The Impact of Occupation on Chronic Disease: A Literature Review

This literature review examines the impact of occupation on chronic diseases, specifically focusing on heart disease, within the context of Nepal. The study investigates the prevalence of heart disease among middle-aged individuals (25-50 years) in rural areas, drawing data from local health posts. It explores the mental and physical demands of various occupations and their correlation with heart health. The review analyzes the relationship between occupational positions (low-level vs. high-level) and heart disease, considering factors like workload, reward, and stress. The research utilizes databases such as ERIC, ScienceDirect, and Medline, employing keywords related to population, intervention, and outcomes. The findings highlight the impact of unhealthy habits, economic conditions, and work-related stress on heart health in Nepal's rural communities, emphasizing the need for interventions to improve workers' mental and physical well-being and reduce the risk of heart disease. The review also touches upon the specific challenges faced by women in the workforce and the need for government support in providing access to mental and physical health services.

Literature Review

Table of Contents
TOPIC..............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Overview of the study............................................................................................................1
Research objectives................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................1
METHODS......................................................................................................................................1
The databases searched...........................................................................................................1
List the key words used..........................................................................................................2
Key search terms for literature review question:....................................................................2
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................3
Number of middle-aged people suffering from heart disease in rural areas of Nepal from local
health post...............................................................................................................................3
To identify the levels of mental & physical efforts of people required within workplace in the
rural areas of Nepal................................................................................................................1
Relationship between heart disease and occupational position with low level and high-level
position in the workplace........................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

TOPIC
"The impact of occupation on Chronic Disease."
INTRODUCTION
Overview of the study
Heart disease is common in both age group of people whose belongs under 25-50 and
also in the population of working age (Arnold and Boggs, 2019). Along with this, it is estimated
that such type of disease, including high blood pressure and stroke, is accountable for more cost
than other kind of disease or injury. Main purpose of conducting this literature review is to find
out impact of working position of people under the age group of 25-50 on their health.
Research aim
The aim of this research is “To explore how occupation induces heart disease depends on
a low level and high-level occupational position of people aged 25-50 years in rural areas of
Nepal.
Research objectives
1. To explore the number of middle-aged people (25-50) years suffering from heart disease
in rural areas of Nepal from local health post.
2. To determine the levels of mental and physical effort of people require in the workplace
in the rural areas of Nepal.
3. To examine the relationship between heart disease and occupational position with low
level and high- level position in the workplace.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 How does the occupational position relevant to people’s health disparities like heart
disease in people aged 25-50 years in rural areas of Nepal?
METHODS
The databases searched
Research methodology is an useful process which will be use by researcher to collect
information in qualitative and quantitative manner. A literature review is mainly undertaken in 6
databases which are ERIC, ScienceDirect, Medline, Social
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Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation Index and PsycINFO. All these are useful database
which is used by researcher because this give access to current and scholarly peer view point
with emphasis on medical industry relevant to the topic (Crane, 2018).
List the key words used
There are requirements of different key words which is PICO framework. It stands for
Population, Intervention/Interest,
Comparator, Outcome. The PICO framework is also applied to create a critical literature search
strategies, for instance in systematic reviews (Jones, 2019).
Key search terms for literature review question:
Population Main population for literature review is people
who are under the aged group such as 25-50
years in rural areas of Nepal (Kim and Kim,
2018).
Interest Main interest of this research is to explore
occupational position relevant to people’s
health disparities like heart disease in people
aged 25-50 years in rural areas of Nepal
(Kalra, Unnikrishnan and Baruah, 2017).
Outcome Therefore, problem related with heart diseases
in people of Nepal can be overcome in
effective manner.
Qualitative and quantitative research: These are consider two types of research which
will helps an investigator by providing data in accurate manner. For exploring occupational
position relevant to people’s health disparities like heart disease in people aged 25-50 years in
rural areas of Nepal, quantitative research will be used. As it is more effective and provide data
or information in form of numbers and hard facts (Kane, 2017).
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RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In this research, the results will be determined by analysing the objectives. These
objectives will be analysed with the help of content analysis and literature review. Content
analysis is defined as a basic way to analyse the qualitative data in which information is collected
from secondary sources. Literature review helps in getting detailed information about a topic
with the help of scholar papers.
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Figure 1: Search Results
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Databases searched: ERIC, Science Direct, Medline,
Social Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation
Index and PsycINFO
Document retrieved = 300
Duplicates removed= 60
Records with titles/ abstracts screened= 290
Records excluded= 200
Full articles assessed= 80
Excluded=50
 Focused on students
from specific faculties
 Focus on Australian
community college
Articles included= 28
Additional articles identified
through snowballing= 5
Final articles included= 35

