activities 1st
to 3rd
Week
4th
to 10th
week
11t
h to
13th
Week
14t
h to
17th
Week
18th
to 21st
Week
22
nd to
23rd
Week
24th
Week
Selection of the topic 
Data collection from
secondary sources
 
Creating layout 
Literature review   
Analysis and
interpretation of
collected data
  
Findings of the data  
Conclusion of the
study

Formation of draft  
Submission of final
work

Gantt Chart
Source: (Created by the author)

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