Number of middle-aged people suffering from heart disease in rural areas of Nepal from local
health post
According to the opinion of Felman, A., 2018, heart disease is defined as a term which
covers all the disorders linked with heart. Heart diseases are one of the health challenge which is
faced by people of Nepal, especially in the rural areas. These heart diseases leads to heart attacks
due to which many people loses their life on regular basis. Due to the technological and medical
advancements, developed nations like UK, USA have seen a decline in heart diseases but
developing countries like Nepal is suffering a lot due to these life threatening causes. Due to
heart related problems such as Congenital heart disease, hypertension, coronary, rheumatic heart
disease etc. population in Nepal is dying at a fast rate. This topic is selected for the analysis
because there is a lack of studies and research on the topic of heart diseases in Nepal. Mainly
middle aged people are dying from such diseases due to their unhealthy habits, change in the
living pattern of people. Lack of economic developments in rural regions is also considered as
the reason of heart diseases in Nepal. For this analysis, both male and female within the age
limit of 25 to 50 years which are living in rural areas are included. Those people which do not
wish to be a part of this analysis were excluded. Mean age in urban area is about 39 years where
around 52.6% people are middle aged. In Nepal, every year around 10% people of rural area dies
because of heart related issues. Around 80% of rural population Nepal is addicted to unhealthy
habits like smoking and drinking. In comparison with urban people, rural population is less
physical active due to which issues like Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are more often
seen in people from village area.
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To identify the levels of mental & physical efforts of people required within workplace in the
rural areas of Nepal.
According to P adhikari (2018), lack of energy resources leads to miserable economic
situations which leads Nepal to depend on biomass fuel. Due to socio-economic set up which
prevails within patriarchal society society acts as a major factor which leads to enhancement
within workload on women in different activities which creates adverse impact on socialism &
their healths. Basically, there are five major works related with this collection, carrying them, its
slicing, arrangement and burning them. It was found that major burden was created on women
i.e. 42.932%. For this they have to move a lot and also causes various health issues to them like
pregnant ladies often went through uterine prolapse and even miscarriages as they have to do
heavy workloads within Ratada (place in Nepal). People who live as well as work within remote
and rural communities have to handle or address the hardships comprises of market conditions,
unpredictable climate, social isolation, access to minimised services, financial strain and long
working hours. This often leads to stress among the people as they have to survive harder to
acknowledge their basic needs. Basically, it is a emotional, mental and physical response which
cause it. It can be due to situations which prevails within working environment along with
conditions that prevails within their home. This leads to mental efforts and its not easy to handle
this pressure, it might lead to certain diseases if they are not able to handle it out.
As per WHO work is always good for mental health but it creates negative impact in case
if working environment is not good and it leads mental & physical health problems. Workload
stress do not creates a negative impact on healths of individuals but sometimes it makes them
focussed and motivated through which they can face their problems in an affirmative manner.
Nepal is one largest exporters of low skilled as well as cheap labours within booming economies
of world like gulf countries. It leads to acceptance of jobs which possess risk prone working
situations which leads to rejection of local workers. Due to this, there are tragic news related
with disabilities, mental and physical abuses which in turn causes mental trauma. The suicidal
attempts and suicides are carried out by female workers as they have to work as a housemaids
and have to go through lots of sexual as well as physical abuse. The government off Nepal is
only emphasising on increasing their economy which comprises around 22% of GDP and they do
not take into consideration the pressure as well as working conditions & health of their workers.
Thus, it is necessary for Government of Nepal to work forward for establishment of system in

which they can have relevant access to services related with mental and physical health services
to reduce its impact on on society, family and them. The reason for this is that they are crucial
assets for attainment of goals
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Relationship between heart disease and occupational position with low level and high-level
position in the workplace
There are mainly four stages of heart failure that include stage a, b, c and d. The mentioned
stages mainly range from high risk of developing heart failure to advanced heart failure. It has
been evaluated that there is a relationship in between heart disease and occupational position
with low level and high level position in a workplace. As in the case of occupational status point
importance of reputation and prestige of a job in determining its level of work stress, most likely
because it increases the level of non-material reward (as an important component of the effort-
reward imbalance model) and of individual autonomy (as an important component of control)
(Slavkin, 2017). Heart failures include some certain Signs as well as symptoms such as reduced
ability to exercise, weaknesses, shortness of breath, swelling in individual legs, feet and ankles
and Rapid or irregular heartbeat. In addition this, early warning signs of blocked arteries include,
sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea and weakness or dizziness (Silvestri, 2017).
Thus, it is essential to determine these early Signs as to take preventive steps and treatment on
initial stage as with the help of this patient or individual at workplace can be aid from worse
heart failure. Several types of studies have been conducted that determines that stressful work
conditions are linked between heart diseases. Thus, it has been determined that longer work
hours are mainly linked with increased risk of heart diseases along with this night shift work
hours result in high level of cardiovascular disease. While if it is seen in heart disease, position
and occupational position with low and high level position in workplace it has been evaluated
that workload reward and appreciation create distress that further act as a reason which is
associated with risk of heart disease (Oran and Oran, 2017). This further creates a link in
between heart disease and occupational position at workplace.
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CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned literature review, it has been evaluated that heart disease are
normally common in both group of Ages that include individuals under 25 to 50 along with the
population of working age. Present research literature review includes impact of working
position of individual under the age group of 25 to 50 on their health. Further this, review
explore the manner in which occupation induce heart disease that mainly depend on high level
and low level occupational position. Further the report includes research database methodology
along with Key related research objectives which has been further define that expands the
purpose of research in best effective manner.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Crane, D., 2018. The sanctity of social life: physicians treatment of critically ill patients.
Routledge.
Jones, R. P., 2019. Condition-specific growth in occupied beds in England following a sudden
and unexpected increase in deaths. British Journal of Healthcare Management. 25(6).
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Kalra, S., Unnikrishnan, A. G. and Baruah, M. P., 2017. Interaction, information, involvement
(the 3I strategy): Rebuilding trust in the medical profession. Indian journal of
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Kane, S. F., 2017. The effects of oral health on systemic health. General dentistry. 65(6). pp.30-
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Kim, S. and Kim, S., 2018. User preference for an IoT healthcare application for lifestyle disease
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Kudel, I., Huang, J. C. and Ganguly, R., 2018. Impact of obesity on work productivity in
different US occupations: analysis of the national health and wellness survey 2014 to
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Lee, S. C., Hairi, N. N. and Moy, F. M., 2017. Metabolic syndrome among non-obese adults in
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Mansilha, A. and Sousa, J., 2018. Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic venous disease and
implications for venoactive drug therapy. International journal of molecular sciences.
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McLachlan, K. J. and Gale, C. R., 2018. The effects of psychological distress and its interaction
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Mittendorfer-Rutz, E. and Dorner, T.E., 2018. Socio-economic factors associated with the 1-year
prevalence of severe pain and pain-related sickness absence in the Austrian
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Oran, I. and Oran, B., 2017. Ischemia-modified albumin as a marker of acute coronary
syndrome: the case for revising the concept of “N-terminal modification” to “fatty acid
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Loeppke, R. and et. al., 2017. Global trends in occupational medicine: results of the international
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